Anise Essential Oils Research Articles

Formulation, In Vitro and In Silico Evaluations of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) Essential Oil Emulgel with Improved Antimicrobial Effects.

Over the past decade, researchers have made several efforts to develop gel-based formulations that provide an alternative to traditional hydrogels and emulgel. Due to its excellent antibacterial properties, anise, the main constituent of Pimpinella anisum L., widely used in pharmaceuticals, was selected as the active ingredient in this study. Since many bacteria have developed considerable antibiotic resistance, this research aimed to develop an herbal emulgel for treating skin infections caused by bacteria. Given these obstacles, we developed and evaluated a new, cost-effective topical emulgel solution containing anise essential oil against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Anise-based emulgels, potential drug delivery platforms, have been evaluated for various parameters, including physical properties, viscosity, pH, rheology, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release research. The AEOs emulgel demonstrated remarkable colloidal stability, with a zeta potential of 29 mV, a size of 149.05 nm, and considerable polydispersity. The efficacy of anise-loaded emulgels as antibacterial formulations was evaluated in vitro. E. coli was used as a model microbial organism for the antibacterial study. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to examine the biocompatibility of the emulgel. Molecular docking revealed that the essential oil components of Pimpinella anisum L. possess a high affinity for the bacterial adhesin protein FimH of E. coli. These findings indicate that the developed AEOs have the potential to be analyzed using E. coli as a model organism.

Effect of Anise Essential Oil Supplementation on Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia Reared at Low Dissolved Oxygen Level

Medicinal herbs are the most utilized and validated feed additives in the aquaculture industry. This study investigated the dietary effects of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three sets of diets were prepared by spraying Anise essential oil on a commercial basal diet (30% crude protein) at the rate of 0 (control), 1, and 2 mL/kg diet. The experimental groups were assigned a 3 × 2 factorial design (3 level of anise oil; 0, 1, 2 ml) × 2 levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. The experiment was assembled as a control no anise (high DO), 1 ml + (high DO), 2 ml + (high DO), Control 0 ml (low DO), 1 ml anise (low DO), and 2 ml anise (low DO). Fish were fed the diets for 60 days consecutively at 3% body weight. The feed intake was recorded daily by subtracting the remaining feed in the containers from the total amount of feed before feeding. The results showed a marked enhancement in the growth performance and reduced feed conversion ratio in fish-fed anise compared to the control group. The carcass composition showed that crude protein was meaningfully by 2.5 and 3.5 g anise per kg diet. In conclusion, incorporating anise into the diet of Nile Tilapia is suggested to enhance performances and well-being.

Bioefficacy of essential oils emulsion and predatory mite, Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for the management of citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), is a significant pest that is widely distributed in different agricultural systems. It causes significant damage to field crops and fruit trees. The most common method of control is the use of chemical acaricides. However, the extensive use of such chemicals developed resistance in addition to environmental and health hazards. Plant-derived acaricides might therefore be an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic ones in order to increase agricultural production efficiency and to protect consumer health. Following this prospective, the present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of anise (Pimpinella anisum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils (EO) against the eggs and adult’s females of E. orentalis under laboratory conditions. Additionally, Euseius scutalis, a predator mite, was investigated as a bioagent to control E. orientalis under field conditions. GC-MS was used to assess the chemical components of the tested EOs. The results showed that anethole; 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z); camphor; octatriacontyl pentafluoropropiona; and eugenol, were the major components for anise, rosemary eucalyptus, garlic, and cloves, respectively. Comparably, anise has been shown to be the most effective EO against E. orentalis eggs and adults as it exhibited a high level of efficiency and required the lowest concentration to reach the LC50. Additionally, the three Euseius scutalis release rates significantly reduced the Eutetranychus orientalis population. Ten individuals /seedlings in particular induced the highest reduction (84.95%). Based on our findings, we suggest using Euseius scutalis release and anise essential oil as alternative strategies to control of E. orentalis.

