Eruca Sativa Mill Research Articles

Transient salinity stress promotes secondary metabolites and antioxidant enzymes in Brassica plants

This study investigated salinity stress time-dependent responses of pak choi (Brassica campestris L.), arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.), and red frill (Brassica juncea L.), focusing on growth parameters, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities. Salinity stress (NaCl) solution with electrical conductivity (EC) of 12.6 dS∙m⁻¹ was introduced to the rhizosphere at the specific time: from 2:00 pm on day 6 to 2:00 pm on day 7 (1st week (W)), 2:00 pm on day 13 to 2:00 pm on day 14 (2nd W), and 2:00 pm on day 20 to 2:00 pm on day 21 (3rd W). Plant growth parameters were assessed at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplantation (WAT), showing detailed changes over time. Pak choi exhibited a significant increase in biomass at 2nd W, whereas arugula and red frill showed no marked differential reactions. Glucosinolates (GLS), phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities were analyzed at 2 and 3 WAT. Maximum GLS concentrations in pak choi and arugula plants occurred in the 3rd W under 3 WAT. Phenolic concentrations in the arugula peaked under the 2nd W treatment. Regarding pak choi, the 1st W treatment at 3 WAT and 2nd W treatment at 2 WAT exhibited maximum DPPH scavenging activity and peroxidase (POD). The 2nd W treatment at 2 WAT indicated the highest total phenol concentration and POD activity in arugula. Red frill exhibited significantly elevated total glucosinolate concentrations under salinity conditions at 3rd W. This analysis reveals how salinity stress affects growth and biochemical responses in these vegetables, offering insights for optimizing cultivation under saline conditions.

Pathotype Identification and Host Resistance Evaluation of Clubroot in Zhejiang Province, China.

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a globally destructive soil-borne disease affecting cruciferous plants. Here, the predominant pathotypes of P. brassicae in six cities within Zhejiang Province were identified using the Williams and European Clubroot Differential (ECD) systems. A phylogenetic analysis of P. brassicae isolates infecting cruciferous crops worldwide was conducted using MEGA, and their ITS2 secondary structures were predicted through the ITS2 database. Accessions of B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. juncea, and Eruca sativa Mill. were employed to assess clubroot resistance. The results revealed that the prevalent pathotypes in Zhejiang Province were pathotype 1, ECD20/31/12 and ECD24/16/30; pathotype 3, ECD20/15/4; pathotype 8, ECD16/0/0 and ECD24/0/0; and pathotype 2, ECD16/15/15. Isolates from distinct genera of Brassicaceae formed separate branches in the evolutionary tree. Moreover, isolates of Brassica crops from Zhejiang Province exhibited homology with those from other global regions, a finding corroborated by their ITS2 secondary structure. Approximately 80% and 95% of B. rapa and B. juncea crops displayed susceptible phenotypes for pathotype 8, ECD16/0/0, whereas approximately 60% of B. oleracea crops exhibited resistance. Furthermore, three Brassica crop accessions showed significant variation in resistance to the pathogen, both among morphological and geographical origin groups. This study contributes to understanding the distribution of diverse P. brassicae pathotypes in different regions of Zhejiang Province and facilitates the identification of Brassica crops with potential disease resistance suitable for cultivation in the province.

Potential of entomopathogenic fungi to control insect pests and disease at lettuce and arugula crops

The lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (Asteraceae) and arugula (Eruca sativa Miller) (Brassicaceae) crops are attacked by various pests and diseases, but the control is usually done with agrochemicals. We evaluate the control of pests and diseases by systematic applications of the entomopathogenic fungi strains Metarhizium anisopliae IBCB425 and Beauveria bassiana IBCB66 both 300g c.p. in the planting groove and 200 g c.p. ha-1 on the foliage, in weekly applications at lettuce and arugula crops planted in association. For the evaluation of pests and diseases, 15 plants were evaluated at random in three beds per treatment. In the lettuce crop occurred the presence of aphids (Myzus persicae Hemiptera:Aphididae), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), thrips (Frankliniella schultzei Thysanoptera:Thripidae), leafhoppers Agallia albidula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and septoria disease (Septoria lactucae). In the arugula crop the same pests occurred, but with any disease. The fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae controlled F. schultzei and S. lactucae at lettuce crop, B. tabaci in both crops, but did not control M. persicae and A. albidula in both crops. The fungus B. bassiana decreased the mean number of leaves per plant and the mean of dry mass weight of arugula plants in relation to the control treatment, but the sample size may have interfered with these results. The two fungi could be used as biological control agents of pests and diseases at lettuce and arugula crops, especially in organic farming.

