Error Rate Measurements Research Articles

Discriminant analysis of environmental data based on zero inflated spatial auto-beta models

In this paper, a supervised classification problem of classifying feature observation into one of two populations is considered. Classical supervised classification in this work is expanded for non-Gaussian spatial data specified by zero inflated auto-beta models. A classification rule based on the Bayes discriminant function (BDF) that uses conditional probability density functions in the expression is proposed. This rule is applied to real data set for identifying sea bottom type by using Black carrageen concentration data over the southeastern Baltic Sea. Different feature observation models are chosen and classification results are compared using a hold-out error rate measure.

PERANCANGAN SENSOR KADAR OKSIGEN UNTUK IDENTIFIKASI PENDERITA STROKE DENGAN METODE NON INVASIVE

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and the second cause of death in the world. Blood flow that is not smooth in stroke patients causes hemodynamic disorders including changes in the value of oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2) which can interfere with the function of internal organs including the heart due to lack of oxygen intake. So we need a system to monitor the oxygen saturation value which can be used as an early indicator in recognizing stroke patients.
 This system uses detection of two sensors to measure oxygen saturation in the blood, a microcontroller to process data, a monitor to display data, a buzzer as a warning of the lower limit of measurement and a micro sd card module to store measurement data that has been running. Parameters displayed include the date of measurement, patient ID, SpO2-1, SpO2-2, last SpO2-1 and last SpO2-2. This system will measure and display the SpO2 value of both right and left arms simultaneously. Stroke patients who experience muscle weakness in one hand may experience different values with a hand that does not experience muscle weakness. This study aims to develop an SpO2 monitoring system that will be used to detect stroke patients with non-invasive methods.
 The results show that the system has been developed and can be used to measure the patient's SpO2 from both hands simultaneously with a measurement error rate of ±2% for each sensor from standard medical equipment.

Real-time phase contrast MRI versus conventional phase contrast MRI at different spatial resolutions and velocity encodings

PurposesTo compare the accuracy of real-time phase-contrast echo-planar MRI (EPI-PC) and conventional cine phase-contrast MRI (Conv-PC) and to assess the influence of spatial resolutions (pixel size) and velocity encoding on flow measurements obtained with the two sequences. MethodsFlow quantification was assessed using a pulsatile flow phantom (diameter: 9.5 mm; mean flow rate: 1150 mm3/s; mean flow velocity: 1.6 cm/s). Firstly, the accuracy of the EPI-PC was checked by comparing it with the flow rate in the calibrated phantom and the pulsation index from Conv-PC. Secondly, flow data from the two sequences were compared quantitatively as a function of the pixel size and the velocity encoding. ResultsThe mean percentage difference between the EPI-PC flow rate and calibrated phantom flow rate was −2.9 ± 2.1% (Mean ± SD). The pulsatility indices for EPI-PC and Conv-PC were respectively 0.64 and 0.59. In order to keep the flow rate measurement error within 10%, the ROI in Conv-PC had to contain at least 13 pixels, while the ROI in EPI-PC had to contain at least 9 pixels. Furthermore, Conv-PC had a higher velocity-to-noise ratio and could use a higher velocity encoding than EPI-PC (20 cm/s and 15 cm/s, respectively). ConclusionsThe result of this in vitro study confirmed the accuracy of EPI-PC, and found that EPI-PC can adapt to lower spatial resolutions, but is more sensitive to velocity encoding than Conv-PC.

Data Rate and External Lighting Variations for Bit Error Rate Measurement on A Simple Single LED Visible Light Communication System

Data Rate and External Lighting Variations for Bit Error Rate Measurement on A Simple Single LED Visible Light Communication System

링 공진기의 체배종속적 전류분포 해석을 통한 Molding Compound의 광대역 유전율 측정 방법 연구

In this study, we propose an algorithm that complements the frequency dependence of the relative permittivity conversion equation applied for the measurement of relative permittivity through a ring resonator. The broadband electrical characteristics of an epoxy molding compound (EMC) used in the fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) process were measured using our algorithm. By proposing a formula for calculating the permittivity that reflects the current distribution at the multiplied frequency of the microstrip ring resonator, the effective range of the permittivity of the sample was extended to the multiplied frequency region. Thus, a more sophisticated and effective complex permittivity was calculated over a wide band. The relative permittivity of the EMC measured by the proposed technique was 3.836 and the dielectric loss tangent was 0.022. This technique improved the relative permittivity measurement error rate by 3.95 % and the measurement error rate of the dielectric loss tangent by 8.4 %p compared to the conventional method.

