Oxidative Stress In Erythrocytes Research Articles

Breed and seasonal variations in erythrocyte osmotic fragility of goat kids raised in semi-arid savannah

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex, breed and season on erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) as a biomarker of erythrocyte membrane integrity and oxidative stress in Red Sokoto (n = 60) and Sahel (n = 60) kids exposed to the peak of the three distinct seasons prevailing in the Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria. The results revealed that irrespective of breed, thermal stress during the hot-dry season (HDS) had greater influence on EOF causing significant (P 0.05) sex difference in the EOF of both breeds. In conclusion, breed and season dramatically influence the susceptibility of erythrocytes of kids to hypotonic haemolysis with heat stress during the HDS causing decrease in membrane integrity in both breeds of goats. However, sexual immaturity may be responsible for lack of sexual dimorphism in EOF in both breeds. The use of mitigation techniques and prevention of additional stress factors such as weaning is recommended during the peak of the HDS.

Erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in children with sickle cell disease

ObjectiveTo determine eight parameters of oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes from children with sickle cell disease and compare with the same parameters in erythrocytes from healthy children, since oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and because this disease is a serious public health problem in many countries. MethodsBlood samples were obtained from 45 children with sickle cell disease (21 males and 24 females with a mean age of 9 years; range: 3–13 years) and 280 blood samples were obtained from children without hemoglobinopathies (137 males and 143 females with a mean age of 10 years; range: 8–11 years), as a control group. All blood samples were analyzed for methemoglobin, reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, percentage of hemolysis, reactive oxygen species, and activity of the enzymes glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Data were analyzed using Student's t‐test and were expressed as the mean±standard deviation. A p‐value of <0.05 was considered significant. ResultsSignificant differences were observed between children with sickle cell disease and the control group for the parameters methemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hemolysis, glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and reactive oxygen species, with higher levels in the patients than in the controls. ConclusionsOxidative stress parameters in children's erythrocytes were determined using simple laboratory methods with small volumes of blood; these biomarkers can be useful to evaluate disease progression and outcomes in patients.

Oxidative stress in erythrocytes of banked ABO blood

Objective: To understand the responses of A, B, and O blood groups to oxidative stress (OS) induced through storage.Methods: A, B, and O blood units were obtained from the blood bank at KIMS Hospital, Bangalore, and stored for 35 days at 4°C in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 solution. Every fifth day, hemoglobin (Hb) was assessed in whole blood and erythrocytes were isolated from each group. OS markers such as (i) antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase and catalase] and superoxides were assessed in hemolysate; (ii) lipid peroxidation product – malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein oxidation products [protein carbonyls, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and protein sulfhydryls] were assessed in membrane ghosts.Results: Antioxidant enzymes and Hb were similar in all groups. Superoxides increased in blood group O. MDA and AOPP differed between the groups, where levels in blood group O were lower than blood groups A and B. Sulfhydryls were maintained throughout storage.Discussion: The antioxidant defense in A, B, and O groups were similar as evident from our results of Hb, antioxidant enzymes and sulfhydryls. However, the response of blood group O diverged from that of A and B, substantiated by the results of MDA, AOPP, and superoxides. Thus blood group O endured oxidative insult more efficiently than A and B. This study forms the basis for future studies on erythrocyte membrane and exploring blood group O as a potential candidate for prolonging storage.

Erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in children with sickle cell disease

ObjectiveTo determine eight parameters of oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes from children with sickle cell disease and compare with the same parameters in erythrocytes from healthy children, since oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and because this disease is a serious public health problem in many countries. MethodsBlood samples were obtained from 45 children with sickle cell disease (21 males and 24 females with a mean age of 9 years; range: 3–13 years) and 280 blood samples were obtained from children without hemoglobinopathies (137 males and 143 females with a mean age of 10 years; range: 8–11 years), as a control group. All blood samples were analyzed for methemoglobin, reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, percentage of hemolysis, reactive oxygen species, and activity of the enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and were expressed as the mean±standard deviation. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. ResultsSignificant differences were observed between children with sickle cell disease and the control group for the parameters methemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hemolysis, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and reactive oxygen species, with higher levels in the patients than in the controls. ConclusionsOxidative stress parameters in children's erythrocytes were determined using simple laboratory methods with small volumes of blood; these biomarkers can be useful to evaluate disease progression and outcomes in patients.