Evaluation of growth traits of (Eruca sativa Mill) Plant with the addition of Biochar.

The experiment was carried out during the Agricultural season of 2023, Zawia University, College of science, Department of Botany. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of Biochar addition on growth characteristics of Eruca sativa plants including (leaf number, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight). Eruca sativa seeds were sowed in pots. The experiment included two treatments: (0%) biochar (control) and (4%) biochar, The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. After 47 days, the experiment was ended and data of growth traits were collected, and statistical analysis was performed. Results showed that there was a significant effect of biochar addition on growth traits studied (leaf number, shoot length, fresh wight) but no significant effects on the other traits. The study showed that the (leaf number, shoot length, fresh wight) recorded in the biochar treatment increased by 36%, 28%, 80% respectively. Keywords: Eruca sativa Mill, Biochar, growth traits.

The Synergetic Effect of Light Spectra and Selenium Supplementation on Eruca sativa Mill. Growth and Physiological and Metabolic Responses

Eco-friendly lighting systems, like LED lights, can reduce energy consumption in greenhouse operations, have a long lifespan, and enable precise control over plant growth through spectrum selection. On the other hand, Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient with a beneficial role in plant metabolism and an essential element for human health. In this study, we aim to unravel the effects of LED lighting combined with Se supplementation on the physiological behavior, yield, and quality of arugula (Eruca sativa). Arugula plants were cultivated under controlled conditions using two distinct LED lights: full white spectrum (W) and a mix of 80%/20% of red/blue light (R:B). These plants were then supplemented with three levels of Se: 0 mg Se kg−1 soil [0], 0.3 mg Se kg−1 soil [0.3], and 0.6 mg Se kg−1 soil [0.6]. The results showed that stomatal conductance remained unaffected by the light script. However, the plants exposed to R:B displayed more pronounced signs of photodamage and reduced net photosynthetic rate. Supplementation with Se plays a significant role in mitigating light-induced stress and in improving the antioxidant defense system; this was especially notable in R:B plants. Finally, R:B light decreased the accumulation of aboveground biomass, while no significant impact of Se was noticed on this outcome. Se accumulation exhibited a direct and proportional relationship with the concentration of Se applied. The integration of LED technology and Se supplementation not only enhances crop nutritional value but also aligns with the adoption of more sustainable agricultural practices.

The Optimum Substrate Moisture Level to Enhance the Growth and Quality of Arugula (Eruca sativa)

Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) is a nutritious vegetable, commonly used in salads, known for its high glucosinolate content and various health benefits and flavors. However, arugulas may contain -excessive nitrate levels, potentially harmful to human health. We aimed to examine the effect of substrate moisture levels on the growth and quality of arugula under controlled irrigation conditions to investigate a proper irrigation practice for the quality production of arugula. The plants were cultivated using a sensor-based automated irrigation system to maintain the substrate volumetric water content (VWC) levels at 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, and 0.50 m3·m−3 over three weeks (vegetative stage). The treatment with VWC of 0.20 m3·m−3 resulted in reduced shoot growth, primarily attributed to drought-induced constraints on leaf expansion. Despite the initial reductions in stomatal conductance in arugulas subjected to lower VWC treatments, they eventually recovered and exhibited similar stomatal conductance levels across all VWC treatments 15 days after treatment, indicating acclimation to drought stress. The VWC treatment did not affect the nitrate and total glucosinolate contents of arugula, except for a decrease in glucoerucin content observed in the lowest VWC treatment. Maintaining a VWC level at 0.20 m3·m−3 could impair both the growth and quality of arugula due to severe drought conditions. Alternatively, maintaining the VWC at 0.30 m3·m−3 would ensure a high water use efficiency while securing the growth and quality of arugula.