Proteomic analysis of antifungal mechanism of star anise essential oil against Aspergillus niger and its application potential in prolonging bread shelf life

In this paper, the main chemical constituents of star anise essential oil (AEO) were analyzed. Then the antifungal mechanism of AEO against Aspergillus niger was investigated by proteomics and its application potential in prolonging the shelf life of bread was analyzed. à-Guaiene was the highest content in AEO, followed by Azulene and Terpinen-4-ol. AEO can reduce the ATP content and cell viability of A. niger. A total of 283 protein remarkable expressions of A. niger after AEO treatment were found through protein omics. Further analysis showed that these differentially expressed proteins were mainly concentrated in the energy metabolism system of A. niger. AEO inhibits the growth of A. niger by blocking the synthetic pathway of NAD. In addition, A. niger activated additional energy production pathways, such as glycan metabolism, to compensate for its lack of energy after AEO treatment. Finally, shelf-life experiments showed that AEO extended the shelf life of bread to day 8. These results suggested that AEO can be used as an antifungal agent to prolong the shelf life of bread.

Sublethal effects of plant essential oils toward the zoophytophagous mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis

Zoophytophagous hemipteran predators provide relevant biological control services and their applications are consolidated in greenhouse pest management. The use of plant essential oils (EOs) for sustainable crop protection is being currently promoted. However, further knowledge of the potential side effects of EOs on predatory mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) is required. Here, we evaluated the non-target impact of four EOs (anise, fennel, garlic and lavender) on the generalist predator Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) in the laboratory. The baseline toxicity of EOs was firstly assessed on N. tenuis adults following topical contact exposure. Then, the predator reproduction and orientation behavior was tested following the exposure to three estimated EO lethal concentrations (LC1, LC10 and LC30). Garlic EO had the lowest estimated LCs (e.g., LC30 1.34 mg mL−1), being thus the most toxic compound among the tested EOs. The estimated LC30s for lavender, anise and fennel EOs were 2.75, 4.55 and 5.17 mg mL−1, respectively. The fertility and the orientation behavior of N. tenuis females was negatively affected by all the EOs at the highest tested concentration. Nevertheless, anise EO at LC1 and LC10 caused no sublethal effects on N. tenuis. Our findings suggest that careful attention should be given when EOs are used in combination with N. tenuis in pest management programs.

Effect of ultrasound and microwave pretreatments on extraction of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed essential oil by ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation

In the present study, effective parameters in ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OH) technique with ultrasound pre- (US-OH) and microwave (MW-OH) treatment including ultrasound (0–60 min) or microwave (0–6 min) pre-treatment time, extraction time (120–30 min), and voltage gradient (5–15 V/cm) was optimized for a process with maximum extraction yield (EY), minimum energy consumption (EC) and maximum total phenol content (TPC) of essential oil (EO). The results showed that the main effect of all variables on EY, EC, and TPC was significant (p < 0.05). The process with voltage gradients of 12.45 and 10.61 (V/cm) Process time of 77.71 and 89.44 min and pre-treatment time of 44.28 and 3.74 min US-OH and MW-OH methods were selected as the optimal process, respectively. Optimal treatments were compared by the hydrodistillation (HD) method and the results showed that the extraction efficiencies for US-OH and MW-OH methods were 28 % and 22 % higher than HD, respectively. The US-OH method results in a shorter total extraction time (77.71 min) compared to HD and MW-OH, lower EC (0.180 kW h/g EO), and higher TPC (11.65 GAE/g EO). Results showed that the quality of EO produced by US-OH and MW-OH methods was higher than the HD method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph confirmed the efficiency of US-OH in the complete destruction of glands containing EO. In addition, EC study and CO2 emissions showed that US-OH is an efficient and green technology in extracting anise essential oil (AEO) that can improve the quantity and quality of AEO.

