Isolation Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Insights into Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck peel essential oil from NE India: A study of its pharmacological properties and chemical composition

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck is considered as one of the most significant horticultural as well as essential oil crop. However, the significance of the fruit peels left after the utilization of the sour fruit find limited importance and these leftover peels are rich in essential oil. Lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) finds used in the fragrance, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study lemon peel were used for isolation of essential oil by hydro-distillation, analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and was further subjected to in vitro anti-oxidant (DPPH, ABTS), anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, genotoxicity and anti-diabetic assays. The essential oil analysis has revealed limonene as major compound (38.08%) along with other minor compounds namely, α-citral (12.02%), decanal (8.14%) and neral (7.36%). The total amount of citral (α-citral and neral) was found to be 19.38%, comparatively higher compared to previous reports. LPEO was found to exhibit very strong tyrosinase inhibition activity along with good alpha-amylase inhibition. The results from this study further strengthen the immense potential of LPEO as an anti-diabetic and skin whitening agent. The results framed from this study will further strengthen the position of earlier works on biological activities of C. limon besides providing a descriptive work on the potential of Assam LPEO.

Isolation and Antibacterial Activity of Sembung (Blumea balsamifera) Leaf Essential Oil L., DC

Sembung leaf essential oil is a complex mixture in the form of oily yellow liquid with a unique aroma. It contains various volatile components that have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of essential oil Blumea balsamifera L., DC against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Isolation of essential oil using steam distillation method with 0.21% rendement. Inhibition activity was performed by test tube method with variation concentrations of essential oil were 10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100% for each bacteria. Results of this study showed that the highest antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli at 80% concentration with an inhibition zone diameter of 27.53 mm, 100% concentration for Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone diameter 25.72 mm and 100% concentration for Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameter 27.31 mm. Essential oil from (Blumea balsamifera) L., DC leaves have a strong activity inhibition category against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Optimization of Hand Sanitizer Formulation with the Addition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) Essential Oil and a Combination of Essential Oils of Local Indonesian Empon-empon

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to optimize the formulation of hand sanitizer by incorporating lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil in combination with essential oils of local Indonesian empon-empon: temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val. & van Zipj.), temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.), and temu mangga (Curcuma amada Roxb.). The optimization of hand sanitizer formulation was done based on several tests. The first was organoleptic test by observing the aroma, color, and form; the second was pH, homogeneity, and spreadability testing, and; the third was testing the antibacterial activities of each hand sanitizer formula against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The research stages encompassed isolation of essential oils, formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizers, antibacterial activities test, optimization of hand sanitizer formulation, and identification of the chemical compounds in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation using the GC-MS method. The study resulted in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation containing the essential oils of lemongrass (3%) and temu giring (3%), demonstrating very strong antibacterial bioactivities against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with inhibition zones measuring 29.70 mm and 60.08 mm, respectively. This hand sanitizer had a distinctive aroma, combining the scents of lemongrass and temu giring. It was in liquid form, clear, and homogeneous, with pH and spreadibility values of 5.4 and 6.4 cm, respectively. The quality complied with SNI quality standards No. 06-2588. The primary active ingredients were E-citral (22.10%), Z-citral (17.88%), and 1,8-cineol (17.63%). Keywords: Essential oil, hand sanitizer, lemongrass, temu giring, temu kunci, temu mangga.

Study on the Upgrading Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) Oil Isolation Using Microwave Assisted Hydro-distillation Method

Isolation of essential oil using microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) method could enhance the yield compared to steam-distillation or conventional hydro-distillation methods. This study explored the isolation of essential oil from Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) using the MAHD method with several parameters, such as solid-to-liquid ratio, power of the microwave, and extraction time. The essential oils produced were evaluated based on yield, density, refractive index, and composition. The result showed that the density of the essential oil product was in the range of 0.866–0.902 g/mL, while the refractive index was in the range of 1.470–1.475, which met the ISO standard. Chemical compounds were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It was found that the total amount of citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol in the product obtained by MAHD is higher than the one from conventional methods. This study aims to identify the most efficient operating conditions to maximize yield while analyzing energy consumption to determine the most cost-effective conditions.

