Erzurum Region Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polyps in Erzurum region

Erzurum Bolgesinde Safra Kesesi Polip Sikligi ve Risk Faktorleri Gallbladder polyp prevalence in the Region of Erzurum and Risk Factors Abstract Aim: Gallbladder polyps are usually detected incidentally by ultrasonographic examination or after cholecystectomy. D ata on the prevalence of gallbladder polyps (GP) is less in our country. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of gallbladder polyps and to identify risk factors of gallbladder polyps in the Erzurum region. Materials and Methods: This study was performed with retrospectively assessment whic of abdominal ultrasonography made in the radiology clinic of Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital between January 2009-September 2009. GP was detected patients' files were reviewed. Data were collected regarding the patients’ gender, age, serum lipid levels, number and diameter of gallbladder polyps, gallstones and hepatosteatosis. As a control group was taken from people who age and sex matched subjects consecutively admitted to hospital for check-ups from147 healthy people. Results: GP was detected 132 (1.75%) of 7562 patients. Of the GP subjects, 85 (64.4%) were women and 47 (35.6%) were men with a mean age of 46.79±15.39 years. Abdominal ultrasound was performed to 7562 people. 132 of these people (1.75%) was detected gallbladder polyp. Mean polyp size 5.38 mm (1.5-26 mm) was found to be. Between Low serum HDL, high serum LDL, high serum total cholesterol levels, hepatosteatosis and gallbladder polyps were statistically significant difference (p 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of gallbladder polyps was found 1.75 % in large patient populations in the Erzurum region and gallbladder polyps were frequently detected after 40 years of age. There was relationship between the female gender, age, high blood total and LDL cholesterol, low blood HDL cholesterol and gallbladder polyps. Key words: Gallbladder polyps, ultrasonography Ozet Amac: Safra kesesi polipleri genellikle ultrasonografi ya da kolesistektomi sonrasinda rastlantisal olarak tespit edilirler. Ulkemizde safra kesesi sikligi ile ilgili veriler yetersizdir. Bu calismadaki amacimiz Erzurum bolgesinde safra kesesi polip sikligini belirlemek ve risk faktorlerini arastirmakti. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu calisma, Ocak 2009- Eylul 2009 tarihleri arasinda Erzurum Bolge Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi Radyoloji kliniginde yapilan batin ultrasografilerin retrospektif olarak degerlendirilmesiyle yapildi. Safra kesesi polipi tespit edilen hastalarin cinsiyet, yas, serum lipit duzeyleri, safra kesesi poliplerinin sayi ve caplari, safra tasi ve hepatosteatoz varligi tespit edilerek kaydedildi. Kontrol grubu olarak yas ve cinsiyet ile uyumlu bilinen kronik hastaligi olmayan ve check-up amacli hastaneye basvuran ardisik 147 saglikli kisi alindi. Bulgular: Toplam 7562 hastanin 132’sinde (%1.75) safra kesesi polipi saptandi. Safra kesesi polipi saptanan hastalarin 85 (%64.4)’i kadin, 47 (%35.6)’si erkek olup yas ortalamasi 46.79±15.39 idi. Ortalama polip buyuklugu 5.38 mm (1.5-26 mm) olarak tespit edildi. Dusuk HDL, yuksek LDL, yuksek total kolesterol duzeyleri ve hepatosteatoz ile safra kesesi polipleri arasinda iliski saptandi (p 0.05) Sonuc: Bu calismada genis hasta populasyonunda Erzurum cevresinde eriskinlerde safra kesesi polip sikligini %1.75 ve s afra kesesi polipi gorulme yasinin genellikle 40 yasindan sonra oldugu saptandi. Ayrica safra kesesi polipi ile kadin cinsiyet, yas, yuksek LDL ve total kolesterol, dusuk HDL kolesterol ve hepatosteatoz arasinda iliskili oldugu tespit edildi. Anahtar kelimeler: Safra kesesi polibi, ultrasonografi

ERZURUM YÖRESİNDEKİ TARIMSAL YAPILARDA YAYGIN OLARAK KULLANILAN ŞENKAYA SARIÇAMININ ÖNEMLİ FİZİKSEL VE MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