Quantitative Fragrance Durability Evaluation Depending on Keeping Condition of Knitted Fabric Treated by Microcapsules Containing Star Anise Essential Oil

Fabric treated by fragrance was one of textile applications. The evaluation of fragrance durability of fabric treated by the fragrance was always the subject of many researches, though quantitatively determining fragrance intensity was difficult and there will not always be agreement on odor characteristics by different testers. In this paper, we built a simple and quantitative method to evaluate the fragrance intensity, which could be considered as the remained oil quantity on fabric treated by microcapsule loaded with star anise essential oil. The evaluation was based on the combination of the expert method and diluted solution method. This method was used to evaluate the influence of the knitted fabric’s keeping conditions on fragrance duration of the fabric. Two groups of single jersey fabric have been prepared: one was knitted from the Ne 40/1 Chief Value Cotton (CVC) yarn (60% cotton and 40% polyester). The second group was also single jersey fabric knitted from the Ne 46/1 100% cotton. The knitted fabrics were treated with microcapsules containing star anise essential oil and then have been kept in ambient conditions (temperature was about 25 oC ±2, relative humidity was 75% ±2) and in the cold dried condition (temperature was about 2 oC, relative humidity was 20%). The results showed that the developing method in the research can be used to effectively quantitatively evaluate the fragrance intensity of fabric treated by fragrance. The fabrics treated by microcapsules containing star anise oil essential remained their fragrance longer than 7 days in the cool dried condition while which ones in the ambient condition finished their fragrance after 5 days.

Effect of gelatin–alginate coating containing anise ( Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oil on physicochemical and visual properties of zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.) fruit during storage

The present study investigates the possibility of extending the shelf life of zucchini fruit treated with gelatin–alginate (G–AL) coating containing different concentrations (0.85%, 1.7%, and 2.55% w/v) of anise essential oil (AEO) during room storage (RS) and cold storage (CS). Physical properties including weight loss (WL), tissue firmness, and volume changes (VC); chemical properties including pH, titratable acidity (TA), and total soluble solids (TSS), and ripeness index (RPI); and visual properties, such as color index, percentage of surface defects, and zucchini chilling injury index (CI) were measured on 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 14 days of storage. Finally, the parameters were modeled using the zero-order, first-order, and Weibull function kinetic models. The results showed that in all treatments, quality changes during RS was significantly (p < 0.05) faster than CS. G–AL coating without AEO (C1) was able to change WL, texture firmness, volume changes, TA, TSS, and percentage of surface defects, color changes and reduce CI by 14%, 18%, 19%, 55%, 7%, 43%, 37%, and 34% respectively. The addition of AEO to the coating at different concentrations increased its efficiency and significantly reduced the trend of quality changes compared with C1 in both RS and CS (p < 0.05). The zero-order, first-order, and Weibull kinetic models were able to predict quality parameters with R2 higher than 0.90. However, the first-order model with R2 higher than 0.98 showed the best performance. It can be concluded that G–AL coating containing AEO could be used as an active edible coating in the storage of zucchini fruit. Novelty Impact Statement Addition of AEO to the G-AL coating at different concentrations increased its efficiency and significantly reduced the trend of quality changes G-AL coating containing AEO could be used as an active edible coating in the storage of zucchini fruit The results showed that the coating treatment, especially with high concentrations of AEO, could significantly reduce the CI rate.

Evaluation of Modified Atmosphere Packaging in Combination with Active Packaging to Increase Shelf Life of High-in Beta-Glucan Gluten Free Cake.