Biological Systems of Vitamin K: A Plasma Nutriproteomics Study of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency in 500 Nepalese Children.

Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin whose deficiency disrupts coagulation and may disturb bone and cardiovascular health. However, the scale and systems affected by VK deficiency in pediatric populations remains unclear. We conducted a study of the plasma proteome of 500 Nepalese children 6–8 years of age (male/female ratio = 0.99) to identify proteins associated with VK status. We measured the concentrations of plasma lipids and protein induced by VK absence-II (PIVKA-II) and correlated relative abundance of proteins quantified by mass spectrometry with PIVKA-II. VK deficiency (PIVKA-II >2 μg/L) was associated with a higher abundance of low-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations (p < 0.01). Among 978 proteins observed in >10% of the children, five proteins were associated with PIVKA-II and seven proteins were differentially abundant between VK deficient versus sufficient children, including coagulation factor-II, hemoglobin, and vascular endothelial cadherin, passing a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of 10% (q < 0.10). Among 27 proteins associated with PIVKA-II or VK deficiency at a less stringent FDR (q < 0.20), a network comprised of hemoglobin subunits and erythrocyte anti-oxidative enzymes were highly and positively correlated each other (all r > 0.7). Untargeted proteomics offers a novel systems approach to elucidating biological processes of coagulation, vascularization, and erythrocyte oxidative stress related to VK status. The results may help elucidate subclinical metabolic disturbances related to VK deficiency in populations.

Portulaca oleracea aqueous extract reduces oxidative stress in erythrocytes and tissues, in rats fed enriched-cholesterol diet

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea (Po) on lipid peroxidation as well as antioxidant enzymes activities in erythrocytes and tissues, in hypercholesterolemic rat. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed on 1% cholesterol-enriched diet for 10 days, and were divided into two groups fed the same diet supplemented (Po-HC) or not (HC) with Po (0.5%) for four weeks. Results: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly decreased in erythrocytes (-48%), adipose tissue (-37%) and heart (-37%) in Po-HC. Superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes, liver, muscle, heart and kidney was respectively, 1.2-, 1.3-, 1.2-, 1.5- and 1.2-fold higher in Po-HC group. Catalase activity in erythrocytes, liver and heart was respectively, 1.6-, 1.7- and 1.5-fold higher in Po-HC. Glutathione peroxidase activity was 1.2-fold increased in adipose tissue, whereas that of glutathione reductase was respectively 1.4 and 1.6-fold increased in adipose tissue and liver. Conclusion: Po is able to reduce oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rats by decreasing the lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant enzymes activities of erythrocytes and tissues. The high content of phytoconstituents present in Po as flavonoids, alkaloids, omega-3 fatty acids, β-carotene, vitamin C, saponins and tannins are considered to be responsible for this effect.

Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus on Oxidative Stress Markers in Erythrocytes from Postmenopausal Woman: A Pilot Study

&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; Analyzing "&lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;" the antioxidant activity of the lemon grass (&lt;em&gt;Cymbopogon citratus Stapf&lt;/em&gt;) over markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes of women on postmenopausal period. &lt;strong&gt;Method:&lt;/strong&gt; Total blood with anticoagulant has been collected from 28 women on postmenopausal. The plasma was discarded. The diluted erythrocyte on 5% with saline and divided in 5 groups of treatment: Group 0: erythrocytes without treatment; Group 5, 10, 25 and 50 erythrocytes treated respectively with 5, 10, 25 and 50 g/L of infusion of lemon grass, in &lt;strong&gt;water bath&lt;/strong&gt; on 37°C for 1 hour. After this period the erythrocytes were hemolysated in vortex and on the supernatant were evaluated the level of the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), Carbonylated Proteins (PCs) and of the Reduced Glutathione (GSH). &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; There were no significant alterations on the PCs levels of the studied groups. However the TBARS levels got reduced on the group 25 and the GSH levels got increased on the group 50. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; These results indicate that the lemon grass seems to be an effective antioxidant agent when it's used in infusions with concentration of 25 and 50 g/L.

Protective effect of Scutellaria species on AAPH-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocyte.