OZET Agacin yetisme kosullari ve yeri bunyesinin fiziksel ve mekanik Ozelliklerini etkiler. Bu nedenle agac malzemenin yapida geregi gibi ve ekonomik bir sekilde kullanilabilmesi icin ozelliklerinin belirlenmesi gerekir. Bu durum gozonunde tutularak, Erzurum yoresindeki tarimsal yapilarda yaygin olarak kullanilan Şenkaya Saricami'mn onemli fiziksel ve mekanik ozelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaciyla bu arastirma yapilmistir. Arastirma materyali olarak Erzurum ilinde bulunan kereste atolyelerinden secilen uc adet Şenkaya Saricami tomrugu kullanilmistir. Fiziksel ve mekanik ozelliklerin belirlenmesinde kullanilacak orneklerin alinmasinda, sayilarinin saptanmasinda ve deneylerin yapilmasinda, buyuk Olcude Turk Standartlari Enstitusunce yayinlanan konuyla ilgili standartlara uyulmustur. Sonucta her bir ozellige iliskin ortalama degerler ile birlikte cesitli istatistiksel veriler elde edilmistir. A RESEARCH ON THE IMPORTANT PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERT1ES OF THE WOOD SCOTCH PINE WHICH GROWS IN ŞENKAYA AND ARE WIDELY USED IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS IN ERZURUM REGION SUMMARY The place and the growing conditions of a tree affect its body's physical and fnechanical properties. So, the tree's properties have to be determined in order to be able to use it for the construction economically and as needed. Considering this, a research has been carried out about Scotch pine which grows in Şenkaya and are used in agricultural buildings in Erzurum RegIon. In this research, the important physicaI and mechanical properties af the material were determined. Three .Şenkaya Scotch pine's logs which were chosen from sawmills in Erzurum were used as research material. In determining physicaI and mechanical properties, getting the specimens which would be used, and determining numbers and doing experiments, it was mostfy obeyed the related standards which were published by Turkisk Standardization Institiue. The results are asfollows : 1. The average unit weight of tree was found 0.47 g/cm3 and 052 glcrn3 in oven dry and air dry respectively. 2. The specimens were held in water ti 11 getting unchanged dimensions and these were put in a piace having 65±5 % relative humudity and 20+2 °C temperaiure iill reaching balance moisture and the shr'tnkage values were found as 2.63 % at radial, 3.68 % at tangential and volumetric shrinkage 851 %. When the same specimens were in oven dry condiuon, these values were 5.89 % at radial, 9.10 % at tangential, 1730 % in volume. Having got the specimens in oven dry condition put in balance moisture in normal environmental conditions, the swelling values were 3.18 % at radial, 4.73 % at tangential and 10.15 % in volume. When we got the specimen moisture into fiber saturaiion point the swelling rates were these 5.58 %, 9.17 %, and 19.18 % respectively. 3. The value of compressive strength perpendicular to grain was found 41 kgf/cm2. 4. The value of compressive strength parallel to grain was found 428 kgflcm?, 5. Static bending strength was found 624 kgf/cm2. 6. The value of tensile strength perpendicular to grain was determined 14 kgf/cm^ on the average. 7.The value of tensile strength parallel to grain was found 575 kgf/cm2. 8. When the specimens under the bending effect were applied load with the loading heads which were the half of the supports space distance, the modulus of elasticity was 95500 kgf/cm2 on the average, and when the loading heads were one third of the supports space distance, this was 87800 kgf/cm 9. The impact bending strength was determined 0.153 kgf/cm2. 10. Shearing strength parallel to grain was 61 kgf/cm2 on the average. 11. Static hardness was determined 258 kgfat radial, 253 kgf at tangential, and 405 kgfat parallel to grain directions. 12. The values of resistance to impact indentation were 0.180 kgfmJcm2 at radial, 0.190 kgfmlcm2 at tangential on the averag

ERZURUM ÇEVRESİNDE BULUNAN YABANCI OTLAR VE ÖNEMLİLERİNDEN BAZILARININ YAZLIK ARPA VE BUĞDAYDA MÜCADELE İMKANLARI ÜZERİNDE ARAŞTIRMALAR

OZET Arastirmada Erzurum cevresinde hububat tarlalart icerisinde problem teskil eden yabanciotlar tesbit edilmis ve bunlardan koy gucuren (Cirsii.m anoense), tarla esek marulu (Sonchus arveiisis) kivircik Iabada (Rumex crispus), yabani hardal (Sinop is arvensis) ve ak kazayagi (C/ienopodium album) onemli gorulerek yazlik arpa i'e bugday icersinde mucadele: imkanlarl arastmlmistir. Yukada adlari zikredilen yabanci ol/al' cdici ailesi icersindeki bos is gucunu kullanarak elle yolundugu taktirde ekonomik olmaktadir. Diger taraftan sonbaharda 25-30 cm. derinliginde yapilan toprak islemesi yabanci otlar/a mucadele yonunden ilkbaharda yapilana nazaran cok daha etkili olmustiir. Koy gocuren mucadelesinde Banvel D (50-80-100-200 cc/dek) en yuksek tesiri gostermisse de, yazlik arpada fitotoksik etki meydana getirmistir. Kivircik Iabada mucadelesinde ciceklenmeden once tatbik edilen amin, ak kazayoguida ise ester terkipli herbisiiler en fazla etkili olmustur. Yabani hardal denemede kullamlan herbisitlere karsi hassas, tarla esek marulu nisbeten mukavim olrak bulunmustur. SUMMARY Researching of the control methods of some of the weeds that cause problem in spring barleyand spring wheat in Erzurum region. Around Erzurum a survey were planned on weeds which are problem in suminer cereals. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvaense L. Scop), perennial sow thistle (Sonclius arvensis L.), curied dock (Rume cripspus L.), chariock (Sinapsis arrensis L.) lamb's quarterks (CheI1Opodi: um album L.) are the destructive ones araund he~e. Their biology and the control methods were examined closely. Fall and spring- deep sod cultivations made by diskharrow taken as an alternative, herbieides were applied on these weeds. rII the investigation eleyen herbicides whieh had difTerent efTective su bstances were tested on them. These herbieides were when the wheat and barley were their 5-7 leaved stage, also in tbis stage the weeds were their 5-7 leaved stage, also in this stage the weeds were tripped by hand and their comparison were made are indicacated below. Weed problem in summer cereals, it will be economic if the handed by the members of the fariner's family by using their emthy hours. From the standpoint of the weed control in general fa Li cultivation is effective then the spring cultivation and it highers the summer wheat production. Although the steem of the barley shortened and some deformations formed, such effcctions didn't observed on summer wheat, in the plots that Tordon 101, Banvel-D and Banvel-D, Agroxone 4 ere apphed. On the other hand, most effeetive herbicide to C. cirvense which is Banvel D killed the %70. In the control of curled dock, fall eultivation is very effective and amine preparations are more effective than the others. AH herbicides are more effective to chadock in the researches. The herbicides in ester character ga ve the best resuJt and killed the 100 percent of the present lamb's quarters.

The Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Rates on Some Quality Traits of Potato

This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (0, 120, and 240 kg N ha−1) and phosphorus (0, 90, and 180 kg P2O5 ha−1) doses on some tuber quality traits of the potato cultivar Agria under the ecological conditions of Erzurum in the years 2005 and 2006. The effects of N levels were significant only on the protein content of tubers while the P levels only significantly affected the oil content of the crisps. No significant N × P interaction effects were found on any of the traits evaluated. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the potato crop should be fertilized with 120 kg ha−1 N and that phosphorus fertilizers should be added when soils are P deficient in the Erzurum region.

Predicting the Above-ground Biomass of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Stands in Turkey

In this study, biomass equations are presented for scots pine stands within the Erzurum Regional Forestry Management Area. Thirty-three sample plots, each of 0.04 hectares were chosen in order to define the biomass equations of black pine, one of the common needle-leaved species in Turkey. A tree that is the most similar to mean tree according to basal area was cut in each sample area as a sample tree. Various models were tested, utilizing the diameter (d) and the height (h) as independent variables, and the most suitable models were determined. Using these models, above-ground biomass amounts can easily be acquired for single trees and stands.

Genetic relationships among turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) genotypes

Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) is one of the main vegetables consumed by people living in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. In this region, farmers obtain their own seeds for production, which results in considerable morphological variability. We examined the genetic variation and relationships among 11 turnip genotypes sampled from diverse environments of the Erzurum region located in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Thirty-two Operon RAPD primers were screened; among them, 20 gave reproducible and clear DNA fragments after amplification. The average polymorphism ratio was 90.4%. The genetic distance between turnip genotypes were found to range from 0.302 to 0.733, indicating high genetic variability. Eleven genotypes were divided into three main clusters in a dendrogram; ETS2 and ETS8 genotypes were the most distant. We conclude that RAPD analysis would be useful for genotyping turnip genotypes.