Modified atmosphere packaging and active packaging were combined to prolong the shelf life and quality of the clean label, gluten-free (GF), yeast-leavened cakes enriched in oat fiber preparation. Star anise, cinnamon bark, and clove essential oils were used as emitters of active substances. The following concentrations of gases were chosen: 0% CO2/100%/N2 (MAP1), 60% CO2/40% N2 (MAP2), and approx. 78% N2/21% O2/0.04% CO2 (ATM). Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were conducted. GF cakes were stored for 14 days (analysis in 0, 7, and 14 days). The results showed a decrease in moisture content and lightness of crumb and an increase in hardness. EOs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) slowed down the growth of microorganisms regardless of the type of gas mixture. However, the best bacteriostatic effect was in MAP2. The content of beta-glucan did not change throughout the storage time. Generally, the best results were obtained with the combination of MAP and active packaging—60% of CO2 and 40% of N2—where cinnamon or clove essential oils were used.

Biotoxicity of essential oils and their nano-emulsions against the coleopteran stored product insect pests Sitophilus oryzae L. and Tribolium castaneum herbst

The insecticidal activity of anise, thyme, and coriander essential oils in bulk and prepared nano-emulsions formulations were evaluated against the adults of stored grain pests Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. The prepared essential oil nano-emulsions exhibited poly dispersity indices ranging from 0.209 to 0.37, and zeta potentials between −14.5 and −27.8 mV. The smallest oil nano-emulsion droplet diameter was coriander (88.83 nm) and the largest was anise (103.57 nm). Although no significant differences in the toxicity of the three oils against T. castaneum were detected, anise and thyme oils were significantly more toxic than coriander oil to S. oryzae. Preparing the anise and thyme oils as nano-emulsion formulations significantly increased the toxicity by 1.50- and 1.47-fold, respectively, against T. castaneum. The nano-emulsions were also significantly more toxic (1.41–1.48 times) than the bulk essential oils to S. oryzae. The anise nano-emulsion showed the highest toxicity against S. oryzae and T. castaneum, with LC50 values of 3858.88 and 4985.1 mg/L respectively. GC–MS analysis of anise essential oil revealed that ultra-sonication caused a 2.73-fold decrease in the anethole level in the nano-emulsion and completely removed nine minor compounds. The anise oil nano-emulsion was the most effective insecticide, reducing S. oryzae emergence by 94.64% and protecting nearly 84.5% of wheat grains from T. castaneum infestation. Finally, the tested NEs or EO had not any negatively significant effect on wheat seed germination rate.

Effect of Anethole on Visceral Obesity and Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol Levels in Rats on a High-Calorie Diet

Obesity is a disorder of high prevalence and social significance. Anethole is an aromatic compound found in anise and fennel essential oils. It produces antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anethole, administered in increasing concentrations, on visceral adiposity and serum lipids in rats on a high-calorie diet (HCD). Fifty male Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups: control, HCD, HCD+62.5A, HCD+125A, and HCD+250A. The HCD groups received a high-fat high-fructose diet and 10% fructose solution, and the control group received a standard laboratory diet and tap water. The HCD+62.5A, HCD+125A, and HCD+250A groups were treated daily orally with anethole dissolved in sunflower oil in a volume of 3 mL/kg at doses of 62.5 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg, respectively. The control and HCD groups received the solvent in the same volume and route of administration. The duration of the experiment was 10 weeks. At its end, blood samples were taken for biochemical tests and visceral adipose tissue was weighed. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-test with the statistical program GraphPad Prism 5.0. The visceral obesity index was significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) in all groups receiving HCD except for HCD+250A. There was no significant increase in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in the HCD group compared to the control one. Anethole treatment did not change significantly the triglyceride and cholesterol levels compared to these of the HCD group. Anethole treatment affected beneficially the development of visceral obesity and did not change significantly serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in rats receiving a high-calorie diet.