Isolation and Characterisation of Essential oils of Mango (M. indica) Leave

This research work aimed at isolation and characterisation of essential oils of Mangifera. indica (M. indica) leaves. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the bioactive components present in the leaf sample as well as the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanolic extract. The percentage yield of essential oils (colourless) of the leaf was 0.19%. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, flavonoid, saponin and tannin. Steroids was absent in the extract. The antimicrobial evaluation of the essential oil of M. indica leaf revealed a significant activity (zone of inhibition). The percentage (%) of Diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) scavenged of antioxidant activities for the essential oils of M. indica at different concentration of 5µl, 10µl, 25µl and 100 µl showed a significant antioxidant activity. In concluded results, it’s clearly observed that, when the concentration of both ethanolic extract and essential oils leaf sample increases, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties increases when compared to the standard (Amoxicillin) and that of essential oils has a significant property than other extracts. Considering the results of phytochemical screening, it’s also a potential source of cost-effective food supplements, nutritive ingredients and antibacterial agent for improving human health and curing acute and chronic diseases. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils for the leaf sample revealed fifty two (52) different chemical compounds which include Alloaromadendrene, Humulene, Bicyclo[4,4,0]dec-1-ene, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene, Bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene,4,11,11,-trimethyl 8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)].

An approach for isolation of oregano essential oil using ultrasounds

An approach for isolation of oregano essential oil using ultrasounds

Microwave hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her leaves: Essential oil profile, phytochemical composition of wastewater, histo-anatomical structure

By-products with remarkable bioactive properties are formed in extraction processes of essential oils from plant materials. In present study, it was aimed to determine the concentration of individual phenolic and organic acid compounds by LC-MS/MS of the by-product (wastewater) collected after the essential oil isolation from Pelargonium graveolens L. and to determine some bioactive properties of this by-product. In addition, the chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the essential oil extracted from P. graveolens were determined and the histo-anatomical characterization of the glandular trichomes in the leaf sample was performed. As a result, quercetin (95862.22 μg/kg), myricetin (59834.32 μg/kg) and rutin (36522.90 μg/kg) were the phenolic compounds determined in the highest concentrations in the by-product extracted using two different extraction techniques (non-hydrolysis and hydrolysis methods). Moreover, the individual organic acids of the by-product screened in LC-MS/MS was found to be 4487.17 mg/kg in total. When the essential oil component profile of the plant sample was examined, the citronellol (38.78%) compound was found to be dominant, and it was also detected that the essential oil had remarkable bioactive properties. In conclusion, it can be stated that both the essential oil obtained from P. graveolens and the by-product obtained during essential oil isolation can be considered as a source of some bioactive components in many different industrial applications.

Technology for Isolation Essential Oil from the Buds of Populus balsamifera L.

The article presents the results of the development of technology for isolating essential oil from the buds of Populus balsamifera L. and a medicinal substance based on it. For the first time, a technology has been developed for the quantitative isolation of essential oil from the buds of Populus balsamifera L. by the barothermal method at a temperature of 140 ºC, under a vacuum of 1333‒2000 Pa. The main components of the essential oil of Populus balsamifera L. buds, isolated by the barothermal method, were determined to be α-bisabolol, β-eudesmol, and 2-phenylethyl-2-methylbutanoate. A technological scheme for the production of essential oil substance from Populus balsamifera L. buds has been developed, including 2 stages of the main technological process and 2 stages of auxiliary work, and its pilot industrial regulations. The control points during the isolation and preparative production of the essential oil substance from the Populus balsamifera L. buds are the major components α-bisabolol and β-eudesmol. The main critical points in the production of a substance based on the essential oil of Populus balsamifera L. buds are pressure, temperature, and duration of isolation. The stages of production of the substance are controlled using a standard sample of α-bisabolol (1). A quantitative determination of 108 components of essential oil from Populus balsamifera L. buds was carried out, as well as standardization for organoleptic properties and major components. A comparative analysis of essential oil from Populus balsamifera L. buds collected in the vicinity of Karaganda and the North Kazakhstan region was carried out. A substance based on essential oil from Populus balsamifera L. buds has antimicrobial, wound-healing, and antitumor activities with relatively low toxicity.

Isolasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Minyak Atsiri Daging Buah Pala (Myristica fragrans)

Nutmeg is considered an important ingredient of various industrial applications ranging from food to cosmetics. The pharmaceutical product is also important for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Further research is needed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds of Myristica fragrans. The aim of this research was to isolate and determine the antioxidant activity of the essential oil of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans). The sample used was nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans) taken from Ternate Island, North Maluku. The essential oil of nutmeg flesh was isolated using water vapor distillation and the antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were carried out in triplicate. The results of the research showed that the isolation of nutmeg essential oil obtained with a yield of 0,32%. Organoleptically, the essential oil of nutmeg flesh obtained from the steam distillation process has quality that meets SNI, in the form of a clear to rusty liquid and has a distinctive odor. Phytochemical tests obtained that the essential oil of nutmeg flesh contains alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids, and does not contain polyphenols and saponins. The concentration of essential oil increases, the absorption value and percent inhibition increase so that an average IC50 value of 49,34 ppm is obtained. The essential oil of nutmeg flesh by steam distillation obtained a yield of 0,32% and has antioxidant activity which is classified as a strong antioxidant

Obtaining thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone from Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa L.)

Background: Thymoquinone (TQ) and thymohydroquinone (THQ) are natural substances with antibacterial, antimycotic, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant activity. Previously, was developed the method for obtaining Wild bergamot essential oil with high TQ content. The objective of this study was to create methods for obtaining individual substances TQ and THQ from Wild bergamot herb. Material and methods: Aerial parts of Wild bergamot have been collected from the plantation of the Scientific Practical Centre of Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy. The hydrodistillation method has been used for essential oil isolation and fractionation, and purification of individual substances. The analytical part of study has been performed by the HPLC method. Results: THQ was obtained in crystalline form by reducing TQ directly in the essential oil with ascorbic acid, sulphurous acid, or natural components of the Wild bergamot essential oil. Subsequent oxidation of THQ with hydrogen peroxide or nitrous acid gave TQ. Additionally, the yield of TQ was increased by optimising the parameters of plant material fermentation and using two-stage hydrodistillation with intermediate oxidation of the THQ formed at the first stage. Conclusions: Several technological procedures were created to obtain THQ from the Wild bergamot essential oil with a yield from 68-74% to 93-97% and TQ from THQ with a yield of 87-92%. The procedure of plant material processing has been optimised also to obtain essential oil with 48-56% TQ and not more than 12% residual phenols.

Isolation, Identification, and Antibacterial Testing of Essential Oil from Green Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L.) Using Well Diffusion Method

Green betel leaves have been traditionally employed within communities for various medicinal purposes, owing to their rich composition. These leaves are endowed with secondary metabolites encompassing flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and essential oils. Notably, the essential oils within green betel leaves possess a spectrum of biological properties, including antioxidant, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-Alzheimer's, and anti-carcinogenic activities. In this study, the essential oil from green betel leaf collected from Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia, was isolated using water-steam distillation. The components of this isolate were identified using GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (S. epidermidis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the well-diffusion method at various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100%). Chloramphenicol served as the positive control, while a solution of Tween 20 in distilled water used as the negative control. The essential oil derived from green betel leaves exhibited a brownish-yellow color, possessed a distinctive betel aroma, and had a concentration of 0.21% v/w, a refractive index of 1.5001, and a specific gravity of 0.961 g/mL. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 44 components, with the five most abundant constituents being acetyl chavicol (20.65%), germacrene- D (11.55%), eugenol (8.94%), trans-caryophyllene (7.92%), and chavicol (5.74%). Regarding antibacterial activity, the isolate demonstrated strong activity against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 at a concentration of 75%, yielding an inhibition zone diameter of 12.33 mm. Similarly, it exhibited strong activity against E. coli at a concentration of 90%, resulting in an inhibition zone diameter of 12.67 mm.