Spectroscopic Application of Realgar Using X-ray Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Samples of realgar ore were collected from the hydrothermal products of the Eocene volcanic material of the Erzurum region in Turkey. The prepared samples were analyzed by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF) and by confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS). The goal of this study was to figure out the chemical composition of realgar and its properties through PEDXRF and CRS and the optical characteristic features under the polarized microscope. The result of the XRF analysis shows the collected realgar samples are mainly composed of As, S, Si, and Mg in different proportions. The contents of As in realgar change from 36.55% through 31.49% to 5.97% in the analyzed samples. The strong peak of the realgar samples is at 352 cm−1, and a weaker peak exists around 190 cm−1. The accuracy and precision of the technique for chemical analysis is demonstrated by analyzing CRM 2126-81. The realgar ores were studied by use of CRS and polarized microscopy.

Average mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in Erzurum urban atmosphere, Turkey

In this study, particulate matters (TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM10–2.5) which are hazardous for environment and human health were investigated in Erzurum urban atmosphere at a sampling point from February 2005 to February 2006. During sampling, two low volume samplers were used and each sampling period lasted approximately 24 h. In order for detection of representative sampling region and point of Erzurum, Kriging method was applied to the black smoke concentration data for winter seasons. Mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 of Erzurum urban atmosphere were measured on average, as 129, 31 and 13 μg/m3, respectively, in the sampling period. Meteorological factors, such as temperature, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall were typically found to be affecting PMs, especially PM2.5. Air temperature did not seem to be significantly affecting TSP and PM10 mass concentrations, but had a considerably negative induction on PM2.5 mass concentrations. However, combustion sourced PM2.5 was usually diluted from the urban atmosphere by the speed of wind, soil sourced coarse mode particle concentrations (TSP, PM10) were slightly affected by the speed of wind. Rainfall was found to be decreasing concentrations to 48% in all fractions (TSP, PM10, PM10–2.5, PM2.5) and played an important role on dilution of the atmosphere. Fine mode fraction of PM (PM2.5) showed significant daily and seasonal variations on mass concentrations. On the other hand, coarse mode fractions (TSP, PM10 and PM10–2.5) revealed more steady variations. It was observed that fine mode fraction variations were affected by the heating in residences during winter seasons.

An epidemic of silicosis among former denim sandblasters

Sandblasting denim using silica has emerged as a new cause of silicosis in Turkey. Following the discovery of several cases of silicosis in (young) workers who used this process, the frequency and main occupational risk factors of silicosis among former denim sandblasters in the region of Erzurum (Turkey) were evaluated. Demographic characteristics and information on working conditions were obtained by questionnaire and interview. In addition, spirometry testing was performed and chest radiographs were evaluated according to International Labour Office (ILO) classification of pneumoconioses in 157 former denim sandblasters. All subjects were male, with a mean (range) age of 23 (15-44) yrs. They had worked for a mean (range) of 36 (1-120) months, starting employment at a 17 (10-38) yrs of age. Most subjects (83%) had respiratory symptoms, especially dyspnoea (52%) but also chest pain (46%). Radiological evidence of silicosis (ILO score 1/0 or higher) was present in 77 (53%) out of 145 subjects with interpretable chest radiographs. These subjects had lower forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity. The risk of silicosis correlated with seniority (i.e. working as a foreman), exposure duration and number of places of work. Considering the high prevalence rate of silicosis in such workplaces, further problems are inevitable in the future unless effective measures are taken.

Source Rock Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Late Cretaceous Deposits in the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey

In this article, source rock characteristics and hydrocarbon potential of the late Cretaceous turbidite sequences in the eastern Black Sea region were investigated. The total average organic carbon (TOC) contents of sequences in Trabzon, Gümüshane, Giresun, and Erzurum are 0.06, 0.18, 0.12, and 0.30 wt%, respectively. In addition, low potential yield (PY), low hydrogen index (HI), and very high oxygen index (OI) values were calculated for these sequences. On the basis of Tmax values, most of sequences are thermally immature, and only some parts are mature and over-mature. Sequences generally contain residual organic matter and lesser amounts of type III kerogen. CPI values higher than 1, n-alkane distributions with high carbon numbers, and type III kerogen content indicate that organic matter has a terrestrial origin. The Pr/Ph ratios calculated as 1.10 and 2.15 for the Mescitli section of the Gümüshane region and the Tortum section of the Erzurum region reveal that the Mescitli section was deposited in a suboxic environment, while the Tortum section was in an oxic environment. According to these data, late Cretaceous sequences show weak source rock characteristics.