Combinational inhibitory action of essential oils and gamma irradiation for controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and their aflatoxins biosynthesis in vitro and in situ conditions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of certain essential oils (star anise, lemon leaves, marjoram, fennel, and lavender) on the fungal growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and their production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The degree of suppression of the aflatoxigenic strains' growth and their production of AFB1 is mainly affected by the kind and the concentration of the tested essential oils (EOs). Star anise essential oil had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.5 and 1.0 μL/mL) against A. flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively, so it was the best among the five different oils. The study of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that star anise EO resulted in a 98% reduction in AFB1 without a breakdown of AFB1 products after treatment thus the complete removal of AFB1 was done without any toxic residues. The combination showed a synergistic effect, the combinational treatment between γ-irradiation at a low dose (2 kGy) and star anise EO at concentrate 0.5 μL/g destroyed A. flavus and A. parasiticus inoculated (individually) in sorghum and peanut, respectively throughout the storage period (8 weeks).

Development of Antibacterial Biocomposites Based on Poly(lactic acid) with Spice Essential Oil (Pimpinella anisum) for Food Applications.

Among the main biodegradable food packaging materials, poly-lactic acid (PLA) is a commercially successful polymer used notably in the food packaging industry. In this study, active PLA films containing different percentage of anise essential oil (AE) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% v/v) were developed, and characterized by physical, mechanical and antibacterial analysis. Based on physical examinations, thermal stability of PLA/AE films was greater than the neat PLA film, and the minimum water vapor permeability (WVP) was recorded for PLA/0.5AE film (1.29 × 10−11 g/m s Pa), while maximum WVP was observed for PLA/1.5AE (2.09 × 10−11 g/m s Pa). Moreover, the lightness and yellowness of the composites were decreased by the addition of AE. For the PLA composites with 1.5% AE, the tensile strength decreased by 35% and the elongation break increased by 28.09%, comparing to the pure PLA. According to the antibacterial analysis, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of PLA/AE film were 5 to 100 mg/mL and the active composite could create visible inhibition zones of 14.2 to 19.2 mm. Furthermore, the films containing AE inhibited L. monocytogenes and V. parahaemolyticus in a concentration-dependent manner. The confirmation of the success of the incorporation of EOs into the PLA films was further evaluated using principal component analysis, where positive results were obtained. In this context, our findings suggest the significant potency of AE to be used as an antibacterial agent in active food packaging.

Insectıcıdal actıvıtıes of Anethum graveolens and Illıcıum verum essentıal oıls agaınst Sıtophılus zeamaıs

Inappropriate use of synthetic insecticides in pest management programs contribute in ozone depletion, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenesis and resistance. These negative outcomes have diverted attention towards the use of plant products in insect’s population management. In this study, dill (Anethum graveolens) and star anise (Ilicium verum) essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation method using clevenger apparatus, and evaluated for repellent, toxic and oviposition inhibitory potential against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by fumigation and contact methods. In toxicity assay by fumigation method, median lethal concentrations (LC50) recorded were 0.316 and 0.243 μlcm-3 air; 0.362 and 0.284 μlcm-3; and 0.497 and 0.418 μlcm-3 of A. graveolens and I. verum oils and pure limonene after 24 and 48h exposure to S. zeamais adults, respectively. In contact toxicity assay, LC50 were 0.219 and 0.159 μlcm-2 area; 0.269 and 0.226 μlcm-2; and 0.567 and 0.386 μlcm-2 of A. graveolens and I. verum oils and pure limonene after 24 and 48 h exposure to S. zeamais adults, respectively. Both A. graveolens and I. verum oils and limonene reduced progeny production and acetylcholinesterase activity in S. zeamais adults when fumigated with sub-lethal concentrations. The outcomes of this study will help in preparation of essential oil based formulations for stored grain insect pest management.

