ES Methods Research Articles

Minimization of Fuel Consumption of Natural Gas Compressor Stations with Similar and Dissimilar Turbo-Compressor Units

AbstractThis paper studies and compares the results of a simple and fast heuristic method, genetic algorithm (GA), and the exhaustive search method (ES) concerning the minimization of fuel consumption of a natural gas compressor station (CS). The results, obtained for an input data set [natural gas flow rate of 150 million standard cubic meters per day (MMSCMD), suction pressure of 5.45 MPa, and discharge pressure of 6.9 MPa], showed that for a CS with similar turbo-compressor (TC) units, all of the applied methods achieved the same solution (fuel consumption rate of 3.620 kg/s). By contrast, for a CS with dissimilar TC units, the GA and ES methods attained a lower fuel consumption rate (3.738 kg/s) than that obtained by the heuristic method (3.753 kg/s). The effect of changing the CS flow rate, suction, and discharge pressures on optimal fuel consumption rate was also investigated. In the first case study, a 100 MMSCMD (or 100%) increase in the flow rate, 8.3 bar (or 13%) increase in discharge pressur...

Red Clay Subgrade Settlement Calculation Methods in Ballastless Track Design on High-Speed Railway

Considering the characteristics of high-speed railway settlement requirement, i.e. high precision and strict control after construction, the subgrade settlement of the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed rail on the red clay area is calculated by ES method, e-lgp method, triaxial stress method, secant modulus method and field test method. In this essay, the accuracy of various calculation methods has been compared and corrected with the values from loading test. In this process, correction coefficients for various calculation methods have been obtained.

Self-Organizing Energy-Saving Management Mechanism Based on Pilot Power Adjustment in Cellular Networks

Little literature concentrates on effective and self-organizing regional energy-saving schemes in cellular networks with dynamic traffic. In this paper, we propose a regional self-organizing energy-saving management mechanism through pilot power adjustment in cellular networks. The mechanism analyzes autonomic processes for saving energy firstly. Then, it proposes regional BS TP (Trigonal-Pair) compensation method to determine BS modes for saving energy. Next, it adopts intelligent coverage compensation algorithm to adjust pilot power of compensated BSs, so as to avoid coverage hole and ensure enough capacity. Integrated evaluation model is still proposed in the mechanism to validate efficiency of proposed algorithms. Simulations show that about 17% of regional energy consumption can be saved. In comparison to other ES methods, our ES mechanism can obtain better energy-saving outcomes and keep service quality and coverage above acceptable levels.

Used lubricating oil regeneration by various solvent extraction techniques

The used lubricating oil regeneration using extraction technique has been widely known as one of the cheapest and most competent processes. The best performance of solvent was shown by R-11 as the lowest percent oil losses, followed by CFC-113, MEK, 1-butanol, and 2-propanol. This performance sequence could be also evaluated by method of solubility parameter difference (Es) using Hildebrand and Peng–Robinson EoS approaches. The effectiveness of extraction parameters was also studied. The percent oil losses decreased with the extraction temperature. The values of optimum ratio of solvent to oil obtained by the Es method gave reasonable results compared to the experimental method.