Analysis of some elements in three Chrysolina (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) species by EDXRF spectrometry

In this investigation, the concentration levels of potassium, calcium, iron, nickel and cadmium for three Chrysolina species were measured in the region of Erzurum (Turkey) located at latitude 40°17′ north and longitude 41°17′ east. The concentrations measured by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry were analysed. Photons of 59.5 keV and 5.9 keV emitted, respectively, by an annular 241Am and 55Fe radioactive source were used to excite the characteristic X-rays of various elements present in the insect samples. These results are presented and discussed in this paper.

Determination of trace elements in three Chrysomela (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) species by EDXRF analyses

In this investigation, the concentration levels of potassium, calcium, iron and nickel in the three Chrysomela species were measured in the region of Erzurum (Turkey). These concentrations measured by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry were analyzed. From these results, the difference between K, Ca, and Fe concentrations is not significant, but is significant for Ni concentrations. Therefore, the presence of an association between the determination of species and Ni concentrations levels was observed in the present study. These results are presented and discussed in this paper.

Investigation of the Mutation Points and Effects of Some Drugs on Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase-deficient People in the Erzurum Region

We have carried out a systematic study of the molecular basis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency on three samples of 1,183 children aged 0.5–6 years from Erzurum, in eastern Anatolia. Total genomic DNAs were isolated from the blood samples of a healthy person and the three persons determined with G6PD deficiency by examining the enzyme activity and hemoglobin ratio. Then PCR amplification of the entire coding region in eight fragments was carried out followed by Agarose gel electrophoresis. The 540-bp PCR fragment containing exons VI-VII and the 550 bp PCR fragment containing exons XI-XIII were digested with EcoRI and with NIaIII, respectively. SSCP techniques for eight fragments (exons II, III-IV, V, VI-VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI-XIII) were employed to determine the mutations on the exons of the G6PD gene. A mutation occurred on the region of the exons 6 and 7 of one person (person-1) and exon 5 of two G6PD-deficient persons (person 2 and 3) examined. The sequential approach described is fast and efficient and could be applied to other populations.Effects of analgesic drugs on G6PD were studied on the purified enzyme (ammonium fractionation, dialysis and 2',5' ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography) for the healthy person and G6PD-deficient persons 1, 2 and 3. The effects of remifentanil hydrochloride, fentanyl citrate, alfentanil hydrochloride and pethidine hydrochloride, as analgesic drugs, on G6PD activity were tested. Although remifentanil hydrochloride, fentanyl citrate (I50 values; 1.45 mM and 6.1 mM, respectively) inhibited the activity of the enzyme belonging to the healthy person, they did not alter enzyme activity on two of the three persons with G6PD deficiency. Other drugs (alfentanil hydrochloride and pethidine hydrochloride) did not effect the enzyme activity of the healthy or G6PD-deficient children.

Building form for cold climatic zones related to building envelope from heating energy conservation point of view

One of the most important functions of a building by human beings is to provide thermally comfortable spaces for the users. Therefore, a great deal of artificial energy is consumed for heating to satisfy thermal requirements in cold zones. In order to satisfy thermal comfort and reduce heating energy consumption at the same time, building parameters affecting indoor climate should be determined properly during the design stage. Building form and building envelope are the most important parameters affecting indoor climate. Building form is an important determinant of total heat loss through the whole building envelope in cold climates. Therefore in this paper, a methodology to determine building form which provides minimum heat loss through the whole building envelope is introduced with its application for Erzurum region that representative city of Turkey for cold climatic zones.

Determination of chemical composition of Turkish propolis.

The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Propolis samples were collected from different regions of Turkey (Bursa, Erzurum-Askale, Gumushane-Sogutagil and Trabzon-Caglayan) in 1999. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared for chemical analysis, using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings show that propolis samples from Trabzon and Gumushane region have a similar chemical composition. In both samples aromatic acids, aliphatic acids and their esters, and also ketone derivatives are the main compound groups. The chemical composition of the single sample that was collected from Erzurum region shows a very different pattern than the other two samples. In this propolis, the main compounds are aromatic acid esters and alcohols. However, it contains a high amount of amino acids compared to the other samples. The other samples collected from three different region of Bursa City are rich with flavavones, aromatic acids and their esters, terpenoids, flavones and ketones.

