Essential Elements Research Articles

Mix with the crowd? Craft‐based campaigns and the value of distinctiveness in campaign success

AbstractResearch SummaryDistinctiveness is an essential element of crafts. Building on optimal distinctiveness theory, we examine the relationship between craft‐based ventures, distinctiveness, and crowdfunding performance. Using a sample of 10,915 craft campaigns and 429,290 non‐craft campaigns, we find that craft‐based campaigns have higher distinctiveness but realize lower success through distinctiveness. Additionally, craft‐based campaigns with a higher risk index have lower distinctiveness, those with higher strategy breadth have higher distinctiveness, and those with lower cognitive complexity have higher distinctiveness. The findings have implications for crafts‐based entrepreneurs in leveraging distinctiveness and the value of lowering perceptions of distinctiveness through elements of strategic entrepreneurship—strategy breadth and cognitive complexity.Managerial SummaryOur study aids craft‐based entrepreneurs in presenting their ventures in crowdfunding contexts. We find that increasing the distinctiveness of craft‐based ventures results in lower crowdfunding campaign performance. Additionally, our results indicate that craft‐based campaigns that have higher risk have lower levels of distinctiveness. Conversely, we find that craft‐based campaigns with higher levels of strategic breadth and lower levels of cognitive complexity exhibit higher levels of distinctiveness. These findings have important implications regarding best practices related to how craft‐based entrepreneurs can best present their ventures within crowdfunding contexts. Specifically, our results indicate that craft‐based ventures can realize better crowdfunding performance via lower levels of distinctiveness within their campaigns.

Incident Light Level Influences Elemental Budgets of Serianthes nelsonii Merr. Leaf Development

Recovery efforts for the endangered Serianthes nelsonii have been deficient. To learn more about leaf development costs, the content of biomass and essential elements were determined in the supportive and laminae tissue of leaves that were constructed under different levels of incident light. The biomass required to construct a leaf in 22% light transmission was 65% of that in full sun, and light treatment did not influence the balance between supportive and laminae tissues. Concentrations of carbon, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and boron were greatest for in full-sun laminae, but those of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc were greatest in shaded laminae. The same patterns with regard to light were exhibited in supportive tissues for carbon, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. In contrast, the supportive tissue phosphorus content was greatest in shaded leaves, and the light level did not influence the supportive tissue concentrations of the remaining elements. The leaf laminae consistently exhibited greater concentrations of elements with the exception of potassium and nickel, which were greater in the supportive tissues. These results indicate that the construction of full-sun S. nelsonii leaves is more costly than that of shaded leaves, and the transfer of biomass and essential elements between the supportive and laminae tissues is not substantially influenced by the developmental light level. Identifying the drivers of S. nelsonii leaf element concentrations is crucial for understanding the role of this charismatic tree in community-level processes.

A Snapshot of Selenium-enclosed Nanoparticles for the Management of Cancer.

Among the primary causes of mortality in today's world is cancer. Many drugs are employed to give lengthy and severe chemotherapy and radiation therapy, like nitrosoureas (Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin), Antimetabolites (5-fluorouracil, Methotrexate), Topoisomerase inhibitors (Etoposide), Mitotic inhibitors (Doxorubicin); such treatment is associated with significant adverse effects. Antitumor antibiotics have side effects similar to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and additional Se supplementation is required, particularly for individuals deficient in Se. Due to its unique features and high bioactivities, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which act as a supplement to counter Se deficiency, have recently gained worldwide attention. This study presented a safer and more economical way of preparing stable SeNPs. The researcher has assessed the antiproliferative efficiency of SeNPs-based paclitaxel delivery systems against tumor cells in vitro with relevant mechanistic visualization. SeNPs stabilized by Pluronic F-127 were synthesized and studied. The significant properties and biological activities of PTX-loaded SeNPs on cancer cells from the lungs, breasts, cervical, and colons. In one study, SeNPs were formulated using chitosan (CTS) polymer and then incorporated into CTS/citrate gel, resulting in a SeNPs-loaded chitosan/citrate complex; in another study, CTS was used in the synthesis of SeNPs and then situated into CTS/citrate gel, resulting in Se loaded nanoparticles. These formulations were found to be more successful in cancer treatment.