Angular Rate Measurement Method of Magnetically Suspended Control and Sensing Gyroscope Using Component-Level Rotation Modulation

Magnetically suspended control and sensing gyroscope (MSCSG) is a novel concept gyroscope with attitude control and attitude measurement. In order to eliminate constant drift error and improve the angular rate measurement accuracy of MSCSG, a high-precision angular rate measurement method based on component-level rotation modulation (CLRM) is proposed in this article. First, the structure of MSCSG, the Lorentz force magnetic bearing (LFMB), and the angular rate measurement principle of MSCSG are analyzed. Second, the basic principle of rotational modulation is introduced. Third, based on the principle of CLRM angle measurement, the high-precision measurement of angular rate based on MSCSG is realized by taking the derivative of the angle and sliding smoothing. After CLRM processing, the angular rate measurement error of MSCSG is quantified and the installation error is analyzed and compensated. Finally, the error compensation of CRLM and installation error compensation effect is verified by simulation. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by experiments. The method of CLRM can reduce the MSCSG drift error by two orders of magnitude. The method proposed in this article can be used as a reference for MSCSG attitude measurement and attitude control integration.

PAPR Reduction Techniques and Their BIT Error Rate Measurement at OFDM in LTE System

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become an indispensable part of waveform generation in wideband digital communication since its first appearance in digital audio broadcasting (DAB)and it is indeed in use. These descriptions are simplified version of the detailed descriptions provided by 3gpp. It is a superior technology for the high-speed data rate of wire-line and wireless communication systems. The OFDM has many advantages over other techniques such as its high capacity and immunity against multipath fading channels. However ,one of the main drawbacks of the OFDM system is the high-peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that leads the system to produce in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation because of the non-linearity and reduces its efficiency is the distortion of the signal caused at the High Power Amplifier (HPA) of a transmitter . Therefore, it is highly desirable to reduce the PAPR of an OFDM signal. For this, numerous techniques have been proposed to overcome the PAPR problem such as i) selective mapping(SLM) ii) partial transmit sequence (PTS), iii) clipping, iv) clipping and filtering. In this paper, the PTS technique was analytically reviewed as one of the important methods to reduce the high PAPR problem. Simulations are used to analyze the efficiency of the techniques used which signifies OFDM to be providing much better PAPR reduction and a better Bit Error Rate (BER) . From simulation results clipping method shows good PAPR reduction with significant amount of BER degradation. Clipping and filtering method shows slight increase in PAPR with small degradation in BER performance than Clipping method and both methods are computationally less complex. PTS provides good PAPR reduction with high computational complexity.

Perencanaan dan Pembuatan Sistem Deteksi Tingkat Kelelahan Pada Pengemudi Kendaraan Bermotor

Traffic accidents on the highway are common. One of the causes is the fatigue factor of the driver so that his driving concentration will decrease. The condition of fatigue in the driver occurs due to decreased levels of oxygen in the blood (SpO2). This application to monitor the driver's fatigue level is done by installing a heart rate sensor and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) on the driver's wrist. The measurement results are displayed on an OLED screen that contains the condition of the heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and the level of fatigue. If the fatigue level is at a high level then there will be a warning. Based on the results of trials that have been carried out, the average heart rate measurement error is 1.08% and the oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2) is 0.81%.

Effects of Receiver Beamforming for Vital Sign Measurements Using FMCW Radar at Various Distances and Angles.