Scutellaria baicalensis is a well-known plant in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, several Scutellaria species with therapeutic potential have been recognized worldwide. Scutellaria colebrookiana and Scutellaria violacea, native to the Western Ghats of India, are reported to possess free radical scavenging efficacy. At present, the protective effect of these Scutellaria spp. against 2,2' azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes has been analyzed. Oxidative stress in erythrocyte was induced by AAPH. The inhibition of hemolysis, membrane lipid peroxidation, and protein damage by chloroform extracts of Scutellaria spp. was assessed biochemically. Phytochemicals of the extracts were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Approximately 95% of erythrocytes were lysed by AAPH over 3 h of incubation. Significant reduction in hemolysis was observed by the extracts, and the IC50 values were 18.3 and 23.5 μg/mL for S. colebrookiana and S. violacea, respectively. Both the extracts were found to inhibit AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in ghost membrane with IC50 92±2.8 and 70±5.6 μg/mL. In the analysis of the membrane proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the AAPH-induced degradation of actin was found reduced by both the extracts. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of polyphenols, carboxylic acids, alkanes, and aromatic compounds in extracts. In quantitative analysis, the total polyphenolic content estimated was 380±0.23 and 203.7±1.4 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram extract of S. colebrookiana and S. violacea. Results indicate that S. colebrookiana and S. violacea are capable of protecting erythrocytes from oxidative damage. This cytoprotective effect of the extract is possibly by its antioxidant property.

Diminution of Oxidative Damage to Human Erythrocytes and Lymphocytes by Creatine: Possible Role of Creatine in Blood.

Creatine (Cr) is naturally produced in the body and stored in muscles where it is involved in energy generation. It is widely used, especially by athletes, as a staple supplement for improving physical performance. Recent reports have shown that Cr displays antioxidant activity which could explain its beneficial cellular effects. We have evaluated the ability of Cr to protect human erythrocytes and lymphocytes against oxidative damage. Erythrocytes were challenged with model oxidants, 2, 2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence and absence of Cr. Incubation of erythrocytes with oxidant alone increased hemolysis, methemoglobin levels, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. This was accompanied by decrease in glutathione levels. Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant power of the cell were compromised while the activity of membrane bound enzyme was lowered. This suggests induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes by AAPH and H2O2. However, Cr protected the erythrocytes by ameliorating the AAPH and H2O2 induced changes in these parameters. This protective effect was confirmed by electron microscopic analysis which showed that oxidant-induced cell damage was attenuated by Cr. No cellular alterations were induced by Cr alone even at 20 mM, the highest concentration used. Creatinine, a by-product of Cr metabolism, was also shown to exert protective effects, although it was slightly less effective than Cr. Human lymphocytes were similarly treated with H2O2 in absence and presence of different concentrations of Cr. Lymphocytes incubated with oxidant alone had alterations in various biochemical and antioxidant parameters including decrease in cell viability and induction of DNA damage. The presence of Cr attenuated all these H2O2-induced changes in lymphocytes. Thus, Cr can function as a blood antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage, genotoxicity and can potentially increase their lifespan.

Antioxidant Effect of Physalis Peruviana Fruit Aqueous Extract − The Antioxidant Effect of Physalis

&lt;p&gt;The acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), agrochemical widely applied to the improvement of the agricultural productivity, is recognized as extremely toxic, once that its effects are accompanied by the occurrence of oxidative stress. On this context it becomes fundamental to explore components that are able to reduce the damages caused to the organism by this pesticide. The &lt;em&gt;P. Peruviana&lt;/em&gt;, is a plant known that it presents components which contribute to the neutralization of the reactive species. Thus, this study had as purpose to evaluate the effect of &lt;em&gt;P. Peruviana&lt;/em&gt; fruit aqueous extract on the bio-markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes exposed to the 2,4-D. The exposition of samples to the 2,4-D has been done, followed to the treatment of these ones with different concentrations of the &lt;em&gt;P. Peruviana&lt;/em&gt; Extract (1; 10; 25; 50 e 83 g/L). The results show an increase of the TBARS, PCs, and GSH after the exposure to the 2,4-D. On the other hand, after the treatment of the samples there was a reduction of the PCs and GSH levels in all the treated groups, and a decrease of the lipid peroxidation levels on the groups that were exposed to the Extract on the concentrations of 1 and 10g/L. The results show that the &lt;em&gt;P. Peruviana&lt;/em&gt; owns an effect on the antioxidant system of the organism, viewing that it stimulated the consumption of GSH and thus it was able to fix damages in lipids and proteins provoked by 2,4-D specially on the concentrations of 1 and 10 g/L.&lt;/p&gt;