Thymus atlanticus: A Source of Nutrients with Numerous Health Benefits and Important Therapeutic Potential for Age-Related Diseases.

Thymus atlanticus (Lamiaceae) is a plant endemic to the Mediterranean basin that is found in significant quantities in the arid regions of Morocco. Thymus atlanticus is used in traditional medicine to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases. It is also used for the isolation of essential oils and for the seasoning of many dishes in the Mediterranean diet. The major constituents of Thymus atlanticus are saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, various simple and hydroxycinnamic phenolic compounds, and terpene compounds. Several of these compounds act on signaling pathways of oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood sugar, which are parameters often dysregulated during aging. Due to its physiochemical characteristics and biological activities, Thymus atlanticus could be used for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases. These different aspects are treated in the present review, and we focused on phytochemistry and major age-related diseases: dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes.

Comparative study of hydro- and steam-water distillation for isolation of essential oils from needles of Cupressus torulosa D. Don

Cupressus torulosa, a large aromatic evergreen conifer tree widely distributed in the northwestern Himalayan region of India, holds various traditional uses of its aerial parts. The objective of this study was to compare the essential oil content and chemical composition of C. torulosa needles obtained using two distinct distillation methods: hydro-distillation (HD) and steam-water distillation (SWD). Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were employed to determine the compositions of the oils. The results indicated that the hydro-distilled essential oil (HDEO) exhibited significantly higher content (0.73±0.09%) compared to the steam-water distilled essential oil (SWDEO, 0.19±0.02%). Additionally, the HDEO and SWDEO exhibited notable differences in their chemical composition. The HDEO was primarily rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (58.45%), with terpinen-4-ol (29.09%) and umbellulone (21.29%) identified as the major constituents. On the other hand, the SWDEO was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.75%), with α-pinene (22.19%), δ-3-carene (19.98%), and limonene (14.7%) as the main components. The findings from this study can assist in selecting the appropriate distillation technique to obtain essential oils with desired chemical compositions for various end-use applications.

Hydrodistillation and Steam Distillation of Fennel Seeds Essential Oil: Parameter Optimization and Application of Cryomilling Pretreatment

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cryomilling (CM) pretreatment on the isolation of fennel seeds essential oil (EO). Therefore, the study included (i) the process optimization and comparison of the efficiencies of hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD); (ii) the evaluation of the effect of the CM application prior to the distillation method (selected based on the results obtained in the first part) on the EO yield; (iii) the evaluation of possible quality differences of the EOs obtained with the performed isolation methods. The obtained results showed that HD (at a solid to liquid ratio 1:10 and a distillation time of 120 min) was more efficient in terms of the EO yield compared to SD (at a pressure of 0.83 bar and distillation time of 117 min as optimal conditions). Moreover, an increased EO yield or even reduced distillation time was observed when HD was combined with a 3 min or 5 min CM pretreatment. GC-MS analysis showed no qualitative differences in chemical composition upon any of the applied isolation procedures, although higher amounts of volatiles were found in the cryomilled samples. The results of this study could be of interest to academia and the EO industry, as CM showed a positive aspect in EO isolation that could provide economic benefits in terms of higher yields or energy savings.

Novel dual-function GC/MS aided ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation for the valorization of Citrus sinensis by-products: phytochemical analysis and anti-bacterial activities