Short-range millimeter wave radar sensors provide a reliable, continuous and non-contact solution for vital sign extraction. Off-The-Shelf (OTS) radars often have a directional antenna (beam) pattern. The transmitted wave has a conical main lobe, and power of the received target echoes deteriorate as we move away from the center point of the lobe. While measuring vital signs, the human subject is often located at the center of the antenna lobe. Since beamforming can increase signal quality at the side (azimuth) angles, this paper aims to provide an experimental comparison of vital sign extraction with and without beamforming. The experimental confirmation that beamforming can decrease the error in the vital sign extraction through radar has so far not been performed by researchers. A simple, yet effective receiver beamformer was designed and a concurrent measurement with and without beamforming was made for the comparative analysis. Measurements were made at three different distances and five different arrival angles, and the preliminary results suggest that as the observation angle increases, the effectiveness of beamforming increases. At an extreme angle of 40 degrees, the beamforming showed above 20% improvement in heart rate estimation. Heart rate measurement error was reduced significantly in comparison with the breathing rate.

Thermal airflow sensor design and temperature compensation research based on the thermostatic method

PurposeThis paper aims to solve the typical thermal airflow sensor's high power consumption and integration difficulties, based on the FS5 thermal element and constant temperature measurement method, a flow sensor is developed with high measurement accuracy, low power consumption, small size, low cost and easy system integration.Design/methodology/approachA small wind tunnel was used to test and assess the sensor's measurement range, reaction time, stability, repeatability, measurement accuracy and multi-temperature calibration was performed in the temperature range of −10°C to 30°C. The effect of ambient temperature on the sensor's measurement data is investigated, and the coefficient correction method of power function was investigated to implement the sensor's software temperature compensation function.FindingsThe results show that the sensor is stable and repeatable, the output voltage has a power function relationship with the airflow rate, the flow rate measurement range is 0–18 m/s, the response time is less than 3 s, the measurement accuracy at high flow rates is within 0.4 m/s and the temperature-corrected airflow rate measurement error is less than 5%. Setting the temperature calibration interval to 2°C and 5°C has the same temperature compensation effect, reducing the sensor's calibration effort significantly.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrates that a thermostatic method is used to construct a thermal wind speed sensor that delivers accurate measurements in the wind speed measuring range of 0–18 m/s under test conditions. In addition, the sensor's performance is evaluated, and calibration tests for a wide range of temperatures are done. Finally, based on the power function correction method, a temperature compensation algorithm is proposed.

Multiple secret image embedding in dynamic ROI keypoints based on hybrid Speeded Up Scale Invariant Robust Features (h-SUSIRF) algorithm

This paper presents a robust and high-capacity video steganography framework using a hybrid Speeded Up Scale Invariant Robust Features (h-SUSIRF) keypoints detection algorithm. There are two main objectives in this method: (1) determining the dynamic Region of Interest (ROI) keypoints in video scenes and (2) embedding the appropriate secret data into the identified regions. In this work, the h-SUSIRF keypoints detection scheme is proposed to find keypoints within the scenes. These identified keypoints are dilated to form the dynamic ROI keypoints. Finally, the secret images are embedded into the dynamic ROI keypoints’ locations of the scenes using the substitution method. The performance of the proposed method (PM) is evaluated using standard metrics Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Capacity (Cp), and Bit Error Rate (BER). The standard of the video is ensured by Video Quality Measure (VQM). To examine the efficacy of the PM some recent steganalysis schemes are applied to calculate the detection ratio and the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve is analyzed. From the experimental analysis, it is deduced that the PM surpasses the contemporary methods by achieving significant results in terms of imperceptibility, capacity, robustness with lower computational complexity.

Abstract 2741: A communication theory framework for modeling cytokine-mediated signaling in healthy and breast cancer derived peripheral blood immune cells

Abstract Previous studies have shown that approximately 40% of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) patients harbor immune signaling defects in their blood at diagnosis that predicts overall survival. The aim of this work is to apply communication theory and signal processing methods to model cytokine-mediated signaling errors in immune cells in the peripheral blood. Our approach uses communication theory concepts to develop a communication system model consisting of a transmitter, receiver, and channel, applied to the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and tested using multi-color flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with IFNγ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, or TGFβ in samples from 2 BC patients and 4 healthy controls. We use our model to estimate the detection error rate when one of the 7 cytokines is being transduced through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, but its signal is being received on multiple phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription (pSTAT) molecules. In addition, we extend the measured error rate value to an error rate curve by varying the signal-to-noise ratio available to the receiver in our system model. Our results show a trend towards higher detection error rates in immune cells from BC patients as compared to healthy controls, which may indicate altered immune signaling and incorrect cell decisions in these patients. Also, considering different cell subtypes, our results show two orders of magnitude increase in error rate in CD4+ memory T cells compared to CD4+ naïve T cells in BC patients. With further development, we believe that our communication theory model and quantification of optimal signal detection in cells will provide a better understanding into how immune cells can accurately “decode” information to respond properly to various signals and how the immune signaling is altered in BC patients, causing better or worse outcomes. The benefit of our novel approach is that it integrates all the transmitted (cytokines) and received signals (pSTATs) into a single communications framework that can be efficiently analyzed together. Citation Format: Adina Matache, Aleksandra Karolak, Sergio Branciamore, Andrei Rodin, Peter P. Lee, Russell C. Rockne. A communication theory framework for modeling cytokine-mediated signaling in healthy and breast cancer derived peripheral blood immune cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2741.

