Erythrocyte Antioxidant Research Articles

Oxidative stress in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE), one of the most serious complications of pregnancy, is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. The pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown; however, evidence suggests that placental and maternal oxidative stress promote the disease process. Several studies have assessed levels of oxidative stress during pregnancy, but after diagnosis of PE. However, few studies have examined oxidative stress before PE diagnosis. Thus, the present work was aimed to gain further insight into the role of oxidative stress prior to diagnosis of PE (i.e. 12-20 weeks of gestation) and to further understand and predict PE incidence. Blood levels of superoxide (O2-) and erythrocyte antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were measured in 23 preeclamptic pregnant women and 91 women with normal pregnancies. We further used logistic regression of O2- and each antioxidant level as the main predictor variable for PE risk. CAT activity, GSH, and Total glutathione (TGSH) were significantly lower with All PE pregnant groups, whereas O2- levels were modestly, but significantly, higher in women with mild PE. Logistic regression analysis suggests increased CAT activity in pregnant women is associated with a decreased odds of being preeclamptic. CAT is the only antioxidant as shown in our study to be related to the severity of the disease and may be a promising predictor for PE. Further studies are warranted to investigate the use of CAT as a novel therapeutic for PE.

Crude extract of cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi strain R28 induces anemia and oxidative stress in fish erythrocytes

The cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi has been frequently identified in cyanobacterial blooms in Brazil. Recently, R. fernandoi strain R28, which produces microcystin (MC)-RR and MC-YR, was isolated from the Furnas reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The present study evaluated the hematological variables and erythrocyte antioxidant responses, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and genotoxicity in a neotropical fish (Hoplias malabaricus) after acute and subchronic exposure to a crude extract (CE) of R. fernandoi strain R28. Acute exposure (12 or 96 h) consisted of a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CE injection, and subchronic exposure consisted of one i.p. CE injection every 72 h for 30 days. After acute exposure, fish exhibited macrocytic anemia (12 h post-injection) followed by normocytic anemia (96 h post-injection). The increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and the glutathione level in the erythrocytes did not prevent oxidative stress, manifested as lipid peroxidation and elevated DNA damage after acute exposure. After subchronic exposure, the hematological variables recovered, and the absence of erythrocyte oxidative stress suggests possible modulation by other biological factors, including a possible decrease in MC uptake by the cells and/or increasing detoxification efficiency that precludes erythrocyte damage.

Food consumation and redox status in hypertensive women with type 2 diabetes

The pathogenesis of hypertension in diabetics is complex and involves several biological and environmental factors as well as a genetic predisposition; therefore, diabetic hypertension presents a greater risk of complications. In fact, 50% of diabetics suffer from hypertension. Diabetes is generally associated with increased oxidative stress which plays a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease. The profound imbalance between oxidative pro- and antioxidants in favor of the former leads to irreversible cell damage. The objective of our study was to evaluate the redox status in hypertensive diabetic type-2 women compared to healthy controls. The purpose of the study was explained to these women and their written consent was obtained beforehand. Blood samples for the dosage of biochemical parameters and determination markers of plasma oxidative stress was obtained from type-2 diabetic hypertensive women ( n = 40) and healthy female volunteers ( n = 40). Hyperglycemia and increased levels of glycated hemoglobin were constant in type-2 diabetes hypertensive women. The plasma levels of transaminases (TGO, TGP), alkaline phosphatase (PAL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in diabetic women as well as plasma levels of urea and uric acid, indexes of renal impairment. Our results also revealed that, compared to control females, plasma and erythrocyte oxidizing markers (nitric oxide (NO-), superoxide anion (O2-), carbonylated proteins, and lipid peroxidation markers (MDA, and hydro-peroxides) were increased in relation with decreased erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and plasma vitamin C). Type 2 diabetes associated with hypertension is associated with metabolic changes and impaired redox status. A nutritional prevention, with antioxidant supplementation, a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, low in fat and fast sugars are recommended in these women.

Erythrocyte Lipid and Antioxidant Changes in Plasmodium falciparum-infected Children Attending Mother and Child Hospital in Akure, Nigeria.