Antibacterial Activity of Eruca sativa Mill Leaves Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Prostatitis Samples

This study was conducted in Hillah city, Babil province in Iraq, to know the extent of the effects of the secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and terpenoids extract from Eruca sativa Mill leaves, against some bacterial species isolated Prostatitis Samples represented by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonieae. An ability of antibacterial was totally completed by utilizing the method of agar well diffusion by preparing three concentrations 25, 50 &100mg/ml. sterile distal water was utilized as a negative control. Flavonoid extract at 50 and 100 mg/ml exhibited significant supremacy at Probability ≤ 0.05 over the negative control when applied to Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to flavonoids and terpenoid compounds at all concentrations under study P≤ 0.05 in comparison with the negative control. Whereas streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonieae are totally resistant to all concentrations of flavonoid compounds and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonieae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa fully resistance to all concentration of terpenoid compounds. Lastly, flavonoids and terpenoid compounds in leaves of Eruca sativa respected a good source for controlling some bacterial species isolated from Prostatitis samples, especially against Staphylococcus aureus.

Positive Impact of Green Synthesized Silica Nanoparticles in Plant Growth Promotion and Physiological Responses of Eruca sativa Mill.

Positive Impact of Green Synthesized Silica Nanoparticles in Plant Growth Promotion and Physiological Responses of Eruca sativa Mill.

Role of Jasmonic acid and Nano-fertilizer in the vegetative growth indicators of three cultivars of Rocket Plant (Eruca sativa Mill.)

The experiment was conducted in the orchards and nurseries development project belonging to Karbala Agriculture Directorate for the two seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 to study the physiological effects of jasmonic acid (JA) and NPK Nano-fertilizer on the vegetative growth indicators of three cultivars of rocket plant (Eruca sativa Mill). The experiment was designed according to the split split plot design using the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). This experiment included 27 treatments from three factors distributed randomly with three replicates (81 experimental units). The first factor represented by three cultivars of rocket plant; (French, Turkish, and the local cultivar) was set up in the main plots. The second factor, NPK nano fertilizer (0, 2, 4) g.L-1 was set up in the subplots, while the third factor comprised three concentrations of jasmonic acid JA (0, 15, 30) mg. L-1 was set up in the sub-subplots. The most important results indicated that spraying with jasmonic acid and nano fertilizer on the three varieties of rocket plants revealed significant differences in the studied indicators. The local cultivar that was sprayed with nano-fertilizer at 4 g.L-1 significantly excelled, and jasmonic acid at 30 mg.L-1 denoted by (V1N2J2) gave the highest results for both seasons compared to plants of the other two cultivars in all indicators of plant vegetative growth. The average plant height was (87.91 and 88.37 cm), number of leaves per plant (28.41 and 28.73 leaves), leaf area(774.67 and 717.57 cm.plant-1), dry weight of vegetative growth(8.53 and 7.43 g.plant-1) and the productivity of leaves (2440.7 and 2328.6 g.m2) for both seasons, respectively. However, the plants of the French cultivar, which were sprayed with distilled water (J0N0V2) recorded the lowest results (55.68 and 55.89 cm) and (13.69 and 13.65 leaves.plant-1), (327.43 and 294.80 cm².plant-1), (5.83 and 5.75 g.plant-1), and (1258.4 and 1136.5 g.m²) for both seasons of the experiment, consecutively.

Assessing Genetic Variability in Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) Germplasm for Enhanced Breeding Strategies

The present research was carried out to estimate the genetic variability for 13 characters among 30 different germplasm of Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) in a randomized block design with three replications over four artificially created environments through different dates of sowing (timely sown 17 Oct. and late sown 5 Nov.) with (Orobanche free and Orobanche infested field) i.e. timely sown, Orobanche free (E1 ), timely sown, Orobanche infested (E2 ), late sown, Orobanche free (E3 ), late sown, Orobanche infested (E4 ) at Research farm of SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (SKNAU, Jobner) during the rabi 2022–23. Pooled Anova revealed significant differences among germplasm, environments and G×E interaction significant for all the traits except days to maturity, primary branches per plant, siliqua length (cm). Therefore, analysis of variance is carried out separately for each environment, indicated significant differences among all traits. In all four environments, the PCV>GCV value for all characters. After comparing the mean and range for yield and different yield attributing traits in all four environments, it was found that both were highest in E1 for most of the traits. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean for all four environments revealed that characteristics such as height of first branch emergence (cm), seeds per siliqua, 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g) had high value. As a result, they might be under the control of additive gene action. Therefore, selection for these characters will be highly responsive.