Observed shyness leads to more automatic imitation in early childhood.

The authors investigated children's automatic imitation in the context of observed shyness by adapting the widely used automatic imitation task (AIT). AIT performance in 6-year-old children (N=38; 22 female; 71% White) and young adults (17-22 years; N=122; 99 female; 32% White) was first examined as a proof of concept and to assess age-related differences in responses to the task (Experiment 1). Although error rate measures of automatic imitation were comparable between children and adults, children displayed less reaction time interference than adults. Children's shyness coded from direct behavioral observations was then examined in relation to AIT scores (Experiment 2). Observed shyness at 5 years old predicted higher automatic imitation one year later. We discuss the latter findings in the context of an adaptive strategy. We argue that shy children may possess a heightened sensitivity to others' motor cues and therefore are more likely to implicitly imitate social partners' actions. This tendency may serve as a strategy to signal appeasement and affiliation, allowing for shy children to blend in and feel less inhibited in a social environment.

Characterization of Burst-Mode Links for Optical Circuit Switching

The performance of an optically circuit-switched network depends on the transient locking characteristics of the transceiver as a function of the received power before and after a switching event. These characteristics are not specified in current transceiver standards. Here, we present a novel characterization method to assess the transient locking characteristics of transceivers when used in an optical circuit-switched network. The method uses custom hardware code implemented on a high-performance FPGA. This code samples the bit error rate in a manner similar to a sampling oscilloscope. The output is a time-resolved bit error rate measurement on a microsecond time scale. We then use this technique to quantify the transient locking characteristics of commercial datacom transceivers as a function of the nominal received power, the power offset between the channels being switched, and the transition time of the optical switch. These results enable research into optical circuit-switched networks based on commercial datacom transceivers.

V-Band Channel Modeling, Throughput Measurements, and Coverage Prediction for Indoor Residential Environments

With the increased resolution and frame rates of video recordings, in combination with the current evolution towards video-on-demand streaming services and the user expecting ubiquitous wireless connectivity, it is necessary to design wireless communication systems that allow high-rate data transfer. The large bandwidths that are available in the mmWave frequency band allow such high data rates. In this paper, we provide an experimental and simulated indoor residential radio channel model at V-band frequencies and perform packet error rate and throughput measurements at 60 GHz using IEEE 802.11ad transceivers. We compare the path loss and throughput measurements to simulations using a network performance prediction tool. The path loss measurement results using an omnidirectional transmit antenna correspond well to generic indoor mmWave channel models. Double-directional path loss measurements show that generic models underestimate path loss of non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) links. A ray-launching algorithm is designed and validated, and used for IEEE 802.11ad throughput estimation based on link budget calculations. The link budget underestimates the achieved throughput, when comparing to adaptive-rate MCS selection in a commercial transceiver, based on the measured signal-to-noise ratio. Packet error rate measurements confirm that, even for NLOS links, throughputs exceeding 1 Gbps are possible.

Group differences in agency modulate error monitoring.

Mistakes can lead to aversive outcomes. Error monitoring may help prevent mistakes, but it might be maladaptive for individuals who lack control over aversive outcomes, as it consumes cognitive processing resources that could be allocated elsewhere. Here, we examined the effect of agency (i.e., control over punishment) on error monitoring using the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential measure of error monitoring and error rate. Ninety unselected participants performed a flanker task in which they were shocked according to their own errors (controllable punishment, n=47) or were shocked in accordance with another participant's errors (uncontrollable punishment, n=43). Participants without agency over punishment showed smaller ERNs and higher error rates compared with participants with agency. Furthermore, punishment only reduced error rates for participants with agency. Together, these results provide the first experimental evidence that agency modulates error monitoring and suggest an adaptive process in which error monitoring is increased/decreased depending on its utility.