Understanding the molecular and cellular pathways activated in response to Plasmodium falciparum infection is crucial for the development of pharmacological intervention to malaria. The present study was designed to evaluate the lipid components and the oxidative status of erythrocyte obtained from children under 5 years infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitemia was assessed prior and after treatment with antimalarial, erythrocyte lipid profile, levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status (reduced glutathione, GSH; superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) were measured. Results obtained showed that in Plasmodium infected erythrocyte, the total phospholipids, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly elevated beyond the normal level. In addition, an upsurge in erythrocyte oxidant (lipid peroxide) status with a concomitant downregulation of the antioxidant status (GSH concentration and SOD, catalase and GPx activities) was observed in P. falciparum-infected children. However, following a three-day treatment with artemisinin combination drugs, there was a significant reduction in erythrocyte phospholipids, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentration as well as lipid peroxide levels. Significant augmentation in erythrocyte antioxidant status (GSH, SOD, catalase and GPx) were also observed after treatment with antimalarials. This study demonstrated that erythrocyte lipids and oxidative status are usually altered in Plasmodium falciparum-infected children. Thus, monitoring erythrocyte lipid profile and oxidative status could offer a viable diagnostic strategy in early detection of malaria in children.

Effect of Pediococcus Acidilatici on Intestinal Microbiota and the Oxidative Parameters of Blood and Muscles in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

Introduction: The present study aimed to assess the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici as a dietary supplement on some oxidation parameters and intestinal microbiota in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Methods: In this study, 60 carps (weight: 75±5 g) were randomly divided into two groups of 30. In the first group (control), the fish received a basic dietary plan, and the second group (treatment) received a basic dietary plan supplemented with 0.9×107 CFU of Pediococcus acidilactici per gram of diet for 30 days. At the end of the trial and after blood sampling, the fish were dissected, and muscle and intestinal samples were obtained. Some oxidative status biomarkers were measured in the blood samples (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione) and muscle samples (malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyls, and total antioxidant status) using validated spectrophotometric methods. Moreover, the microbial culture of the intestinal samples was performed. Results: Measurement of the erythrocytic antioxidants showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. However, muscle MDA levels significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, muscle protein carbonyls significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to control group. Total antioxidant status was evaluated based on ferric-reducing antioxidant power and increased significantly in the treatment group compared to the control group. Microbial culture also indicated that the level of lactic acid bacteria increased in the intestinal microbiota of the probiotic group. Conclusion: According to the results, supplementation with 5% Pediococcus acidilactici was effective in enhancing the antioxidant system against oxidative stress, while it also had remarkable effects on the intestinal microbiota of common carp.

Superoxide Dismutase response: physiological plasticity in tobacco users.

Free radicals (FRs) are active chemical substances having unpaired electron(s) which participate in the causation of precancerous lesions or cancer in tobacco habituates. Alterations in the antioxidant levels are reflected throughout the antioxidant enzyme activities in blood, wherein erythrocytes are considered highly sensitive to those enzymes. Our study was therefore aimed to assess the effects of tobacco consumption on erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme- Superoxide dismutase (E-SOD) and evaluate its defensive action. E-SOD was estimated in 32 participants categorized in 2 groups (tobacco users and controls). 3 mL venous blood was withdrawn and antioxidant levels were assessed using RANSOD kit (Randox, Catalogue No.-125) as per the manufacturer's instructions. The E-SOD activity was then determined using spectrophotometry and the data was statistically evaluated. The Two-tailed Paired t-test was applied in smokers-SOD intergroup (mean=-124.45, P<0.0001) and chewers-SOD intergroup (mean=-66.70, P=0.1017). The mean SOD values (139.72±36.94) in cases were found to be significantly lower as compared to controls (212.75±37.04). The lowest SOD level was seen with chewers compared to other groups. E-SOD was found to be lowest among tobacco chewers probably due to the fact of excessive enzyme activity against prolonged release of carcinogens. The variability in the enzyme activity envisaged its potential as a biomarker in establishing the oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) much before the lesions arises or detect the progression of existing lesion to malignancy.

Genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects in mice exposed to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from S\xe3o Paulo city, Brazil

BackgroundThe Metropolitan Area of São Paulo has a unique composition of atmospheric pollutants, and positive correlations between exposure and the risk of diseases and mortality have been observed. Here we assessed the effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on genotoxic and global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation changes, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in tissues of AJ mice exposed whole body to ambient air enriched in PM2.5, which was concentrated in a chamber near an avenue of intense traffic in São Paulo City, Brazil.ResultsMice exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (1 h daily, 3 months) were compared to in situ ambient air exposed mice as the study control. The concentrated PM2.5 exposed group presented increased levels of the oxidized nucleoside 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in lung and kidney DNA and increased levels of the etheno adducts 1,N6-etheno-2′-deoxyadenosine and 1,N2-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine in kidney and liver DNA, respectively. Apart from the genotoxic effects, the exposure to PM2.5 led to decreased levels of the epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in lung and liver DNA. Changes in lung, liver, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities were also observed. Decreased glutathione reductase and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were observed in the lungs, while the liver presented increased glutathione S-transferase and decreased SOD activities. An increase in SOD activity was also observed in erythrocytes. These changes are consistent with the induction of local and systemic oxidative stress.ConclusionsMice exposed daily to PM2.5 at a concentration that mimics 24-h exposure to the mean concentration found in ambient air presented, after 3 months, increased levels of DNA lesions related to the occurrence of oxidative stress in the lungs, liver, and kidney, in parallel to decreased global levels of 5-hmC in lung and liver DNA. Genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by pollutants may affect the genes committed to cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, increasing the chance of cancer development, which merits further investigation.

Repeatedly heated cooking oils induced alterations in erythrocyte membrane integrity and antioxidant status in cholesterol fed Sprague Dawley rats

Repeatedly heated cooking oils induce oxidative stress in animals. Erythrocytes are prone to free radical induced lipid peroxidation. This study compared the effects of repeatedly heated cooking oils on erythrocyte membrane changes in hypercholesterolemic rats. Coconut oil, mustard oil, and sunflower oil were heated at 210 ± 10°C for 15 hr. Fresh/heated oils (15%) and cholesterol (1%) were fed with experimental diet for 60 days. Chemical analysis showed deteriorative changes in heated oils, effect being lower in heated coconut oil. Elevated MDA and protein carbonyl content and compromised antioxidant status was observed in heated oil fed animals. Membrane bound enzymes were decreased and markers of in vivo hemolysis were significantly elevated in heated oil fed animals. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was also higher in heated oils fed groups. Our study shows increased lipid peroxidation associated with reduced antioxidant status of erythrocytes, make them more susceptible to hemolysis. Practical applications High fat and cholesterol are increasingly being included in the modern diet. Hypercholesterolemia and lipid oxidation are serious risk factors contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thermally treated dietary fats in typical modern diets contain lipid peroxidation products. Cooking oils are repeatedly heated at high temperatures and reused for maximum profit during various food preparations. The nature of fatty acids influences the rate of lipid peroxidation occurring in oils during thermal treatments. The present study clearly showed that frying oils such as mustard oil and sunflower oil have lower stability than coconut oil because of high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Results obtained from these investigations indicate that consumption of thermally oxidized cooking oil causes oxidative damage thereby increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Hence for optimal use, it is necessary to distinguish the quality of oil and not to expose cooking oils to high temperatures for longer duration.

Enhanced Erythrocyte Antioxidant Status Following an 8-Week Aerobic Exercise Training Program in Heavy Drinkers

Alcohol-induced oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of various pathological conditions and diseases whereas exercise training has been shown to improve redox status, thus attenuating oxidative stress-associated disease processes. PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of an exercise training program on blood redox status in heavy drinkers. METHODS: Eleven sedentary, heavy drinking men participated in an intervention where they completed an 8-week supervised aerobic training program of moderate intensity. Blood samples were collected before, during (week 4) and after intervention and analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), uric acid (UA), bilirubin, reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity. RESULTS: Catalase activity increased (p<0.05) after 8 weeks (340.7+13.3 U mg/Hb) of intervention compared to week 4 (299.5+18.7 U mg/Hb). GSH increased (p<0.05) after 8 weeks of intervention (1.22+0.16 μmol/g Hb) compared to the control condition (1.11 + 0.17 μmol/g Hb) and to week 4 (1.11 + 0.15 μmol/g Hb ). TAC, UA, bilirubin, TBARS and PC did not significantly change at any time point. CONCLUSION: An 8-week aerobic training program enhanced erythrocyte antioxidant status in heavy drinkers, indicating that aerobic training may attenuate pathological processes caused by alcohol-induced oxidative stress.