환경오염공정시험기준과 KS ISO규격의 일원화에 관한 연구 - 먹는 물 및 실내공기질 -

현행 환경오염공정시험기준 중 먹는 물 수질공정시험기준과 실내공기질 공정시험기준에 대해 국제규격에 부합화된 KS ISO규격과의 일원화에 관해 연구하였다. KS규격 23,000여종을 대상으로 먹는 물 및 실내공기질관련 KS 규격을 조사하였다. 환경분야관련 KS규격은 KS I로 분류되며, 총 653종으로 조사되었으며, 이중 국제규격에 부합화된 KS I 규격은 583종으로 조사되었다. 먹는 물 수질공정 시험기준은 총 100개 기준을 대상으로 ISO/TC 147 "Water Quality" 관련 KS 규격 총 232종을 비교 검토하였으며, 실내공기질 공정시험기준은 "ISO/TC 146 "Air Quality" 관련 KS 규격 총 95종 규격을 비교 검토하였다. 문헌검토와 비교시험을 통해 먹는 물 및 실내공기질 공정시험기준과 일원화 가능한 국제규격에 부합화된 KS규격 연구결과 먹는물수질공정시험 100개 기준 중 사전일원화 완료 23개 기준, 일원화 가능 29개 기준, 일원화 불가 12개 기준, 대응 규격 없는 기준이 36개로 평가되었으며, 실내공기질 공정시험기준 17개 기준 중 사전일원화 완료 1개 기준, 일원화 가능 3개 기준, 일원화 불가 3개 기준, 대응규격 없는 기준이 10개 기준으로 평가되었다. Our study researched on unification of KS I ISO standard harmonized with ISO and Official Test Method enacted by Korean Ministry of Environment-drinking water and indoor air quality. We reviewed KS methods related to drinking water and indoor air quality for about 23,000 KS methods. KS methods related environmental field are classified as KS I, total 635 methods and 583 KS I methods were harmonized with ISO. For Environmental Standard methods for drinking water, 100 methods were reviewed according to 232 KS methods related to ISO/ TC 147 "Water Quality". Environmental Standard methods for indoor air quality were reviewed according to 95 KS standard methods related to ISO/TC 146 "Air Quality". By reviews and comparison tests for unifiable ES for drinking water and indoor air quality with KS methods harmonized with ISO, it was evaluated that for 100 ES methods for drinking water, 23 ES methods were unification complete, 29 ES methods were unification possible, 12 ES methods were unification impossible, no corresponding methods were found in KS I ISO for 36 ES methods and for 17 ES methods for indoor air quality,1 ES methods were unification complete, 3 ES methods were unification possible, 3 ES methods were impossible, no corresponding methods were found in KS I ISO for 10 ES methods.

Cryopreserving and Recovering of Human iPS Cells using Complete KnockOut Serum Replacement Feeder-Free Medium

The discovery in 2006 that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate iPS cells with qualities remarkably similar to embryonic stem cells has created a valuable new source of pluripotent cells for drug discovery, cell therapy, and basic research. GIBCO media and reagents have been at the forefront of pluripotent stem cell research for years. Knockout DMEM supplemented with Knockout Serum Replacement is the media of choice for embryonic stem cell growth and now iPS cell culture. This gold standard media system can now be used for feeder-free culture with the addition of Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail. Traditional human ES and iPS cell culture methods require the use of mouse or human fibroblast feeder layers, or feeder-conditioned medium. These culture methods are labor-intensive, hard to scale and it is difficult to maintain hiPS cells undifferentiated due to the undefined conditions. Invitrogen has developed Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail to allow you to easily transition your hiPS and hES cell cultures to feeder-free while still maintaining your use of Knockout SR.

Feeder-Free Adaptation, Culture and Passaging of Human IPS Cells using Complete KnockOut Serum Replacement Feeder-Free Medium

The discovery in 2006 that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate iPS cells with qualities remarkably similar to embryonic stem cells has created a valuable new source of pluripotent cells for drug discovery, cell therapy, and basic research. GIBCO media and reagents have been at the forefront of pluripotent stem cell research for years. Knockout DMEM supplemented with Knockout Serum Replacement is the media of choice for embryonic stem cell growth and now iPS cell culture. This gold standard media system can now be used for feeder-free culture with the addition of Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail. Traditional human ES and iPS cell culture methods require the use of mouse or human fibroblast feeder layers, or feeder-conditioned medium. These culture methods are labor-intensive, hard to scale and it is difficult to maintain hiPS cells undifferentiated due to the undefined conditions. Invitrogen has developed Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail to allow you to easily transition your hiPS cell cultures to feeder-free while still maintaining your use of Knockout SR.