Absorption and Transport of Phosphorus in Nodulated Soybean Plants and Diagnosis of Phosphorus Status Using Xylem Sap Analysis

Phosphorus (P) is an essential major element for plants. The absorption and transport of P are important for soybean growth and yield, including nodule growth and N2 fixation. Through an analysis of xylem sap, we investigated how nodulated soybean plants absorb PO4 via the roots and transport it to the shoot. The nodulated soybean plants were treated with 0, 50, and 250 μM PO4 concentrations for 1, 3, 7, and 15 days. The PO4 concentration in the xylem sap significantly decreased after 1 day of P deprivation, and then it gradually decreased for 15 days. The high-concentration (250 μM PO4) treatment increased the PO4 concentrations in the xylem sap at 7- and 15-day timepoints but not at the 1- or 3-day timepoints. The soybean plants were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 250, and 500 μM PO4 for 3 days. The PO4 absorption rate increased consistently in conjunction with the increase in the PO4 concentration; however, the PO4 concentrations in the xylem sap increased only from 0 to 50 μM PO4 but were constant under higher P concentrations. The soybean plants accumulated extra PO4 in the roots. The PO4 concentration in the xylem sap immediately reflected the P deficiency conditions; thus, this index may be used as an indicator for the diagnosis of P deficiency.

An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VIII: The evolution of metamorphic minerals

Abstract Part VIII of the evolutionary system of mineralogy focuses on 1220 metamorphic mineral species, which correspond to 755 root mineral kinds associated with varied metamorphic rock types, most of which likely formed prior to the Phanerozoic Eon. A catalog of the mineral modes of 2785 metamorphic rocks from around the world reveals that 94 mineral kinds often occur as major phases. Of these common metamorphic minerals, 66 are silicates, 14 are oxides or hydroxides, 8 are carbonates or phosphates, 4 are sulfides, and 2 are polymorphs of carbon. Collectively, these 94 minerals incorporate 23 different essential chemical elements. Patterns of coexistence among these 94 minerals, as revealed by network analysis and Louvain community detection, point to six major communities of metamorphic phases, three of which correspond to different pressure-temperature (P-T) regimes of metamorphosed siliceous igneous and sedimentary rocks, while three represent thermally altered carbonate and calc-silicate lithologies. Metamorphic rocks display characteristics of an evolving chemical system, with significant increases in mineral diversity and chemical complexity through billions of years of Earth history. Earth's first metamorphic minerals 27 formed in thermally altered xenoliths and contact zones (hornfels and sanidinite facies) associated with early Hadean igneous activity (> 4.5 Ga). The appearance of new Hadean lithologies, including clay-rich sediments, arkosic sandstones, and carbonates, provided additional protoliths for thermal metamorphism prior to 4.0 Ga. Orogenesis and erosion exposed extensive regional metamorphic terrains, with lithologies corresponding to the Barrovian sequence of index mineral metamorphic zones appearing by the Mesoarchean Era (> 2.8 Ga). More recently, rapid subduction and rebound of crustal wedges, coupled with a shallowing geothermal gradient, has produced distinctive suites of blueschist, eclogite, and ultrahigh pressure metamorphic suites (< 1.0 Ga). The evolution of metamorphic minerals thus exemplifies changes in physical and chemical processes in Earth's crust and upper mantle.

Scripting success: a systematic literature review of the process genre approach for writing in Asian education