Oxidative status of growing West African dwarf goat kids fed diets containing different nutrient density

Nutritional manipulation is the best option against parasitic infection in ruminants, as it has no residual effect on the animal. Nutrition improves the resilience and resistance of the infected animals and eliminates the resultant clinical anaemia. Twenty-four growing intensively raised West African dwarf (WAD) goats (10.2 + 0.78) were used to assess the effect of incremental levels of protein and energy on the performance characteristics and oxidative status of the WAD goats. The animals were individually housed and allotted to diets containing varying levels of crude protein and energy levels: high-energy high-protein (HH), medium-energy medium-protein (MM) and low-energy low-protein (LL) diets in a completely randomised design. Data were collected for changes in weight gain, haematogical and serum constituents, oxidative stress biomarkers and faecal egg count. Higher levels of energy and protein in the diets increased (P < 0.05) metabolic weight gain (kgBW^0.75) and average daily gain (g/day). Increased levels of crude protein and energy significantly (P < 0.05) increased packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count of the goats. Thiol concentration was increased (P < 0.05) with increased level of protein and energy in the diets. The observed reductions in egg per gram of the faeces were similar among the treatment groups. Therefore, increased levels of protein and energy in the diets improve the dry matter intake and daily weight gain with increased erythrocyte count and antioxidant status (through increased thiol concentration) in goats fed MM and HH diets.

Effects of short-term Pilates exercise on selected blood parameters

The aim of our prospective, interventional, pre-post, single arm study was to supplement the lack of knowledge of the effect of short-term Pilates intervention on selected blood parameters of healthy women. Female volunteers were recruited for 2-weeks Pilates intervention. Blood has been collected and anthropometric parameters were measured before and after exercise period (EP). Plasma insulin, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels, erythrocyte antioxidant activity, glutathione levels, NK cytotoxicity and plasma cytokines were analysed. We found a decrease in erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx activity; GSH levels; in the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 and trend to reduction in MIP-1β, PDGF and VEGF levels in plasma. NK cell cytotoxic activity increased after Pilates EP in the percentage of specific lysis at 25:1 effector: target (E:T) ratio and the same trend was observed at all E:T ratios as well as in the amount of lytic units per 107 cells. Our findings show that Pilates exercise may improve NK cell immune response and inflammatory milieu in plasma of healthy women.

Evaluation of Erythrocyte Morphology and Antioxidant Enzymes in Patients of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Evaluation of Erythrocyte Morphology and Antioxidant Enzymes in Patients of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Research of the cadmium intoxication effect on the model of vitamin-mineral deficiency in rats

The article presents the results of the study aimed at confirmation of the effectiveness of the rats' adaptive potential reduction under conditions of cadmium salt toxic effects. The 65-days experiment was conducted in male and female Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 6 groups of 3 control and 3 experimental, 30 males and females in each. In total 360 rats were used in the experiment (180 females and 180 males). Rats of the 1st control group received a diet with optimal (75% of the standard semisyntethic diet content) dosage of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6 and mineral substances, Fe3+ and Mg2+, the rats of the 2nd and the 3rd control group - diets with marginal (30% for males and 28% for females) and submarginal (19% for males and 18% for females) doses of essential micronutrients. Animals of the 1-3th experimental groups received Cd2+ on the background of optimal, marginal and submarginal providing of essential micronutrients. The hematological, biochemical and morphological parameters and the antioxidant status of rats have been studied. The obtained results allowed to identify patterns of cadmium toxic effect strengthen on the background of essential nutrients reducing (in the row from optimal to submarginal). These changes showed erythrocyte and platelet blood profiles, and a set of indicators of the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation of blood and liver. Thus, the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes - glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in rats of the 1st experimental group were on average by 23% higher than in animals of the 1st control group, the rats of the 2nd and the 3rd experimental groups by 62 and 67% higher, respectively. The content of lipid peroxidation products in blood and liver of male and female rats showed a similar trend: an increase by 5% in the 1st experimental group by 9 and 25% in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups respectively. Thus, the modification of the diets' vitamin-mineral composition may be used as a model of adaptive potential reduction in rats in the toxicological research of objects with unknown toxicity, in particular novel food products.