A huge-amount of citrus by-products is being wasted every-year. There is a high-need to utilize these by-products with high-efficiency. This study focuses on the essential oil (EO) isolation from the zest of Citrus sinensis (CS) by-products, using a novel dual-function gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry optimized ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation-prototype (DF-GC/MS-HUS). The CS-EO was GC-analyzed by MS-detector (GC/MS) and optimized by flame-ionization detector (GC/FID). Ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (HUS) had a dual-function in CS-EO isolation by utilizing an adequate-energy to break-open the oil-containing glands, and by functioning-as a dispersing-agent to emulsify the organic-phase. The most effective DF-GC/MS-HUS optimized-conditions were isolation under 38 °C and 10 min of 28.9 Hz sonication. The main-components of CS-EO were limonene, β-myrcene, and α-pinene (81.32%, 7.55%, and 4.20%) in prototype, compared to (60.23%, 5.33%, and 2.10%) in the conventional-method, respectively. The prototype CS-EO showed natural antibacterial-potentials, and inhibited the bio-film formation by Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli more-potent than the conventional-method. Compared to conventional-method, the prototype-method decreased the isolation-time by 83.3%, lowered energy-consumption, without carbon-dioxide production, by reducing isolation-temperatures by more-than half, which protected the thermolabile-components, and increased the quantity by 2514-folds, and improved the quality of CE-EO composition and its antibacterial-potentials. Therefore, the DF-GC/MS-HUS prototype method is considered a novel green-technique that minimized the energy-utilization with higher-efficiency.

Cytotoxic Potential of Essential Oil Isolated from Clibadium Surinamese L Leaves Against T47D Breast and HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells

Semambu (C. surinamense L) plant is a shrub plant that is easy to find. Several terpenoid compounds have been isolated from this plant, previous studies have shown cytotoxic activity of terpenoid class compounds. Terpenoid compounds in a plant are mostly found in essential oils (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). So far, there has been no report on the cytotoxic potential of essential oils from the leaves of this plant. It is necessary to isolate the essential oils from C. surinamense L leaves and test their cytotoxic potential. Isolation of essential oil of C. surinamense L leaves was carried out by hydrodistillation method, the oil was obtained in the form of a light yellow liquid with a specific gravity of 0.968 g/mL. Analysis of chemical components with Gas Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS) through comparison of data from the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) found that there were 55 compounds (monoterpene and sesquiterpene groups) with six main compounds, namely β-caryophyllene (30.4%), β-sesquiphellandrene (8.46%), 3 carene (8.16%), α-bisabolene (4.05%), α-humulene (4.0%), and epi- bicyclosesquiphellandrene (4.0%). The potential cytotoxic test of essential oil from isolation showed highly cytotoxic activity with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method against Artemia salina L shrimp larvae with LC50 value of 0.9261 μg/mL and Microculture tetrazolium test (MTT) method against T47D breast cancer cells and HeLa cervix with IC50 values of 12.72 μg/mL and 30.14 μg/mL.

Characterization of The essential oil of Eucalyptus Leaves (Melaleuca leucadendra) from Pontianak City and Its Activity Against Streptococcus mutans

Eucalyptus plants can grow in the city of Pontianak, which is an area with peat soil, although in fact, this plant can grow well in swamps, sandy areas, and mangroves. The difference in the location where eucalyptus grows, causes a difference in the composition of the compounds contained in it, especially 1.8 cineol which is a potential compound to prevent dental caries. This study aims to isolate and characterize the essential oil of eucalyptus leaves from the city of Pontianak and determine its activity in inhibiting the S. mutans bacteria. This research was carried out in two stages: isolating, characterizing, and determining the chemical content of eucalyptus leaf essential oil from Pontianak using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The second stage was to test the antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans bacteria using the well diffusion method. The results of the isolation of essential oils obtained a yield of 0.58% (w/w) with a specific gravity characteristic of 0.9288 g/mL, a clear greenish-yellow color, and a characteristic smell of eucalyptus oil, and is soluble in 70% ethanol. GC-MS analysis showed that there were 29 compounds, with the main compound being 1.8 cineol as much as 55.71%. The results of the antibacterial activity test against S. mutans showed that the samples at all test doses were antibacteria with inhibition values of 9.03 mm (1.393 mg/well), 6.76 mm (0.697 mg/well), 6.53 mm (0.348 mg/well), and 5.39 mm (0.174 mg/well). The follow-up test showed that at all doses of the essential oil, it was bacteriostatic against S. mutans bacteria. From the study results, it can be concluded that Pontianak eucalyptus oil meets the standards of SNI 06-3954-2006 with 1.8 cineol as the main compound and has antibacteria properties against S. mutans.