The problem and the aim of the study. In the 21st century, the process genre approach has gained prominence among various writing methodologies. Numerous scholars have scrutinized its impact on writing within diverse educational settings. However, the extensive body of research makes it challenging to distil current theories, dependent variables, instruments and teaching methods for writing in Asian education. By doing so, it aims to uncover contemporary theories, effective practices, and relevant pedagogical techniques, contributing valuable insights to enhance writing education in this context. Research methods. The primary methodology employed in this study is the systematic literature review method, renowned for its rigorous approach to gathering, evaluating, and synthesizing existing research. The process initiates with comprehensive data searching across authoritative academic databases renowned for their scholarly rigour and reliability from 2019 to 2023, specifically Scopus, Wiley, Taylor and Francis, Emerald and Sage. A deliberate preference for these databases over more expansive platforms like Google Scholar underscores the commitment to selecting high-quality and peer-reviewed articles. The review process encompasses several stages, commencing with the meticulous screening of titles and abstracts to ascertain alignment with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the selected articles undergo a thorough examination, enabling a nuanced analysis of their content. The culmination of this methodological rigour culminates in a comprehensive report that distils key findings, ultimately contributing substantively to the scholarly discourse in Asian education writing instruction. Results. Within the confines of this systematic literature review, the researchers have successfully identified and meticulously scrutinised a total of nine pertinent theoretical frameworks that are intricately intertwined with the approach to PG writing. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that a total of 19 scholars have employed 12 distinct dependent variables in their respective research endeavours. The analysis conducted in this study has also yielded a comprehensive categorisation of instruments, which encompasses six distinct categories. This categorisation provides valuable insights into the various methodological approaches that have been utilised by scholars in their research on the topic of PG writing. By means of a rigorous examination of pedagogical and compositional methodologies, this synthesis has unveiled overarching foundational principles, encompassing preparation, modelling, planning, joint construction, independent construction, and revision, thereby encapsulating the comprehensive terrain of PG writing research. Conclusion. In summary, this systematic literature review serves as a highly valuable and indispensable tool for forthcoming scholars who are venturing into the realm of research pertaining to PG studies. The comprehensive findings encapsulate a wide range of interconnected theories and frameworks, a multitude of dependent variables examined, a variety of instruments employed, and intricate observations regarding teaching methodologies employed in the domain of PG writing research. The compilation of essential elements presented herein serves as a valuable resource for scholars seeking to engage in PG writing research. It facilitates the seamless identification and addressing of research gaps, while offering a comprehensive overview of the current research trends within this particular domain.

Fertirrigação com cobre na cultura da beterraba em região semiárida

ABSTRACT Copper is an essential element for beet; however, it needs to be made available in adequate quantities since this nutrient, which is a heavy metal, can cause toxicity to plants and/or humans. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of beet fertigated with copper in a semi-arid region of Brazil. Two experiments were carried out in complete randomized blocks, with five treatments (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kg ha-1 of copper) and four replicates. In 2019, the copper content was within the adequate range for beet. In 2021, fertigation with copper above 0.8 kg ha-1 led to contents in the phytotoxicity range, which may explain the reduction in total and tuberous root dry mass accumulation. Fertilization with copper increased marketable yield in 2019 (17.32 t ha-1 at the dose of 3.9 kg ha-1 of copper), while, in 2021, there was no fit of the equations. Copper fertilization altered the tuberous root pH but did not influence the other tuberous root quality components. Plants fertilized with copper accumulated more copper in the leaves than in the tuberous root, with a maximum accumulation of 6.0 kg ha-1 of copper in 2019 and 2021. Fertilization with 3.9 kg ha-1 suits soils with low copper content.

An Analysis of The Constructs Influencing Public and Private Hospitals' Level of Service Quality: A Study in Context of Nepal

This research study examines the significance of the data collected as well as the service quality provided by hospitals in Nepal through a systematic review and analysis of the literature. Given the swift growth of the healthcare sector in Nepal, evaluating the caliber of hospital services is essential. The project's objectives are to compile all of the available data, pinpoint knowledge gaps, and offer wise counsel to academics, policymakers, and medical professionals. Using pre-established keywords linked to Nepali hospital service quality, a comprehensive search was carried out across several electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies released between January 2000 and April 2023 were taken into consideration. The systematic review comprised thirteen studies in all, including both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The systematic study's findings brought to light several essential elements of high-quality services, including tangibles, assurance, responsiveness, empathy, infrastructure, and assurance. An exploratory factor analysis technique was used to identify the contributing factors that are primarily responsible for the disparities in services offered between public and private sector hospitals in Nepal, based on the 600 valid responses to the survey that was conducted among the general public regarding private and public hospitals.
 Methods: To obtain an overall picture, a reliable data set was chosen from the sample data gathered from patient parties and administrative staffs throughout public and private sector hospitals using systematic statistical procedures.
 Results: The study's findings contribute to our understanding of the standard of hospital treatment in Nepal and could eventually raise public and professional awareness of the disparity in quality between hospital care in Nepal.
 Discussions: The impact of hospital services on the people who use them is determined in this study, and it is a major aspect in assessing the standard of healthcare provided by the various sectors.