Emerging Role of Eruca sativa Mill. in Male Reproductive Health.

A growing interest has been drawn to the use of traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of human diseases and, in particular, infertility and reproductive toxicity associated with environmental factors. The Mediterranean basin area is a recognized source of plant species with therapeutic interest. In this frame, Eruca sativa (ES) is an annual edible plant and a member of the Brassicaceae family. A relatively large number of studies, focusing on the biological effects of the extract from the leaves of ES on in vitro and in vivo models of disease, have been published in recent years. The present narrative review aims to analyze the phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, possible pharmacological activities, and recognized effects of ES on male reproductive outcomes. Available investigations have revealed the presence of a number of compounds with antioxidant properties, such as polyphenols, glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids in extracts from ES. Based on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of the aforementioned compounds, we show that ES has possible preventive properties and therapeutic uses, especially in the functional derangements of the male reproductive system.

Quantitative Analysis and Molecular Docking Simulation of Flavonols from Eruca sativa Mill. and Their Effect on Skin Barrier Function.

Eruca sativa is a commonly used edible plant in Italian cuisine. E. sativa 70% ethanol extract (ES) was fractionated with five organic solvents, including n-hexane (EHex), chloroform (ECHCl3), ethyl acetate (EEA), n-butyl alcohol (EBuOH), and water (EDW). Ethyl acetate fraction (EEA) had the highest antioxidant activity, which was correlated with the total polyphenol and flavonoid content. ES and EEA acted as PPAR-α ligands by PPAR-α competitive binding assay. EEA significantly increased cornified envelope formation as a keratinocyte terminal differentiation marker in HaCaT cells. Further, it significantly reduced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The main flavonol forms detected in high amounts from EEA are mono-and di-glycoside of each aglycone. The main flavonol form of EEA is the mono-glycoside of each aglycone detected, and the most abundant flavonol mono-glycoside is kaempferol 3-glucoside 7.4%, followed by quercetin-3-glucoside 2.3% and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside 1.4%. Flavonol mono-glycosides were shown to be a potent PPAR-α ligand using molecular docking simulation and showed the inhibition of nitric oxide. These results suggest that the flavonol composition of E. sativa is suitable for use in improving skin barrier function and inflammation in skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis.

Molecular Characteristics Study of The Plants of Two Species Form The Genus Eruca Mill of The Brassicaceae Family, Which are Growing in Iraq

The Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS method was used to diagnose the two species (Eruca sativa Mill. And Eruca vesicaria L.) These plants belong to the Eruca Mill genus from the Brassicaceae family. This study was conducted during the spring season of the year (2022-2023), as all samples were taken from different regions in Iraq, after being classified from the Iraqi flora. (E. sativa Mill and E. vesicaria L) of the Brassicaceae family to find out the degree of relatedness between the two species. of wildly growing plants in iraq, as the Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA bundles were extracted from agarose gel and the process of finding the sequence of nitrogenous bases was performed. Eruca two species. E. sativa Mill. And E. vesicaria L. which belong to the Brassicaceae family. With a percentage of 100% and 99.83% concordance. This method is considered one of the accurate methods in the diagnosis of genus at the level of the one species and between two species in addition to its ease to compare and and differentiate between the two species.

Erucin Exerts Cardioprotective Effects on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through the Modulation of mitoKATP Channels.