A Study on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cookery-Type Butter

This study was conducted on 33 cookery-type butter samples collected from family plants and smail dairies in Erzurum region of Turkey. The average values of samples obtained from family plants and smail dairies were as follows: moisture 17.07 ±0.64 and 19.03 ±0.91 %, salt 0.48 ±0.12 and 0.33 ±0.17 %, TA (as lactic acid) 0.22±0.01 and 0.33±0.17 %, milk fat 79.73±0.62 and 78.46±0.87 %, non-fat dry-matter 3.21 ±0.63 and 2.51 ±0.90 %, melting point 32.61 ±0.41 C and 32.18 ±0.58°C, SN 218.91 ± 3.12 and 211.55 ± 4.41 mg KOH/g fat, Reichert-Meissl number 2.86±0.83 and 22.97±1.17, polenske number 2.90±0.23 and 2.27±0.33, acid degree value 7.10 ± 1.21 and 3.14 ± 1.71 mg KOH/g fat, and peroxide value 3.10 ±0.22 and 2.79 ±0.31 meq 02/kg fat respectively. These results indicated that the cookery-type butters sold in Erzurum market do not have a standard manufacturing method, and their physical and chemical characteristics were not in agreement with the Turkish Food Regulations.

Static stress changes induced by the 1924 Pasinler (M = 6.8) and 1983 Horasan‐Narman (M = 6.8) earthquakes, Northeastern Turkey

The 1924 Pasinler & 1983 Horasan‐Narman earthquakes which struck the Erzurum region occurred on the NE–SW‐trending Horasan fault zone about 60 km east of Erzurum basin. The inversion of teleseismic seismograms, the aftershock pattern and the surface faulting of the 30 October 1983 (Ms = 6.8) Horasan‐Narman earthquake indicate that it had dominantly left‐lateral motion. One moderately sized aftershock occurred 8 h after the main event and two others a year later on the NE extension of the fault zone. The aftershock distribution dominantly overlapped with the Horasan fault zone, and the aftershocks also migrated from south‐west to north‐east within the year following the mainshock. The results obtained from modelling of static stress changes caused by the 1983 earthquake are consistent with the spatial distribution of aftershocks. Macroseismic observations of the 1924 earthquake (Ms = 6.8) indicated that this event occurred on the SW extension of the Horasan fault zone. Static stress modelling of the 1924 earthquake, by using the same input parameters of the 1983 event, has shown that its occurrence increased the stress in the region of the 1983 rupture zone. The static stress changes caused both by the 1924 and the 1983 earthquakes has increased the failure stress at the NE and SW extensions of the Horasan fault zone and in Narman area. Furthermore, the stress has decreased in the vicinity of the Erzurum fault zone, east of the city of Erzurum, the largest city in eastern Turkey, and in the populated Sarikamis area. This might delay the occurrence of a future probable damaging earthquake in these areas.

On some Tettigometridae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from Turkey

The Tettigometridae fauna of the region of Erzurum and some neighbouring provinces of Turkey was surveyed during 1989–1995. The material contains 8 species. Among them, Tettigometra cerina Lindberg, T. concolor Fieber and T. ventralis Signoret are new for the Turkish fauna. This paper also adds distribution records for other species known in Turkey.

Studies on Delphacidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) From Turkey

Between 1987-1993, The Delphacidae fauna of the region of Erzurum and some other provinces was surveyed. The material contains 16 species. Among them, Eurysa libira Remane & Asche and Xanthodelphax xanthus Vilbaste are new for the fauna of Turkey. This paper includes distributional records on the other species known in Turkey.

Volatile oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivating in Turkey (Short communication)

AbstractSweet basil is one of the most widespread spices in the world. Its dried leaves are used commonly as a flavouring in many food products [1]. A number of different types of basil oil have found and achieved economic importance. European basil oil contains approximately equal proportions of estragole (methyl chavicol) and linalool. Exotic or Reunion basil is an oil rich in methyl chavicol. Methyl cinnamate basil is, as its name suggests, an oil rich in methyl cinnamate. And finally, eugenol basil oil contains eugenol in high percentages [2].Basil is a spice plant cultivated in some parts of Turkey, and used in soups, desserts, pickles etc. as a flavouring agent. However, no studies have been conducted 90 far on Turkish plant and volatile oil. Therefore, the object of this work was to study the volatile oil composition of Turkish sweet basil cultivated in Erzurum region (East Turkey) having cold climate conditions.