Influence of eight chosen essential oils in the vapor phase on the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer and Rhizopus lyococcus

This study aimed to evaluate the fungicidal effect of eight essential oils against five strains of the genus Rhizopus. Strains were obtained from various moldy foods, namely Rhizopus stolonifer KMi 383 from chestnut, R. stolonifer KMi 510 from strawberry, R. stolonifer KMi 511 from nectarine, R. stolonifer KMi 524 from cherry tomatoes, and R. lyococcus KMi 512 from blackberry. The essential oils (EO) used in this study were jasmine EO (extract from Jasminum officinale L.), bergamot EO (Mentha aquatica L. var. citrata (Her.) Fresen), bitter orange EO (from Citrus aurantium L.), grapefruit EO (Citrus paradisi Macfady), sweet flag EO (East Asian Calamus, from Acorus calamus L. var. angustatus Bes), star anise EO (from Illicium verum J.D.Hook), geranium EO (from Pelargonium graveolens), and lemongrass EO (from Cymbopogon citratus DC). The semi-quantitative composition of the essential oil samples was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of essential oils against the strains of R. stolonifer and R. lyococcus was determined during 7 days, using the micro-atmosphere method (0.625 μL.mL-1 of air). Two essential oils, geranium and lemongrass, completely inhibited the growth of all isolates. Bitter orange essential oil inhibited the growth of all isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer, but isolate of Rhizopus lyococcus began to grow after four days of cultivation. In conclusion, certain essential oils are highly effective in the vapor phase. These could be used in further tests of their antifungal activity and could be used in the control of Rhizopus spp. or other fungal pathogens.

Antifungal effect of seven essential oils on bamboo

As antimicrobial agents, essential oils (EOs) have been used by more and more companies as alternatives to traditional chemicals. In the study, seven EOs from Pinus massoniana, cinnamon, Star anise, Litsea cubeba, Cinnamomum camphora, Lemon eucalyptus, and Camphor from Guangxi were researched for their antifungal performances and chemical components. With the help of the diffusion in a disc way as well as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to three fungi, the antifungal impacts and the bamboo slices anti-mold tests of these EOs were studied. The compositions of these oils were identified. Litsea cubeba EO, Anise EO, and Cinnamon EO exhibited super antifungal activity against Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium citrinum. Treated by Cinnamon EO, Anise EO, or Litsea cubeba EO, few molds were observed on the surface of bamboo chips, which showed that these EOs had a good antifungal effect on molds of bamboo. Antifungal effect of seven essential oils on bamboo

Pimpinella anisum and female disorders: A review

BackgroundPimpinella anisum (common names aniseed or anise) is an aromatic medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family, of which one of its main indications is the treatment of female disorders. Hypothesis/PurposeThe aim of review was to collect the previous reports on potency of aniseed in management of female disorders. MethodsWe searched in electronic resources, books, thesis, and etc. up to April 2020 by using the following keywords: "aniseed", "female" and "anethole". ResultsThe results of 56 articles showed its effectiveness in treatment of postpartum after pain, menstrual pain, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, hot flash, lactation and depression. The first characteristic of aniseed that helps its effectiveness in treatment of female disorders is its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The estrogenic, antispasmodic and its inhibitory effects on prolactin secretion are the other mechanisms of actions. There is no clinical study for anti-cancer effects of aniseed, but apoptosis can occur in human breast cancer cells in its presence. ConclusionAniseed essential oil and ethanol extract are responsible for its efficacy, and the results of clinical and animal studies are limited to its combination with other plant materials, or on special female disorders, so, larger clinical studies are required for evaluating the efficacy of anise essential oil or its ethanol extract on different female disorders.

Effects of plant extracts on biogenic amine accumulation, bacterial abundance and diversity in fermented sausage

ABSTRACT Biogenic amine (BA) is mostly produced through the decarboxylation of amino acids, the formation of BA (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine) was closely associated with microorganism. This study investigated the effects of tea polyphenol (TP), anise essential oil (AEO), cinnamon essential oil (CEO), and ginger essential oil (GEO) on the accumulation of four BAs and bacterial community in fermented (pork) sausage. Meanwhile, the pH and the residual nitrite content (added as preservative) were evaluated. The results revealed that the accumulation of nitrite and BA were significantly inhibited by TP and plant essential oils (PEO). Pediococcus and Staphylococcus were the dominant bacteria in all fermented sausage. The H2S-producing bacteria, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was suppressed by TP and PEO. These results indicated that TP and PEO could improve the safety of fermented sausage by inhibiting spoilage bacterial growth and BA formation, and AEO showed the optimal inhibitory effect.