Shaping the future of green hydrogen: De Nora’s electrochemical technologies for fueling the energy transition

Abstract De Nora, an Italian multinational corporation listed on Euronext Milan, stands as a notable leader in sustainable technologies, especially within the growing field of green hydrogen. Over its century-long existence, the company has undergone distinct phases, culminating in a significant global role for a greener and more sustainable future. De Nora has substantiated its international presence with a robust network of 25 operational entities, five research centers, and a workforce exceeding 2000 employees. Originating in 1923 under Oronzio De Nora’s vision, the establishment of Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici propelled the company into pioneering electrochemical advancements. Initially focusing on chlor-alkali technologies, De Nora’s strategic collaborations and acquisitions facilitated its evolution from a specialized enterprise to a versatile multinational entity. The contemporary phase of De Nora’s journey has been fortified by strategic partnerships, notably with Blackstone Tactical Opportunities and later Snam S.p.A. These alliances align with the need to face climate change and underscore De Nora’s commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. As the transition to cleaner energy solutions accelerates worldwide, De Nora’s expertise in electrode technology and electrochemical processes positions it as a frontrunner in the green hydrogen revolution. Central to this evolution is the rise of green hydrogen, produced through water electrolysis using renewable sources. De Nora’s research and development initiatives have yielded transformative outcomes, including energy-efficient electrodes and innovative electrode packages tailored for alkaline electrolysis. This focus on efficiency and cost reduction enhances De Nora’s potential to drive the widespread adoption of green hydrogen technology, amplifying its influence on the global energy landscape. De Nora’s impact extends to pivotal global initiatives, exemplified by its role as a strategic partner in NEOM project, an ambitious green hydrogen production facility in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, De Nora’s contributions resonate in Europe’s largest green hydrogen generation project through collaboration with H2 Green Steel in Sweden. Moreover, a crowning achievement in De Nora’s trajectory is the visionary ‘GigaFactory’, a model of innovation and sustainability made in partnership with Snam. Located near Milan, this pioneering manufacturing hub will embody principles of Industry 4.0, flexibility and automation practices. Supported by the European IPCEI Hydrogen program and the European Commission, this initiative represents a significant stride towards a renewable hydrogen value chain. In conclusion, De Nora’s journey encapsulates a century-long evolution from its electrochemical roots to a dynamic global company propelling sustainable technologies. Anchored by an unwavering commitment to carbon neutrality and bolstered by transformative partnerships, the company embodies innovation and collaborative engagement – essential elements for steering industries towards a sustainable future. In a world united by the necessity of decarbonization, De Nora stands steadfast, carving its role as a symbol of a sustainable future.

Gravity on a Large Scale—Does It Necessarily Look like It Does on a Small Scale?

The notion of a local inertial reference frame is thoroughly analyzed. Dynamics of a field of such frames is derived from the variational principle. It is shown that the resulting theory splits naturally into three sectors, one of which is purely gravitational. Field dynamics in this sector, equivalent to Einstein’s vacuum equations, is obtained unambiguously and admits no ad hoc corrections. The cosmological constant is an essential element of this construction and cannot be removed. It has been shown that the second sector of this theory corresponds to electrodynamics, while the last sector could possibly describe dark matter.

What every intensivist should know about: Trust in the ICU

Trust is an essential element in the relationship between patients and intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians. Without a foundation of trust, communication is difficult, conflict is more likely, and even clinical outcomes can be affected. The ICU is a particularly challenging environment for trust to flourish. Illness occurs suddenly, emotions can be charged, the environment is impersonal, and there is rarely a prior relationship between patients and their caregivers. Therefore, intensivists must have some understanding of the factors that impact patient and family trust, as well as the actions they can take to improve it.

Family-Centered Early Intervention Deaf/Hard of Hearing (FCEI-DHH): Foundation Principles.

This article is the fifth in a series of eight articles that comprise a special issue on Family-Centered Early Intervention (FCEI) for children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) and their families, or FCEI-DHH. The 10 FCEI-DHH Principles are organized conceptually into three sections (a) Foundation Principles, (b) Support Principles, and (c) Structure Principles. Collectively, they describe the essential Principles that guide FCEI for children who are DHH and their families. This article describes the Foundation Principles (Principles 1 and Principle 2). The Foundation Principles emphasize the essential elements of ensuring that families with children who are DHH can access early intervention (EI) and other appropriate supports, as well as highlight the need for provision of EI that is family-centered. Implementation of these FCEI-DHH Principles is intended to improve the lives and the outcomes of children who are DHH and their families around the globe.