Modulation of mitochondrial K channels represents a pharmacological strategy to promote cardioprotective effects. Isothiocyanates emerge as molecules capable of releasing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous pleiotropic gasotransmitter responsible for anti-ischemic cardioprotective effects also through the involvement of mitoK channels. Erucin (ERU) is a natural isothiocyanate resulting from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GSLs) present in Eruca sativa Mill. seeds, an edible plant of the Brassicaceae family. In this experimental work, the specific involvement of mitoKATP channels in the cardioprotective effect induced by ERU was evaluated in detail. An in vivo preclinical model of acute myocardial infarction was reproduced in rats to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of ERU. Diazoxide was used as a reference compound for the modulation of potassium fluxes and 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5HD) as a selective blocker of KATP channels. Specific investigations on isolated cardiac mitochondria were carried out to evaluate the involvement of mitoKATP channels. The results obtained showed ERU cardioprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage through the involvement of mitoKATP channels and the consequent depolarizing effect, which in turn reduced calcium entry and preserved mitochondrial integrity.

Effect of genetic transformation via Agrobacterium rhizogenes on the anatomical characteristics of Eruca Sativa Mill. plants

Effect of genetic transformation via Agrobacterium rhizogenes on the anatomical characteristics of Eruca Sativa Mill. plants

Melatonin regulates mitochondrial enzymes and ascorbate–glutathione system during plant responses to drought stress through involving endogenous calcium

The study presented here was carried out to evaluate the effect of melatonin (Mel; N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on the arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) plants grown under drought stress (DS). The results of the study show that DS significantly reduced the activity of mitochondrial ATP synthase and ATPase. Exposure of plants to DS caused a significant increase in the activity of NADPH oxidase and glycolate oxidase that resulted in the excess generation of superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, respectively. Creation of oxidative stress caused substantial damage to membrane lipids, leakage of electrolytes and reduced the hydration level of the drought-stressed plants. The damaging effects of DS were probably carried out because of lower activity of ATP synthase and ATPase, weak performance of antioxidant defense system and insufficient accumulation of osmolytes. Nevertheless, supplementation of drought stressed plants with 30 µM Mel was remarkable in improving the activity of ATP synthase and ATPase with a concomitant activation of ascorbate–glutathione system, antioxidant enzymes, and accumulation of osmolytes. However, Mel inhibited the activity of NADPH oxidase and glycolate oxidase. This combined effect of events protected the plants from DS-induced impairments through reducing oxidative and osmotic stress as witnessed by a reduction in lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and improvement in hydration status of the plants even under DS. On the contrary, inclusion of calcium (Ca2+) chelator overturned the positive effect of Mel on the stressed plants, that validates the involvement of endogenous Ca2+ during Mel-mediated plant adaptive responses to drought. The results of the study demonstrate that Mel involves Ca2+ in the orchestration of plant adaptive responses to DS by exerting regulatory control over the activity of mitochondrial enzymes and the function of the antioxidant defense system.

Improvement of (Eruca sativa Mill) yield, oil, chemical constituents and antioxidant activity utilizing a by-product of yeast production (CMS) with zinc and boron under salinity stress conditions

The impact of low-quality irrigation water on plant development has garnered significant attention from researchers. In light of this, two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance, yield, oil production and composition, as well as active constituents of Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill) cultivated in calcareous soil under saline water irrigation. Foliar sprays containing condensed molasses soluble (CMS), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) alone or in combination were used for irrigation. The data obtained from measuring various parameters of Rocket following foliar spraying with CMS, Zn, B or their combinations demonstrated that most treatments resulted in a significant increase in these parameters. The highest values for most measurements were observed when foliar application included all three components (CMS ​+ ​Zn ​+ ​B), resulting in a seed yield of 184.6 ​g/m2 and an oil content of 675.3 ​kg/ha. Compared to the control group, the macronutrient content of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca increased by 34.4%, 56%, 42%, 45%, and 39% respectively in the seeds treated with these components. Furthermore, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics flavonoids, and antioxidants showed increases of 24%, 34%, 21%, 43%, and 28% respectively compared to the control group. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis identified ten components present in the seed oil characterized by higher unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 81.28% to 92.28% and lower saturated fatty acids ranging from 6.72% to 8.21%. Therefore, foliar spray application including CMS, zinc, and boron can help alleviate salinity effects on Rocket plants grown under saline water irrigation conditions while improving growth, yield, oil production, and nutritional content such as total carbohydrates, proteins, and macronutrients levels.