Cryopreserving and Recovering of Human iPS Cells using Complete KnockOut Serum Replacement Feeder-Free Medium

The discovery in 2006 that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate iPS cells 1-3 with qualities remarkably similar to embryonic stem cells has created a valuable new source of pluripotent cells for drug discovery, cell therapy, and basic research. GIBCO media and reagents have been at the forefront of pluripotent stem cell research for years. Knockout DMEM supplemented with Knockout Serum Replacement is the media of choice for embryonic stem cell growth and now iPS cell culture 3-9. This gold standard media system can now be used for feeder-free culture with the addition of Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail. Traditional human ES and iPS cell culture methods require the use of mouse or human fibroblast feeder layers, or feeder-conditioned medium. These culture methods are labor-intensive, hard to scale and it is difficult to maintain hiPS cells undifferentiated due to the undefined conditions. Invitrogen has developed Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail to allow you to easily transition your hiPS and hES cell cultures to feeder-free while still maintaining your use of Knockout SR.

Measuring market risk for financial assets with moderate tail fatness: the case of global government bond portfolios

The downside risk for fixed-income securities is typically smaller than that of other financial assets such as equities and commodities; therefore, market risk models selected for risk measurement for the latter assets may not be valid in the case of fixed-income securities which exhibit fundamentally different tail properties. This paper explores the issue of price risk measurement for bond markets by employing the methodologies of value at risk and expected shortfall for global government bond portfolios. Four popular VaR and ES methods (riskmetrics, historical simulation, Monte Carlo simulation, extreme value) are estimated for backtesting. The results indicate that the riskmetrics method appears to be the most successful method for specifying shortfall risk and bounded lower loss quintiles, even during periods of financial turmoil. This contradicts earlier findings from studies carried out for other financial assets according to which extreme value methods and filtered models dominate the traditional models.

A statistical comparison of international fertiliser spreader test methods — Confidence in bout width calculations

Throughout the world a number of testing systems are used to obtain the fertiliser spread pattern from spinning disc spreaders. Results of these tests are used to certify the bout width, which is the permitable distance between adjacent transects of the spreader truck across the field. These tests use trays aligned in one or two transverse rows to the direction of travel of the spreader which collects the fertiliser for one or more passes by the spreading vehicle. The tray size, their spacing in each row, the distance apart between transverse rows, and the number of passes all vary between tests. In this study, a field trial was constructed to simulate all international tests. The ground was covered with 0.5 × 0.5 m trays arranged as 18 transverse rows of 80 trays each, leaving spaces for the truck wheels. The amount of fertiliser landing on each tray was weighed for two replicates at each of three nominal application rates of 80, 100 and 150 kg ha − 1 of urea. These trials provide good sample statistics, which are used to estimate the confidence limits of the spread patterns for each international spread test and then to estimate the accuracy of correctly certifying the bout width. The ACCU Spread (Australia) method proved far superior in both aspects; it had the narrowest confidence limits for the spread pattern and the most accurate determination of bout width, which it could predict accurately to within one tray, or 0.5 m. The ES (Europe) method was next best, but is prone to a ‘near neighbour effect’ because the two adjacent rows of trays cannot be guaranteed to have longitudinal independence. Next were the ISO 5690/1, ISO 5690/2 and Spreadmark (New Zealand) tests, which all performed equally well. Interestingly, the ISO 5690/2 test uses a narrower tray (0.25 × 1.0 m) intended to obtain better transverse resolution, but this did not improve the accuracy of the bout width calculation. The ASAE (USA) method collects only sparse data because the trays are spaced at wide intervals across the swath, which make bout width calculations difficult without interpolation or weighting techniques. This work clearly demonstrates that multiple rows of trays, multiple passes of the spreader and long trays can enhance the accuracy of the test.

Detection of lung cancer using single-exposure dual-energy subtraction chest radiography

The aim of this study was to evaluate the detectability of lung cancer by chest radiography with a single-exposure dual-energy subtraction (ES) method. Five radiologists read two sets of chest radiographs from 77 patients (66.5 +/- 9.6 years old) with histologically proven lung cancer measuring <or=3.0 cm and those from 77 normal subjects (65.7 +/- 9.0 years old). The observer tests were performed in two sessions: standard computed radiography (CR) images only and a combination of CR and ES images. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used for statistical analysis. All tumors were classified into three groups according to the appearance on thin-section CT: (1) nonsolid: tumor shadow disappearance rate (TDR) was 100%; (2) partly solid: TDR was >or=50 but <100%; (3) solid: TDR was <50%. Overall, detectability with the ES method was significantly better than that without ES (mean Az value increased from 0.7673 to 0.8265, P < 0.05). In the subgroup analysis of the nonsolid group and the solid group detectability did not change using the ES method, whereas in the partly solid group detectability with the ES method was significantly better than that without ES (mean Az value increased from 0.7162 to 0.8209, P < 0.005). The ES method improves the detectability of lung cancer by chest radiography, especially of the partly solid group.

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Concentration in Spinning Dope on Diameter, Beads and HHS of Produced Nanofibers

In this study it was aimed to produce nano fibers of poly vinyl alcohol PVA polymer via electrospinning ES method and to investigate the role of PVA concentration in the spinning dope on diameter, beads and HHS of produced fibers. Spinning dopes with different concentrations of PVA at rang of 5 to 20% (wt/wt on weight of solution) prepared. The requisite voltage for ES (30 kv) was supplied by a DC high voltage power supply and for collecting the fibers a grounded aluminum foil target placed 17 cm below the tip of capillary tube (spinning nozzle). The results showed that spinning dopes with PVA concentration between 8 to 12% (wt/wt) are capable of producing PVA fibers, but those below 8% (wt/wt) concentrations because of low viscosity formed droplets known as electrospray effect. Electrospinning suppressed at spinning dope concentrations above 12% (wt/wt) due to high viscosity of dope. According to the SEM photographs of electrospun PVA fibers it revealed that in higher concentrations produced nanofibers have larger diameter with less beads and HHS in compare with lower concentrations.

RMCE-ASAP: a gene targeting method for ES and somatic cells to accelerate phenotype analyses

In recent years, tremendous insight has been gained on p53 regulation by targeting mutations at the p53 locus using homologous recombination in ES cells to generate mutant mice. Although informative, this approach is inefficient, slow and expensive. To facilitate targeting at the p53 locus, we developed an improved Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange (RMCE) method. Our approach enables efficient targeting in ES cells to facilitate the production of mutant mice. But more importantly, the approach was Adapted for targeting in Somatic cells to Accelerate Phenotyping (RMCE-ASAP). We provide proof-of-concept for this at the p53 locus, by showing efficient targeting in fibroblasts, and rapid phenotypic read-out of a recessive mutation after a single exchange. RMCE-ASAP combines inverted heterologous recombinase target sites, a positive/negative selection marker that preserves the germline capacity of ES cells, and the power of mouse genetics. These general principles should make RMCE-ASAP applicable to any locus.

血清学的方法によるコガタアカイエカの捕食性天敵の調査 : 1. コガタアカイエカ体成分中の特異抗原の検出

Detection of specific antigens in the extracts of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (abbr. Ct) was attempted, with the aim of determining natural predators of Ct by an immunological method through electrosyneresis (ES method). According to the ES method, both antisera prepared against the extracts of the 4th-instar larvae and adults of Ct caused precipitation with immunogen upto 2,048 fold dilution. These antisera contained antibodies cross-reactive to the extracts of the larvae and adults of Anopheles sinensis (abbr. As). Anti-Ct antisera after absorption by As extracts showed no cross-reactivity to As extract nor to the extracts of 22 species of arthropods inhabiting rice fields. Absorbed anti-Ct antisera reacted only with the extracts of larvae and adults of Ct, and immunoelectrophoresis with these antisera detected multiple specific antigenic components. By the ES method with absorbed anti-Ct antisera, the body constituents of Ct were detected from the nymphs of Pantala flavescens (Odonata : Libellulidae), the larvae of Hydaticus sp. (Coleoptera : Dytiscidae) and Hydrochara sp. (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae) 24hr after feeding on a single 4th-instar larva of Ct and from the adults of Lycosa pseudoannulata (Araneae : Lycosidae) and Tetragnatha vermiformis (Araneae : Tetragnathidae) 24hr after feeding on a single adult female of Ct.