Morphophysiology of Punica Granatum L. under microalgae biomass stimulation

The use of microalgae has been proeminent in agricultural scenario, because it is an alternative product considered extremelly productive, which contains essential elements for plants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiology of Punica granatum L. seedlings treated with Spirulina platensis and Scenedesmus sp. nanoparticles in controlled environment. The research was carried out at the of Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal-PB, using a completely randomized design with five replications. The factorial scheme (2 x 4) was adopted, represented by two types of microalgae (Spirulina platensis; Scenedesmus sp.) and four doses of application (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Growth evaluations happened at 135 days after planting, verifying the number of leaves and branches and shoot length. The physiological parameters evaluated were gas exchanges, chlorophyll ‘a’ fluorescence, electron transport rate, stationary fluorescence, maximum fluorescence yield after light adaptation and quantum efficiency of PSII. Shoot length and number of branches had rises at doses of 6 and 15%. Number of leaves was induced in seedlings at dose of 8% with Spirulina platensis. Stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration increased in seedlings sprayed with Spirulina platensis. extract of Scenedesmus sp. improved the stationary fluorescence and quantum efficiency of PSII in pomegranate seedlings.

The effectiveness of connotation to produce spatial transformation in the Iraqi theatrical performance

Place is an active and essential element in the construction and production of dramatic action because of its connection to the event. It is the place that contains the event and the action, and thus it has a psychological and semantic impact on thought and meaning. On the other hand, the place is connected to time and does not protect it from semantic manifestations and transformations. Thus, the place takes up its semantic space within the system. The theatrical presentation is an active and influential part in the structure of the event. The theatrical presentation witnessed spatial changes and variables that intertwine in the fabric of the intellectual structure to transform into connotations and symbols that carry and investigate meaning. The place was not fixed and rigid, but rather a dynamic, active variable. According to this, the research headed to monitor the effectiveness of connotation in producing transformation. Spatial within the theatrical performance.

Utilizing Game-Based Learning Baamboozle in Developing Students’ English Grammar Mastery

English grammar is one of the essential language elements that students must acquire and master. Unfortunately, mastering grammar is sometimes seen as the most challenging skill to learn among other skills which requires teachers to encourage the students with proper technology so they can optimally learn English grammar. This study aims to find out how students develop their grammar mastery by using game-based learning Baamboozle and investigate the students' responses toward using Baamboozle in developing their grammar mastery. This study applied Classroom Action Research as the research design. This study was conducted in two cycles at one of the Vocational high schools in West Java. The participants of this study were 21 students of class X. Class observations, tests, and questionnaires were used as data collection techniques. The data then were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The result of the analysis shows that students' grammar mastery skills developed, in Cycle I the average score was 72.8 while in Cycle II, the average score was 91.9. The students also responded well to the use of Baamboozle in learning grammar in which they had good perception of activities using game-based learning with the help of Baamboozle. They also actively participated in Bamboozle based grammar activities by actively and voluntarily involving in answering questions. The students admitted that their active involvement was lead by the gamification, interactivity and the competitiveness of the Baamboozle game.

There Is Still a Need for a Comprehensive Investigation of the Health Consequences of Exposure to Urban Air with Special Regard to Particulate Matter (PM) and Cardiovascular Effects

Air pollution is a foremost public health problem worldwide. The pulmonary effects of air pollution have been well established for decades, and substantial epidemiological evidence is consistently showing that both acute and chronic exposure to air pollution is linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The underlying cause for this link is, however, still unknown, and many questions remain open. Most of the epidemiological studies focusing on health consequences of exposure to urban air used data from air monitoring stations or—when applying personal sampling or monitoring—measured a limited number of components to assess the exposure. On the other hand, studies conducting a decent exposure characterization and measuring a relatively large number of components with personal sampling had little or no focus on the effects and investigated only a few biomarkers. The number of research studies on this topic is huge, but at the same time, it seems as if there was no need for a comprehensive examination of the effects of urban air pollution on health. Researchers and research supporting organizations, in their fascination with the search for “novelty” and “beyond state-of-the-art”, do not seem to be aware of that they will never be able to assemble the whole picture from the puzzle pieces of research activities focusing only on certain aspects. Without a comprehensive investigation, we might never be able to answer such questions as (i) which of the urban air pollutants are forerunners in causing health effects, especially cardiovascular effects? (ii) Which biomarkers have the best predictor performance in early effects? (iii) Are there biomarkers or combinations of biomarkers that can help determine the degree of individual susceptibility and sensitivity and the dependence of these by different factors (e.g., age, gender, and physical activity)? The authors of this article aim to go through the already investigated—at the same time, essential—elements of the topic and propose a more comprehensive study, which, of course, can be expanded, debated, and improved.