Sustainable Cropping System Intensification in Arid Region of India: Fallow Replacement with Limited Duration Sorghum–Legume Intercropping Followed by Eruca sativa Mill. Grown on Conserved Soil Moisture

A field experiment was conducted to explore the possibilities of sustainable crop intensification in the fallow–Eruca sativa Mill. system in arid ecology by replacing fallow with short-duration sorghum–legume intercropping. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two planting systems (bed and conventional) in main plots and a factorial combination of crop duration (50 and 60 days) and cropping systems (sole sorghum, sorghum + cowpea, sorghum + Sesbania in 2:2 ratio) in sub-plots. In the succeeding Eruca sativa crop, residuals and two gypsum levels (0 and 250 kg ha−1) were tested. Bed planting practiced during both seasons did not improve the system productivity to significant levels. Extending the duration of fallow replacement crops from 50 to 60 days significantly increased their forage yield, overall system productivity by 25–34%, and system net returns by 15.9–21.5%. Amongst the intercropping systems, the sorghum + Sesbania system added 10–13 tonnes ha−1Sesbania biomass to the soil, resulting in higher soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, dehydrogenase activity, and residual soil moisture, which increased the yield of the succeeding Eruca sativa crop by 8.8–15% compared to the residual of sole sorghum. However, it could not compensate for the yield loss due to the utilization of 50% of the area for growing the green manure crop. The sorghum + cowpea intercropping–Eruca sativa system was found to be the optimum combination with a system productivity of 1.27–1.87 Mg ha−1Eruca sativa seed equivalent. The productivity of Eruca sativa further improved by 9.5–23.7% due to the soil application of gypsum @ 250 kg ha−1. When averaged over treatments, fallow replacement during the rainy season reduced the available soil moisture at the sowing of Eruca sativa by 8.3–22.8% and subsequently its yield by 16.5–30.4% compared to the fallow–Eruca sativa system. However, with this production penalty, an additional rainy-season fodder crop was successfully grown, which improved the system productivity by 57.7–82.8%, net returns by 31.2–57.3%, and rainfall use efficiency from 0.21 to 36 USD/mm−1 ha−1. Hence, it may be concluded that short-duration fodder crops may be taken as fallow replacement crops for higher system productivity and rainfall use efficiency.

Response of seed yield and biochemical traits of Eruca sativa Mill. to drought stress in a collection study

Drought tolerance is a complex trait in plants that involves different biochemical mechanisms. During two years of study (2019–2020), the responses of 64 arugula genotypes to drought stress were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. Several metabolic traits were evaluated, i.e. relative water content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, malondialdehyde, enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), total phenolic and flavonoid contents and seed yield. On average, the drought stress significantly increased the proline content (24%), catalase (42%), peroxidase (60%) and malondialdehyde activities (116%) over the two years of study. As a result of the drought stress, the seed yield (18%), relative water content (19.5%) and amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) dropped significantly. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed no significant changes. Under drought stress, the highest seed yields were seen in the G50, G57, G54, G55 and G60 genotypes, while the lowest value was observed in the G16 genotype (94 g plant−1). According to the findings, when compared to the drought-sensitive genotypes, the drought-tolerant arugula genotypes were marked with higher levels of proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity. Correlation analysis indicated the positive effects of peroxidase, catalase and proline on seed yield under drought conditions. These traits can be considered for the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs.

Effect of conserved soil moisture on growth and yield attributes of Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) in hot arid zone of Rajasthan

A study on the utilisation of conserved soil moisture and the effect of sowing time on the productivity of taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) was conducted during rabi 2021-22 at ICAR-CAZRI-RRS Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. The three treatments, i.e. T1 (sown in the last week of September) utilized conserved soil moisture with one irrigation, T2 (sown in the last week of October) and T3 (sown in the last week of November)- with two irrigations, was taken in this study. Yield attributes i.e. silique/branch, seed/siliqua and seed yield were significantly influenced by different treatments. The maximum silique/branch, seed/siliqua and seed yield was recorded in T1 (34.92; 20.35; 0.95 t/ha), followed by T2 (23.92; 17.52; 0.84 t/ha). The growth attributes like plant height, primary branches and pod length were not significantly affected by different treatments.