Comparative Study of Microwave-assisted Extraction and Hydro-distillation Methods for Extracting Essential Oil from Melaleuca cajuputi in Southern Vietnam: Yield, Composition, and Efficiency Analysis

Aims: This study aimed to the extraction of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oils by microwave-assisted extraction method. The comparison for productivity of microwave-assisted extraction method and traditional hydro-distillation method was also established to figure out the optimum condition for the isolation process.
 Methodology: Microwave-assisted extraction method was employed for the isolation of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oils. The components contained in Melaleuca cajuputi essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Standard methods were applied to investigate the characteristics of extracted essential oils, including density, acid index, saponification index and ester index.
 Results: The major components in the product included caryophyllene (21.45%), γ-terpinene (6.14%), α-terpinolen (7.12%), 1R-α-pinene (3%), α-caryophyllene (10.75%), α-terpineol (0.64%), 4-terpinenol (1.34%), eucalyptol (0.86%) and α-terpinen (0.77%). The highest yield of 0.42% (w/w) was obtained at optimum condition, which was water to raw material ratio of 3.5 mL/g, and extraction time of 210 minutes.
 Conclusion: The comparison of extraction process performed by microwave-assisted extraction and traditional hydro-distillation method proved that microwave-assisted extraction was effective for essential oil extraction in both quality and quantity.

NADES-based essential oil extraction and isolation of new epoxysesquiterpene from Ageratina adenophora flowers

During the past decade, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have emerged as a green alternative to conventional organic solvents due to properties like low toxicity, diverse metabolite solubility, and biodegradability. In the present study, choline chloride (CC) and lactic acid (LA)-based NADES has been utilized as pre-extraction media prior to the hydrodistillation of Ageratina adenophora flowers. CC and LA were used in three different molar ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) along with water to extract essential oil from flowers. The essential oil yield was found to be increased from 2.84 mg/g to 13.52 mg/g using NADES-assisted hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse the chemical diversity of the essential oils. In addition, a new epoxy containing sesquiterpene molecule named 5,11-epoxycadin-3,4-en-8-one, was also isolated from the essential oil without chromatography techniques. The molecular structure and absolute configuration have been deduced using NMR spectroscopy (1D & 2D NMR), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), respectively. Also, the morphology of the crystal surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the essential oils and isolated new molecule has also been investigated.

Selected Biotopes of Juniperus communis L. in Slovakia and Their Chemotype Determination

The objective of this work was to map population of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) in the territory of Slovak Republic. Common juniper is not protected by Slovakian law or the authorities; therefore, there is no law to preserve these plant populations. Biotopes of common juniper consist of light- to heavy-density trees and shrubs. The expansion of its habitat is also connected to human involvement. The loss of juniper naturally in observed plants is caused by a change in land use, loss of feeding pastures for cattle and sheep, and eutrophication of the environment. The current study was focused on monitoring the population of this plant species in the years of 2018–2020, the isolation of essential oils, and the identification of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. It was confirmed that juniper berries usually contain from 0.5 ± 0.05 to 1.8 ± 0.06%, usually 1.2 ± 0.16%, volatile oil depending on geography, altitude, ripeness, and other factors. Volatile oil is made up mostly of monoterpenes, mainly α-pinene (from 37.60 ± 2.23 to 61.00 ± 0.60%), β-myrcene (from 8.03 ± 2.02 to 10.56 ± 0.05%), and sabinene (from 3.50 ± 0.30 to 22.0 ± 0.96%). The dendrogram was constructed after a hierarchical cluster analysis based on the essential oil substances, which showed four different confirmed chemotypes. The essential oil is widely used in medicines, perfumes, insect repellents, insecticides, shoe polish, and in microscopy as a clearing agent of an immersion oil. The quality and chemotypes of juniper berries are very important for the Slovak national beverage “Borovicka” and the distillery industry on a whole in this country.