A new multiple (mass ratio) scale analysis of atom–diatom collisions

Atom–diatom collisions are investigated within the framework of a general mass weighted mixed coordinate system. It is found that physically distinct parts of the Hamiltonian are controlled by functions that depend on the mass weighted mixing coefficients of the new coordinates. In principle, the mixing coefficients can be derived variationally from a stationary functional for the T matrix. The mixed coordinate system developed in this paper can also be used to investigate a quantum mechanical decoupling approximation by parametrizing the mixing coefficients of the new coordinates in terms of the approximation’s decoupling parameter. The goal of this paper is to examine the case when the mixing coefficients are expressed in terms of the ES decoupling parameter for vibrational transitions. A brief discussion is also given to the application of this technique to the investigation of the ES method for rotational transitions and vibrational transitions. This approach offers a practical avenue for improving ES results for collision systems having very small mass ratios. It is found in an example that when the collision system strongly satisfies the mass scaling criterion, the method gives uniformly accurate results for all energies and all transitions. When the collision system weakly satisfies the criterion, the method improves only the energy sudden results for multiple quantum transitions at energies which are close to the threshold limit.

水田におけるアキアカネ幼虫のシナハマダラカ幼虫に対する天敵としての役割に関する研究 : 1. 捕食率推定における免疫電気浸透法 (Electrosyneresis) 利用についての検討

The precipitin test using the electrosyneresis (ES method) was evaluated for the purpose of detecting the mosquito larvae (An. sinensis) from the gut of the dragonfly nymphs (Sympetrum frequens), in the course of studies for their prey-predator relationships in rice fields. Antiserum was obtained from rabbits immunized by intramuscular injections of saline extracts of An. sinensis (4th instar larvae). This antiserum showed the strong cross-reaction between An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Chironomus sp. which might be fed by the dragonfly nymphs in the census fields. The specific antiserum to An. sinensis larvae was prepared by absorbing the antiserum with the saline extracts of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Using the specific antiserum on ES method, it was experimentally confirmed that the 4th instar larva of An. sinensis in the gut of the 9th instar nymphs of Sympetrum frequens could be detected with confidence up to 33hr after feeding in all cases of trials and up to 54hr in one case. It was concluded that the ES method could be useful and appliable to the quantitative study of their prey-predator relationships.

Elasticities of Substitution and Constant-Output Demand Curves for Labor

^_His paper presents a method for es|timating the elasticity of demand for labor with output held constant. Such an elasticity summarizes the contribution of the technological substitutability of labor and capital to the elasticity of demand for labor, the remainder of the elasticity in the usual sense being positively dependent on the elasticity of demand for output. The elasticity of the constant-output demand curve thus provides a lower bound to the usual demand elasticity. It has recently been shown that under certain assumptions (which are made in this paper) the estimated elasticity is equal to the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital.2 Thus, the empirical results of this paper, though tentative, have some bearing on the continuing controversy over the alleged historical constancy of relative shares and related topics.3 However, the primary focus of this paper is on the technological influences on the demand for

Some Considerations of Film Cooling for Rocket Motors

It is demonstrated experimentally tha t increasing the film-cooled length of a cylindrical sect ion requires more t h a n a proportional increase in the film-coolant How rate. It is shown that if the heat transfer rate to the l iquid film is known, an ideal film-coolant flow rate may readily be calculated, which is proportional to the average filmcooled length . The actual film-coolant flow rate may then be determined from the graphs presented in the paper. Circumferential variations in the length of the l iquid film are taken into account by means of the profile effectiveness which depends upon the design of the film-coolant injector and the m a i n propellant injector. A method for es t imat ing the heat transfer to the film coolant is presented. Experimental data are also presented for the loss in specific impulse when water is used as the filmcoolant. The rocket motor experiments reported herein were conducted wi th a 500-lb-thrust, 500-psia combust ion pressure rocket motor using white fuming nitric acid and jet engine fuel (JP-4) as the propellants.