Melatonin and selenium reduce plasma cytokine and brain oxidative stress levels in diabetic rats

Background: Hyperglycaemia-induced progression of brain and erythrocyte oxidative injuries might be modulated by melatonin and selenium as potent antioxidants. The present study was conducted to explore whether melatonin and selenium protect against diabetic brain and erythrocyte oxidative stress levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Seventy rats were equally divided into seven groups. The first and second groups were used as untreated and placebo treated controls. The third group was treated with STZ to induce diabetes. The fourth and sixth groups received 10 mg kg−1 melatonin. The fifth and seventh groups were treated with 1.5 mg kg−1 selenium (sodium selenite). The sixth and seventh groups were treated with STZ administered with melatonin and selenium as described for the fourth and fifth groups.Results: Brain and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation levels and plasma IL-1β and IL-4 levels were high in the STZ group, although they were low in melatonin and selenium treatments. Decreased glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, total antioxidant status, vitamins A and vitamin E values in brain and erythrocyte of STZ group were increased by melatonin and selenium treatments.Discussion: Melatonin and selenium induced protective effects against diabetes-induced brain and erythrocyte oxidative injuries through regulation of the antioxidant level and cytokine production.

Sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress causes membrane damage, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and alters major metabolic pathways in human erythrocytes

Nitrite salts are present as contaminants in drinking water and in the food and feed chain. In this work, the effect of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) on human erythrocytes was studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of erythrocytes with 0.1–10.0mM NaNO2 at 37°C for 30min resulted in dose dependent decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione, total sulfhydryl and amino groups. It was accompanied by increase in hemoglobin oxidation and aggregation, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and hydrogen peroxide levels suggesting the induction of oxidative stress. Activities of all major erythrocyte antioxidant defense enzymes were decreased in NaNO2-treated erythrocytes. The activities of enzymes of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were also compromised. However, there was a significant increase in acid phosphatase and also AMP deaminase, a marker of erythrocyte oxidative stress. Thus, the major metabolic pathways of cell were altered. Erythrocyte membrane damage was suggested by lowered activities of membrane bound enzymes and confirmed by electron microscopic images. These results show that NaNO2-induced oxidative stress causes hemoglobin denaturation and aggregation, weakens the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism, damages the cell membrane and also perturbs normal energy metabolism in erythrocytes. This nitrite-induced damage can reduce erythrocyte life span in the blood.

Erythrocyte Oxidative Stress Markers in Children: A Clinical Laboratory Experience

Because oxidative damage to erythrocytes plays an important pathophysiologic role in many diseases and there are some difficulties in obtaining reference intervals for children in many laboratory tests, this work intends to describe the determination of oxidative stress parameters and the results obtained for children. A total of 280 blood samples were obtained from children between 8 and 11 years old, without any hematological disease. Samples were analyzed for seven oxidative stress parameters, methemoglobin, reduced glutathione, TBARS, percentage of hemolysis and activity of the enzymes G6PD, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. To draw a comparison, the same parameters were analyzed in children with sickle cell disease. Because all results presented normal distribution in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, data were expressed as 2.5 and 97.5th accumulated percentiles and the statistical analysis between male and female children was performed using Student t -test. A p value

Erythrocytic oxidative stress indices, biochemical and trace mineral milieu in yaks with persistent haemorrhagic diarrhoea associated with enterovirulent Escherichia coli

Erythrocytic oxidative stress indices, biochemical and trace mineral milieu in yaks with persistent haemorrhagic diarrhoea associated with enterovirulent Escherichia coli

Disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system, hematological parameters, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and DNA damage in liver of co-exposed rats to aluminium and acrylamide