Applications of Functionalized Carbon-Based Quantum Dots in Fluorescence Sensing of Iron(III).

Iron, an essential trace element exhibits detrimental effects on human health when present at higher or lower concentration than the required. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+ in water, food etc. Unfortunately, in several instances, the traditional approaches suffer from a number of shortcomings like complicated procedures, limited sensitivity, poor selectivity and more expensive and time consuming. The scope of optical tuning and excellent photophysical properties of carbon- based nanomaterials like carbon dots (C-dots) and graphene dots (g-dots) have made them promising optical sensors of metal ions. Moreover, high surface area, superior stability of such materials contributes towards the fruitful development of sensors. The present review offered critical information on the fabrication and fluorimetric applications of these functional nanomaterials for sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+. An in-depth discussion on fluorescent C-dots made from naturally occurring materials and chemical techniques were presented. Effect of doping in C-dots was also highlighted in terms of improved fluorescence response and selectivity. In a similar approach g-dots were also discussed. Many of these sensors exhibited great selectivity, superior sensitivity, high quantum yield, robust chemical and photochemical stability and real-time applicability. Further improvement in these factors can be targeted to develop new sensors.

Perspectives on cultivation and harvesting technologies of microalgae, towards environmental sustainability and life cycle analysis

The development of algae is seen as a potential and ecologically sound approach to address the increasing demands in multiple sectors. However, successful implementation of processes is highly dependent on effective growing and harvesting methods. The present study provides a complete examination of contemporary techniques employed in the production and harvesting of algae, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability. The review begins by examining several culture strategies, encompassing open ponds, closed photobioreactors, and raceway ponds. The analysis of each method is conducted in a systematic manner, with a particular focus on highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for expansion. This approach ensures that the conversation is in line with the objectives of sustainability. Moreover, this study explores essential elements of algae harvesting, including the processes of cell separation, dewatering, and biomass extraction. Traditional methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation are examined in conjunction with novel, environmentally concerned strategies including flocculation, electro-coagulation, and membrane filtration. It evaluates the impacts on the environment that are caused by the cultivation process, including the usage of water and land, the use of energy, the production of carbon dioxide, and the runoff of nutrients. Furthermore, this study presents a thorough examination of the current body of research pertaining to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) studies, presenting a perspective that emphasizes sustainability in the context of algae harvesting systems. In conclusion, the analysis ends up with an examination ahead at potential areas for future study in the cultivation and harvesting of algae. This review is an essential guide for scientists, policymakers, and industry experts associated with the advancement and implementation of algae-based technologies.

REVIEW OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE SUB-SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as an essential element of corporate operations, signifying a company's dedication to tackling environmental, social, and ethical concerns. This study aims to analyze the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the financial performance of Food and Beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2022. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) index is used as a measurement tool for CSR. The independent variable in this study is CSR, while the dependent variable is either Return on Assets (ROA) or Return on Equity (ROE). The research focuses on companies in the food and beverage subsector listed on the IDX during the specified period. The sample for this study is selected using the purposive method, which involves predetermined standards. Secondary data from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2016 to 2022 is utilized for analysis. The findings of this study indicate that CSR has an insignificant positive impact on ROA, but it does have a significant positive impact on ROE.

The Role of Preparing Teachers’ Understanding of the Co-Teaching and Collaborative Teaching Models in Developing their Teaching Experiences

This study explored the role of preparing teachers’ understanding of the co-teaching and collaborative teaching models. This research aims to significantly advance inclusive education practices by offering novel perspectives on the functions of co-teaching models and the preparation programs for pre-service teachers. This investigation employed a descriptive research technique to understand the essential elements and strategies of effective preparation programs for pre-service teachers that promote co-teaching and inclusive education, as perceived by teachers. A total of 30 individuals participated in the research project, consisting of 20 pre-service teachers in their last year of college and 10 full-time teachers in public schools in Saudi Arabia. The survey revealed that 80% of the pre-service teachers considered that peer-to-peer learning activities, such as group discussions and collaborative projects, were the most effective means of acquiring knowledge regarding co-teaching approaches. The comprehensive findings of this study challenge conventional notions regarding the preparation of teachers and highlight the urgent necessity of formulating novel and all-encompassing approaches for pre-service teacher training.