Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the fungicidal effect of eight essential oils against five strains of the genus Rhizopus. Strains were obtained from various moldy foods, namely Rhizopus stolonifer KMi 383 from chestnut, R. stolonifer KMi 510 from strawberry, R. stolonifer KMi 511 from nectarine, R. stolonifer KMi 524 from cherry tomatoes, and R. lyococcus KMi 512 from blackberry. The essential oils (EO) used in this study were jasmine EO (extract from Jasminum officinale L.), bergamot EO (Mentha aquatica L. var. citrata (Her.) Fresen), bitter orange EO (from Citrus aurantium L.), grapefruit EO (Citrus paradisi Macfady), sweet flag EO (East Asian Calamus, from Acorus calamus L. var. angustatus Bes), star anise EO (from Illicium verum J.D.Hook), geranium EO (from Pelargonium graveolens), and lemongrass EO (from Cymbopogon citratus DC). The semi-quantitative composition of the essential oil samples was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of essential oils against the strains of R. stolonifer and R. lyococcus was determined during 7 days, using the micro-atmosphere method (0.625 μL.mL-1 of air). Two essential oils, geranium and lemongrass, completely inhibited the growth of all isolates. Bitter orange essential oil inhibited the growth of all isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer, but isolate of Rhizopus lyococcus began to grow after four days of cultivation. In conclusion, certain essential oils are highly effective in the vapor phase. These could be used in further tests of their antifungal activity and could be used in the control of Rhizopus spp. or other fungal pathogens.
Highlights
Rhizopus species including R. stolonifer are naturally found in soil, debris, and air
Bitter orange essential oil inhibited the growth of all isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer, but isolate of Rhizopus lyococcus began to grow after four days of cultivation
These could be used in further tests of their antifungal activity and could be used in the control of Rhizopus spp. or other fungal pathogens
Summary
Rhizopus species including R. stolonifer are naturally found in soil, debris, and air. Rhizopus stolonifer is a ubiquitous fungus and can be isolated from many kinds of foods. It grows rampantly at 25 oC, filling a Petri dish with sparse, dark mycelium in 2 days. It produces barely macroscopic aerial fruiting structures which are at first white, become black. Colonies are white cottony at first, becoming heavily speckled by the presence of sporangia and brownish-black. They spread rapidly using stolons fired to various points of the substrate and attach by rhizoids. The postharvest handling operations are the main reason R. stolonifer succeeds in entering and infecting most horticultural commodities (Bautista-Baños et al, 2014)
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