The individual toxic effects of aluminium and acrylamide are well known but there are no data on their combined effects. The present study was undertaken to determine (i) hematological parameters during individual and combined chronic exposure to aluminium and acrylamide (ii) correlation of oxidative stress in erythrocytes with pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, DNA damage and histopathological changes in the liver.Rats were exposed to aluminium (50mg/kg body weight) in drinking water and acrylamide (20mg/kg body weight) by gavage, either individually or in combination for 3weeks.Exposure rats to AlCl3 or/and ACR provoked an increase in MDA, AOPP, H2O2 and a decrease in GSH and NPSH levels in erythrocytes. Activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were decreased in all treated rats. Our results showed that all treatments induced an increase in WBC, erythrocyte osmotic fragility and a decrease in RBC, Hb and Ht. While MCV, MCH, MCHC remained unchanged. Hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines expression including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β was increased suggesting leucocytes infiltration in the liver. A random DNA degradation was observed on agarose gel only in the liver of co-exposed rats to AlCl3 and ACR treatment.Interestingly, co-exposure to these toxicants exhibited synergism based on physical and biochemical variables in erythrocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and DNA damage in liver.

Effects of Pistacia Atlantica Extract on Erythrocyte Membrane Rigidity, Oxidative Stress, and Hepatotoxicity Induced by CCl4 in Rats.

Background:Previous findings have suggested that antioxidants may reduce the levels of free radicals, which induce oxidative damage and play a key role in various diseases. Thus, we evaluated the protective activity of a Pistacia atlantica extract on erythrocyte membrane rigidity, oxidative stress, and hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats.Materials and Methods:Fresh leaves of P. atlantica were collected from the mountains in Yasuj, Iran. Acute oral toxicity (LD50) was evaluated in Wistar rats (200–230 g). Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, out of which the negative and plant control groups received distilled water and P. atlantica extracts (500 mg/kg), respectively. The toxic rat group received CCl4, while the treatment group received CCl4 + P. atlantica extract. Blood plasma was utilized for the estimation of enzyme markers and lipid peroxidation, whereas hemolysate was applied for the determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. The levels of cholesterol and phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes were also determined. Rats were killed under anesthesia by cervical dislocation; liver was isolated from each rat and tissues homogenization was prepared for biochemical parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.Results:LD50 values were determined for doses >3000 mg/kg (p.o.). The activities of glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GSH in the protected group were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced compared with those of toxic rats. In addition, we observed a decrease in the cholesterol level and an increase in red blood cell membrane phospholipids, SOD, and catalase activities (p < 0.001) in the protected group, as compared with toxic rats. Administration of Pistacia atlantica extract normalized liver tissue MDA level (p < 0. 01) when compared to CCl4 treated group.Conclusion:The P. atlantica extract was able to normalize the levels of biochemical markers, including liver enzyme markers, first-line defense enzymes, and lipid peroxidation markers.

Nitric oxide-releasing indomethacin enhances susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection acting in the cell invasion and oxidative stress associated with anemia

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Approximately 8 million people are thought to be affected with this disease worldwide. T. cruzi infection causes an intense inflammatory response, which is critical for the control of parasite proliferation and disease development. Nitric oxide-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are an emergent class of pharmaceutical derivatives with promising utility as chemopreventive agents. In this study, we investigated the effect of NO-indomethacin on parasite burden, cell invasion, and oxidative stress in erythrocytes during the acute phase of infection. NO-indomethacin was dissolved in dimethyl formamide followed by i.p. administration of 50ppm into mice 30min after infection with 5×103 blood trypomastigote forms (Y strain). The drug was administered every day until the animals died. Control animals received 100μL of drug vehicle via the same route. Within the NO-indomethacin-treatment group, parasitemia and mortality (100%) were higher and oxidative stress in erythrocytes, anemia, and entry of parasites into macrophages were significantly greater than that seen in controls. Increase in the entry and survival of intracellular T. cruzi was associated with inhibition of nitric oxide production by macrophages treated with NO-indomethacin (2.5μM). The results of this study provide strong evidence that NO-NSAIDs potently inhibit nitric oxide production, suggesting that NO-NSAID-based therapies against infections would be difficult to design and would require caution.