Effect of Different Row Spaces on Yield and Quality of Anise (Pimpinella anisum) under Eskisehir Ecological Conditions

To determine the effect of different row spaces on the yield, yield component and quality characteristics of Pimpinella anisum L., the field experiments were carried out in University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Agricultural Faculty using randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 and 2018. The row spaces used in the field experiments were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm. The effect of different row spaces on plant height (cm), number of branches with umbels per plant, 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield (t ha-1), essential oil content, (%) essential oil yield (l ha-1) and essential oil composition of anise was determined in this study. Overall, increasing row spaces reduced the plant height while increasing number of branches with umbels per plant. The highest seed and essential oil yields were determined in 30 cm and 20 cm row spaces as 0.79 t ha-1 and 21.08 l ha-1, respectively. Essential oil contents obtained from the experiment varied between 2.37% and 3.06%, and it was observed that essential oil rates are above the 2% limit stated in the European pharmacopoeia. The anise essential oil samples were characterized by the occurrence of 17 various components, of which cuminaldehyde (33.745-37.098%), p-cymene (14.643-16.865%), γ-terpinene-7-al (10.590-13.407%), γ-terpinene (9.587-11.986%) and β-pinene (8.606-10.461%) were the main components. When the results obtained from the experiment were evaluated, it was observed that the most appropriate row spacing for anise cultivation under Eskisehir Ecological condition was 30 cm.

Effects of anise, clove and thyme essential oils supplementation on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, milk yield and milk composition in lactating goats

The present study evaluated the effects of essential oil (EO) from anise (AO), clove (CO) and thyme (TO) on the performance of lactating Shame goats. Eight lactating Shame goats with average body weight 34.90 ± 0.9 kg and 3 years old were randomly assigned to four treatments in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four periods of 22 days. In each period, the goats were adapted to the treatments for 15 days and the remaining 7 days was used for sample collection. Goats were fed a basal diet without supplementation (control) or supplemented with anise (AO), thyme (TO) or clove (CO) at a daily dose of 2 mL/head/d. Feed intake was not affected by EO supplementations. Digestibility of organic matter, ether extract and acid detergent fibre was higher (P < 0.05) with EO supplementations when compared with the control. Supplementations of EO had no effect on milk (g/d) yield, protein and lactose, as well as the composition (g/kg) of protein and lactose. Fat yield (g/d) and fat content (g/kg) were greater (P < 0.05) in EO supplemented goats versus those on the control diet. Compared with control, ruminal ammonia-N was not affected whereas, ruminal pH was increased (P = 0.02) with EO supplementations. Rumen total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportion of acetate (C2) were higher (P < 0.05) in goats fed CO and TO compared to control, whereas propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) and C2:C3 proportions were unchanged with EO inclusion. With the exception of a decrease (P = 0.05) in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) with EO supplementations, other blood parameters were not affected. Milk C8 and C12 fatty acids (FA) were lower (P < 0.05) with EO supplementations compared with control. Composition of unsaturated and monounsaturated FA was higher (P < 0.05) and polyunsaturated FA was decreased (P < 0.05) with EO supplementations compared with control. Proportions of C18:1 n-9 C18:3 n-3 and n-3 FA were increased (P < 0.05) and proportions of C18:3 n-6 C20:4 n-6 and n-6 FA were decreased (P < 0.05) in goats fed EO compared to the control group. Overall, all three EOs tested in this study had beneficial effects on digestion, rumen fermentation parameters and milk composition including milk FA profile. Supplementation of CO and TO tended to increase PUFA concentration in the milk which supports their recommendation in the diet of lactating ruminants.