App-Based Saccade Latency and Directional Error Determination Across the Adult Age Spectrum.

We aid in neurocognitive monitoring outside the hospital environment by enabling app-based measurements of visual reaction time (saccade latency) and directional error rate in a cohort of subjects spanning the adult age spectrum. We developed an iOS app to record subjects with the frontal camera during pro- and anti-saccade tasks. We further developed automated algorithms for measuring saccade latency and directional error rate that take into account the possibility that it might not always be possible to determine the eye movement from app-based recordings. To measure saccade latency on a tablet, we ensured that the absolute timing error between on-screen task presentation and the camera recording is within 5 ms. We collected over 235,000 eye movements in 80 subjects ranging in age from 20 to 92 years, with 96% of recorded eye movements either declared good or directional errors. Our error detection code achieved a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.97. Confirming prior reports, we observed a positive correlation between saccade latency and age while the relationship between directional error rate and age was not significant. Finally, we observed significant intra- and inter-subject variations in saccade latency and directional error rate distributions, which highlights the importance of individualized tracking of these visual digital biomarkers. Our system and algorithms allow ubiquitous tracking of saccade latency and directional error rate, which opens up the possibility of quantifying patient state on a finer timescale in a broader population than previously possible.

Measurement and data-assisted simulation of bit error rate in RQL circuits

A circuit-simulation-based method is used to determine the thermally-induced bit error rate of superconducting Single Flux Quantum logic circuits. Simulations are used to evaluate the multidimensional Gaussian integral across noise current sources attached to the active devices. The method is data-assisted and has predictive power. Measurement determines the value of a single parameter, effective noise bandwidth, for each error mechanism. The errors in the distributed networks of comparator-free Reciprocal Quantum Logic nucleate across multiple Josephson junctions, so the effective critical current is about three times that of the individual devices. The effective noise bandwidth is only 6%–23% of the junction plasma frequency at a modest clock rate of 3.4 GHz, which is 1% of the plasma frequency. This analysis shows the ways measured bit error rate comes out so much lower than simplistic estimates based on isolated devices.

ОБРАТНАЯ ЗАДАЧА КОШИ ДЛЯ БАЛОК В СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЯХ

A quality index of the coefficient grid inverse Cauchy problem for beams in building structures is proposed. The indicator is based on the theory of regularization of inverse problems. An articulated support of a beam on a column is modeled analytically and by a full-scale experiment. Models of measurement and calculation are investigated for a uniform continuous error rate of deflection measurement and calculation of beam identification parameters. Models differ in various combinations of types of external load. A measure of the influence of the error of the measuring instrument and the distribution of approximation grid nodes on the error in determining the coefficients of the beam deflection equation with a fixed first coefficient is proposed. The measure of influence is described by the dimensionless absolute condition number of the problem. The values of the dimensionless absolute condition number and the quality index of the problem are analyzed depending on the distribution of approximation grid nodes, the error of the measuring instrument, and the type of measurement and calculation model. It is proposed to use the obtained analytical dependencies for the analysis of building structures at the stage of experimental and theoretical studies.

Analysis of influence of pipeline internal surface roughness on flow rate measured by means of standard pressure differential devices

The paper presents the analysis of scientific and technical sources on the influence of constructive features of pressure differential flowmeters on flow rate measurement error. According to the research results, the significant surface roughness of pipe sections downstream of the orifice plate does not significantly affect the flow measurement result. The influence of the pipe roughness upstream of the orifice plate depends on geometric characteristics of roughness, the pipe diameter, the relative area of the orifice plate throat, and the Reynolds number. The change in the uncertainty of the orifice discharge coefficient under conditions of inhomogeneous measuring pipe roughness in the pipe section with a length of 10D upstream of the orifice plate is analyzed. The authors have determined that even a pipe section length of 1.5D with high roughness might be enough to change the flowmeter readings by more than 1% at a large orifice diameter ratio.