Impact of smoking on erythrocyte indices and oxidative stress in acute myocardial infarction

Context: The free radicals generated by cigarette smoke are responsible for the production of excessive oxidative stress, causing damage to the cellular and subcellular components in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Aims: The present study is aimed to evaluate the impact of smoking on erythrocytic oxidative stress and erythrocyte indices in patients with AMI. Materials and Methods: Two hundred consecutively admitted male patients with AMI were enrolled in our study and were subsequently divided into two groups, smokers and nonsmokers. All the subjects were evaluated for lipid profile, red blood cell (RBC) indices and the antioxidant enzyme activities-catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were studied. Statistical Analysis Used: The independent sample t-test was used, and P values were calculated. Results: We found significantly high (P Conclusions: Along with altered RBC indices, the erythrocyte GPX activity is more reliable and sensitive indicator of oxidative stress than CAT and SOD activities for the assessment of oxidative stress in AMI patients who are smokers.

Metabolic Signatures of Oxidative Stress in the Red Blood Cells: Editorial Commentary.

This issue of the journal contains an interesting article—“Metabolic Signatures of Oxidative Stress and their Relationship with Erythrocyte Membrane Surface Roughness among Workers of Manual Material Handling (MMH)”. Oxidative stress has been a longtime research interest that is yet to be assessed by a clinical laboratory for evidence-based practice, because it is perceived to be implicated in virtually every disease or condition. The report surely has backing from the literature. For instance, oxidative stress has known metabolic signatures,[1,2] which is hallmarked by glutathione (GSH), as well as reactive oxygen species.[3] The concept of erythrocyte oxidative stress (EOS) further denotes that the biomarkers vis-a-vis metabolic signatures are detectable in red blood cells. Indeed, cardiovascular complications in diabetes represent a major health problem worldwide, but knowledge of progression and degree of risk in prediabetes is limited. Significant changes in biomarkers of EOS and indicators of related macrovascular events that may underlie the development of diabetic macrovascular complications, have been consistently reported. The biomarkers are speculated to be emerging risk indicators, namely, (1) indices of EOS, including erythrocyte-reduced GSH, malondialdehyde, and associated enzymes; (2) indices of vasculopathy, including plasma D-dimer, homocysteine, and whole blood viscosity; and (3) indices of dyslipidemia, namely, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and TC/HDL ratio. Thus, there has been the recognition of a spectrum of metabolic profile[3] that should be narrowed down to a useful panel of tests to improve early identification and intervention.[4] The present article highlights the significant impact of EOS on the surface of the blood cell membranes. While this effect may be known,[5] it is probably yet to be appreciated that apparently healthy individuals may suffer oxidative damage as occupational hazard. The authors have attempted to develop a linear model to demonstrate how individual oxidative stress marker is related to surface roughness of the erythrocyte membrane. It will be interesting to see corroborative reports that will exemplify and validate the speculated model. Further, the authors have, albeit passively, also mentioned a phenomenon that the carriage of oxygen inside the blood and/or body must be assessed by means of biochemical parameters and the nanoscale levels of changes in the surface roughness of the erythrocyte membrane. This may follow the concept of EOS being associated with hypoxia — e.g., oxidative stress can induce hyperviscosity that in turn leads to the sequence of reduced blood flow, less oxygen supply, and tissue hypoxia. The phenomenon may follow the concept of oxidative stress-inducing anemia or exacerbating iron-deficiency anemia as well. It would be interesting to see corroborative reports that will expatiate on this phenomenon.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes as a function of human age.

Despite more than 300 theories to explain the aging process, oxidative stress theory offers the best mechanism to explain aging and age related disorders. Several studies has shown the importance of oxidative stress during aging. PubMed, Science Direct and Springer online data bases are taken into consideration to write this mini-review. Human erythrocytes are most abundant and specialized cells in the body. Erythrocytes were extensively studied due to their metabolism and gas transport functions. Recent studies on erythrocytes have provided us detailed information of cell membrane and its structural organization that may help in studying the aging and age associated changes. The susceptibility of an organism is associated with the antioxidant potential of the body. Erythrocytes have potent antioxidant protection consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways that counteract with reactive oxygen species, thus maintaining the redox regulation in the body. The non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and other biomarkers associated with erythrocyte membrane transport functions are the main content of this review. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and its membrane were taken into the consideration during human aging that will be the main subject of this mini- review.