Enhanced erythrocyte antioxidant status following an 8-week aerobic exercise training program in heavy drinkers.

Alcohol-induced oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of various pathological conditions and diseases. On the other hand, exercise training has been shown to improve redox status, thus attenuating oxidative stress-associated disease processes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an exercise training program that has been previously reported to decrease alcohol consumption on blood redox status in heavy drinkers. In a non-randomized within-subject design, 11 sedentary, heavily drinking men (age: 30.3±3.5 years; BMI: 28.4±0.86kg/m2) participated first in a control condition for 4 weeks, and then in an intervention where they completed an 8-week supervised aerobic training program of moderate intensity (50-60% of the heart rate reserve). Blood samples were collected in the control condition (pre-, post-control) as well as before, during (week 4 of the training program), and after intervention (week 8 of the training program). Samples were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), uric acid (UA), bilirubin, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase activity. No significant change in indices of redox status in the pre- and post-control was observed. Catalase activity increased (p<0.05) after 8 weeks of intervention compared to week 4. GSH increased (p<0.05) after 8 weeks of intervention compared to the control condition and to week 4 of intervention. TAC, UA, bilirubin, TBARS, and PC did not significantly change at any time point. Moreover, concentrations of GSH, TBARS, and catalase activity negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In conclusion, an 8-week aerobic training program enhanced erythrocyte antioxidant status in heavy drinkers, indicating that aerobic training may attenuate pathological processes caused by alcohol-induced oxidative stress.

Low-dose grape pomace and omija fruit extract is more effective than high-dose in lowering oxidative stress and fat-pad mass in db/db mice.

Previous studies have shown that the mixture of extracts of grape pomace and omija (GO) improved oxidative stress and obesity in mice. This study first investigated the dose-response effects of GO on oxidative stress and fat-pad mass. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were fed the following three experimental diets for 7weeks: a normal control, high-dose grape pomace plus omija (HGO; 0.5% grape pomace plus 0.05% omija fruit, w/w), and low-dose grape pomace plus omija (LGO; 0.3% grape pomace plus 0.05% omija fruit, w/w). The LGO significantly decreased white adipose tissues weights, as well as ameliorated the plasma lipid profiles. The antioxidant effects of LGO led to a significant decrease in the erythrocytic H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels, while LGO increased erythrocytic antioxidant activities. These results suggest that LGO is more effective than HGO in lowering oxidative stress and body fat mass in db/db mice.

Effects of low sulfur dioxide concentrations on bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of Aglianico red wine

This study analyzed the effect of low sulfur dioxide concentrations on the chromatic properties, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Aglianico red wines with respect to wines produced from conventional winemaking. We determined the phytochemical composition by spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-DAD analysis and the in vitro antioxidant activity of different wine samples by the ORAC assay. The main important classes of fluorophore molecules in red wine were identified by Front-Face fluorescence spectroscopy, and the emission intensity trend was investigated at various sulfur dioxide concentrations. Lastly, we tested the effects of both conventional and low sulfite wines on ex vivo human erythrocytes under oxidative stimulus by the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay and the hemolysis test. The addition of sulfur dioxide, which has well-known side effects, increased the content of certain bioactive components but did not raise the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity.

Antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities of chloroform extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruit body in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

From our previous study extract of the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum possessed promising curative potential against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Thus, we hypothesized that infection with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei together with crude chloroform extract (CCE) of G. lucidum, at 250 mg/kg body weight would enhance various aspects of antiplasmodial activities in mice. Mice were treated with CCE or chloroquine (CQ) for seventy-two hours prior to infection with P. berghei and monitored closely until signs of death were observed in untreated mice and then sacrificed. Parasitaemia, hepatic function, and oxidative stress markers analyses were performed at the end of the experiment. CCE-treated mice displayed lower parasitemia compared with untreated mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) activities; and the erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly (p<0.0001) lower in the extract and CQ-treated mice. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GST, SOD and G6PDH) activities were significantly (p<0.0001) higher in CCE-treated mice compared with CQ-treated and untreated control. Though chloroquine treatment reduced parasitemia and MDA considerably compared with extract, there was reduced production of the antioxidant defense enzymes. This study shows that CCE of G. lucidum reduces parasitemia and improves the attendant consequences of Plasmodium berghei-malarial infection in mice.

The Effect of Chitosan on the Erythrocyte Antioxidant Potential of Lead Toxicity-Induced Rats.

In the present study, the effects of chitosan on erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) enzyme activities in lead toxicity-induced rats were investigated. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups of control (C), lead group (Pb group), lead+chitosan group (Pb+CS group), and chitosan group (CS group). Lead groups were administered 50mg/kg lead acetate intraperitoneally (ip) for 5days and chitosan groups were administered 200mg/kg chitosan for 28days via gavage. At the end of the study, lead levels were measured in the blood; MDA and GSH levels and GPx, GR, and G6PDH activities were measured in the erythrocyte. It was determined that, in parallel with the increase of full blood lead levels in the Pb group, erythrocyte MDA levels increased significantly, while GSH levels and GSH-Px, GR, and G6PDH activities decreased when compared to those in the C and CS groups (p˂0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in lead and MDA levels and GSH level and GSH-Px activity increased (p˂0.05) in the Pb+CS group, where chitosan was administered as a protective agent in addition to lead, when compared to the Pb group. There were no differences between the Pb+CS group and the other three groups based on GR and G6PDH activities (p˃0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the C and CS groups based on the parameters of analysis (p˃0.05). The findings of the present study demonstrated that lead increased oxidative stress by increasing free radical production in erythrocytes, and chitosan was effective in removing the lead from the circulation and enforced the antioxidant defense system.

Elevated DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Response Defense System Inflicted in Patients With Myocardial Infarction.

Ischemic tissue damage in myocardial infarction (MI) is allied with the exaggerated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) beyond the countering capability of chain-breaking radical scavengers, fallouts in the form of oxidatively burdened myocardial tissue. One hundred and twenty five patients with MI were included in the study to evaluate the dynamics of redox status of patients by monitoring the antioxidant potential, biomarkers of oxidative stress, lipid indices, RBC membrane damage when compared to healthy individuals in patients with MI congregated on the basis of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score, risk factors, and age. Higher levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, lipid indices, ROS content, and membrane deterioration in erythrocytes were seen in patients with MI. Furthermore, reduced activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and lower concentrations of antioxidant molecules, plus reduced total antioxidant capacity, were observed in plasma of all patients with MI with respect to control. However, elevation in oxidative stress was found to be significantly marked in patients having GRACE score >100, risk factors, and MI >45 years when compared to patients with GRACE score ≤100, without risk factors, and MI ≤45 years, respectively. These findings indicate the existence of increased oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant potential in patients with MI have a potent relationship with their GRACE risk score, risk factors, and age.

Emerging role of Interleukins IL-23/IL-17 axis and biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes: Association with age and gender in human subjects

Chronic hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Keeping the above fact into consideration we analyse the effect of age and gender on oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in T2D patients. The study included 148 diabetic and 110 healthy subjects, grouped on the basis of age and gender. Plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content and nitric oxide levels were elevated significantly in diabetic patients, with significant decrease in Ferric reducing ability of plasma, vitamin C, reduced glutathione, erythrocyte thiol groups and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity and these changes were even more pronounced as age progressed. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22 levels and TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in all the age groups whereas IL-23 mRNA was upregulated only in the higher age group. Female diabetic patients experienced higher oxidative stress and greater serum IL-6 levels and TNF-α mRNA expression as compared to their male counterparts. This study suggested that diabetes onset is accompanied with increased oxidative stress and elevated levels of inflammatory mediators. The effect was more prominent in aged patients. Female patients experienced greater oxidative stress as compared to males of those age groups with slightly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines.