Procedural Errors Research Articles

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa Kelas VIII Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Uraian Matematika Di MTs Negeri Ngablak

This study aims to determine the percentage of concept errors, procedural errors, computational errors, and to determine the most dominant error in solving the problem of mathematics description of students of grade VIII B MTs Negeri Ngablak Academic Year 2017/2018. The object of this study is the student's mistake in solving the problem description of the subject matter of the function. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques use test techniques and interview techniques. The test instrument is in the form of a description test of 5 questions. Of the five questions are declared valid and reliable. The result of the research shows that students of MTs Negeri Ngablak do average error of concept equal to 73,54% with high category, mean of procedural error equal to 30,08% with low category, and mean of computation error equal to 26,21% with category low. The most dominant type of error in the solution of the problems done by students of grade VIII B MTs Negeri Ngablak is a concept error with a percentage of 73.54%. Suggested to the teacher when solving the math problem must be complete and the teacher must provide instruction to the students that the importance in solving the problem to write the answers in accordance with the correct and proper procedures.

Observational constraint on cloud susceptibility weakened by aerosol retrieval limitations

Aerosol-cloud interactions remain a major uncertainty in climate research. Studies have indicated that model estimates of cloud susceptibility to aerosols frequently exceed satellite estimates, motivating model reformulations to increase agreement. Here we show that conventional ways of using satellite information to estimate susceptibility can serve as only a weak constraint on models because the estimation is sensitive to errors in the retrieval procedures. Using instrument simulators to investigate differences between model and satellite estimates of susceptibilities, we find that low aerosol loading conditions are not well characterized by satellites, but model clouds are sensitive to aerosol perturbations in these conditions. We quantify the observational requirements needed to constrain models, and find that the nighttime lidar measurements of aerosols provide a better characterization of tenuous aerosols. We conclude that observational uncertainties and limitations need to be accounted for when assessing the role of aerosols in the climate system.

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa Kelas VIII Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Uraian Pokok Bahasan Kubus

The purpose of the research are to find out the percentage of concept error, prosedur error, computation error, and the most dominant error in resolving the problem description of cube discussion subject VII A grade students MTs Negeri Ngablak The object of this research is student’s mistake in resolving the problem description of the set discussion subject. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive research. Data collection technique uses test technique and interview technique. Test Instrument in this research have 5 description problem test. The result of research indicate descriptively that students of MTs Negeri Ngablak undertake the average of concept error 67,77%, the average of procedure error 51,96%, and the average of computation error 28,41% with low category. The most dominant mistake type in resolving the problem which is done by VII A students MTs Negeri Ngablak is concept error.Â

Amplitude-Hyperbolic Method of Passive Location of a Radiation Source

A new method for ranging and locating a radiation source is proposed for a two-position system that detects an amplitude and difference of instances at which a wave arrives at a receiving position. Equations that make it possible to study the procedural error and accuracy characteristics of the method for various observation conditions and the results of a computational experiment are presented. Recommendations on applying this method are given.

Medical Malpractice in Orthopedic Surgery: A Westlaw-Based Demographic Analysis.

A recent study that evaluated the risk of facing a malpractice claim by physician specialty found that orthopedic surgeons were at a significantly greater risk of being sued than other medical specialists. To date, no studies have characterized trends in orthopedic surgery malpractice claims. The Westlaw legal database was used to locate state and federal jury verdicts and settlements related to medical malpractice and orthopedic surgery from 2010 to 2016. Eighty-one cases were analyzed. The mean age of the affected patients and/or plaintiffs was 53.4 years. Spine surgery (21 cases; 25.9%), knee surgery (17 cases; 21.0%), and hip surgery (11 cases; 13.6%) were litigated most often. Procedural error (71 cases; 87.7%) and negligence (58 cases; 71.6%) were the 2 most commonly cited reasons for litigation. The jury found in favor of the defendant in most (50 cases; 61.7%) of the cases. The mean plaintiff (17 cases; 21.0%) verdict payout was $3,015,872, and the mean settlement (13 cases; 16.0%) value was $1,570,833. Unnecessary surgery (odds ratio [OR], 12.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91-108.46; P=.040) and surgery resulting in death (OR, 26.26; 95% CI, 2.55-497.42; P=.040) were significant predictors of a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. Patient death (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.38; P=.021) and male patient sex (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09-0.71; P=.033) were significant negative predictors of a verdict in favor of the defendant. The jury found in favor of the defendant orthopedic surgeon in most cases. Procedural error and/or negligence were cited most commonly by the plaintiffs as the bases for the claims. Verdicts in favor of the plaintiffs resulted in payouts nearly double those of settlements. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(5):e615-e620.].

A risk-based approach to development of ultrasound-based high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy quality management

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to apply a risk-based approach to the development of a quality management (QM) program for ultrasound-based high-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy (pBT) treatment planning and delivery. Methods and MaterialsA QM program was developed by a multidisciplinary team, using both an in-house risk-and-benefit balance impact template (RABBIT) tool and a failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA). FMEA scores were determined by three physicists, one radiation therapist and two radiation oncologists who were familiar with the protocol. The QM program produced by both risk-based techniques was then compared and consolidated. ResultsThe RABBIT tool identified 26 potential risks during the treatment planning and delivery process. During the FMEA, a total of 35 potential failure modes were identified from the seven major processes in ultrasound-based HDR pBT. For the 35 potential failure modes, risk priority number scores ranged from 14 to 267. The highest ranked failure mode was identified to be mislabeling/connection of the transfer tubes/catheters. From the risks analyses, a comprehensive QM program was developed. ConclusionBoth the RABBIT tool and process mapping and FMEA were shown to be valuable tools in developing a QM program for ultrasound-based HDR pBT treatments. A considerable number of the potential failure modes identified in both tools were related to human or procedural errors, highlighting the importance of checklists and protocols in delivering a safe and effective ultrasound-based HDR pBT treatment.

Pulse extraction of pulselike ground motions based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

Considering the devastating effects of near-fault earthquakes, seismologists and engineers have, qualitatively and quantitatively, represented the strong velocity pulse of near-fault ground motions using models including physical parameters associated with the wave propagation process. In some mathematical models, the derivation of physical parameters is required to fit time history and response spectrum of the simulated record to the actual record through trial and error process, which limits the scope of these models. In the current study, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is replaced with the trial and error procedure. In this way, an automatic and quantitative process with the minimal judgment of the analyst is prepared to extract a wide range of pulselike records. Then, the proposed approach is applied to simulate and represent mathematically a set of 91 pulselike records from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) project ground motion library. The obtained results show that a velocity pulse of each pulselike record could be extracted using the proposed approach, and it can therefore be considered as a powerful tool in pulse parametric studies and the relationship between velocity pulse and structure’s response.

Software-based compensation of instrument misalignments for X-ray computed tomography dimensional metrology

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that allows the reconstruction of an imaged part in the form of a three-dimensional attenuation map. The CT data acquisition process consists of acquiring X-ray transmission images from multiple perspectives. Analysis of the reconstructed attenuation map can provide dimensional and material information about the measured part(s). Therefore, CT is recognized as a solution for quality control tasks, for example dimensional inspection of complex objects with intricate inner geometries. CT measurements can suffer from various sources of error in the measurement procedure. One such influence is the geometrical alignment of the CT instrument components. Typical tomographic reconstruction algorithms impose strict requirements on the relative position and orientation of the three main components: X-ray source, rotation axis of the sample stage, and X-ray detector. Any discrepancy in the actual CT geometry from the geometry assumed by the reconstruction algorithm will contribute to errors in measurements performed on the reconstructed data. There is currently no standardized or easily implementable method for users to compensate geometrical misalignments of the CT instrument. In many cases, the procedure of mechanical adjustment of CT instrument is time consuming and impractical. In this paper, we show that software-based compensation of deviations in CT instrument geometry is an effective alternative to mechanical adjustment of CT instrument. Through computer simulations, we compare qualitatively and quantitatively two methods to compensate CT instrument misalignment: radiographic re-binning (interpolation) and a modified conventional reconstruction algorithm with embedded misalignment compensation.

Viscosity effect on a point absorber wave energy converter hydrodynamics validated by simulation and experiment

To achieve optimal power in a wave energy conversion (WEC) system it is necessary to understand the device hydrodynamics. To maximize conversion efficiency the goal is to tune the WEC performance into resonance. The main challenge then to be overcome is the degree to which non-linearity in WEC hydrodynamics should be represented. Although many studies use linear models to describe WEC hydrodynamics, this paper aims to show that the non-linear viscosity should be carefully involved. To achieve this an investigation into the hydrodynamics of a designed 1/50 scale point absorber wave energy converter (PAWEC) in heave motion only is implemented to indicate the non-linear viscosity effect. A non-linear state-space model (NSSM) considering a quadratic viscous term is used to simulate PAWEC behaviors. The non-linear model is compared with the linear counterpart, and validated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental data. A conclusion is drawn that the non-linear PAWEC hydrodynamics (including amplitude and phase responses, conversion efficiency) close to resonance or at high wave heights can only be described realistically when the non-linear viscosity is correctly taken into account. Inaccuracies in its representation lead to significant errors in the tuning procedure which over-predict the dynamic responses and weaken the control system performance.

Buffer gas additives (modifiers/shift reagents) in ion mobility spectrometry: Applications, predictions of mobility shifts, and influence of interaction energy and structure.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used for fast and sensitive detection of illegal substances in customs and airports, diagnosis of diseases through detection of metabolites in breath, fundamental studies in physics and chemistry, space exploration, and many more applications. Ion mobility spectrometry separates ions in the gas-phase drifting under an electric field according to their size to charge ratio. Ion mobility spectrometry disadvantages are false positives that delay transportation, compromise patient's health and other negative issues when IMS is used for detection. To prevent false positives, IMS measures the ion mobilities in 2 different conditions, in pure buffer gas or when shift reagents (SRs) are introduced in this gas, providing 2 different characteristic properties of the ion and increasing the chances of right identification. Mobility shifts with the introduction of SRs in the buffer gas are due to clustering of analyte ions with SRs. Effective SRs are polar volatile compounds with free electron pairs with a tendency to form clusters with the analyte ion. Formation of clusters is favored by formation of stable analyte ion-SR hydrogen bonds, high analytes' proton affinity, and low steric hindrance in the ion charge while stabilization of ion charge by resonance may disfavor it. Inductive effects and the number of adduction sites also affect cluster formation. The prediction of IMS separations of overlapping peaks is important because it simplifies a trial and error procedure. Doping experiments to simplify IMS spectra by changing the ion-analyte reactions forming the so-called alternative reactant ions are not considered in this review and techniques other than drift tube IMS are marginally covered.

Risk Analysis and Mitigation Using SCOR -Fuzzy ANP

Objective: To identify the supply risk and determine the mitigation strategies that can be applied. Methods: The first method used to analyze risk is SCOR, then risk assessment with fuzzy-FMEA method. The method which can be used is to analyze the risk weight by using Fuzzy method, then selected 80% of the risk that has the highest weight. Furthermore, the data is used to formulate risk mitigation strategy using Fuzzy ANP method. Results: The results of the study showed 80% risk with the highest weight. The results of this research found that the highest risk in the cultivation department is the risk of procedural errors in the process of manufacturing, maintenance or cultivation. While the highest risk for the manufacturing department is the risk of experiencing delays in the supply of mushrooms. Alternative strategies for supply risk mitigation on the part of the cultivation department such as consistent Standard operate procedure OP implementation strategies, timely pickup, and optimization of transportation availability, improvement and improvement of nursery planning. Alternative strategies for supply risk mitigation on the part of manufacturing such as increased communications and inter-division coordination, improved raw material fulfillment, increasing SOP tuning frequency, improvements and optimization of machine. Application: It is concluded that fuzzy FMEA can be used to analysis risk supply accurately and fuzzy ANP can formulate the risk mitigation strategy to support supply performance of high quality and high value selling canned mushroom products. Keyword: Fuzzy-ANP, Fuzzy-FMEA, Mitigation, Supply, Supply Chain Operator Reference (SCOR), Risk

Corrigendum to “The faster, the better? The impact of internet speed on employment”

In The faster, the better? The impact of internet speed on employment, I used the first-difference regression method to analyze the impact on employment of internet with different tiers of download speed. An error in the data analysis procedure is discovered after the publication of the article. This note explains the error and how the error changes the result of the study.

Redefining the impact assessment of buildings: an uncertainty-based approach to rating codes

ABSTRACTDiscrepancies between predicted and in-use building performance are well documented in impact assessments for buildings, such as rating codes. This is a consequence of uncertainties that undermine predictions, which include procedural errors, as well as users’ behaviour and technological change. Debate on impact assessment for buildings predominantly focuses on operational issues and does not question the deterministic model on which assessments are based as a potential, underlying cause of ineffectiveness. This article builds on a non-deterministic urban planning theory and the principles it outlines, which can help manage uncertain factors over time. A rating code model is proposed that merges its typical steps of assessment (i.e. classification, characterisation and valuation) with those principles, applied within the impact assessment of buildings. These are experimentation (of other criteria than those typically appraised), exploration (the process of identifying the long-term vulnerability of such criteria) and inquiry (iterating and critically evaluating the assessment over time).

Operative technique for benign submandibular gland mass without identifying the mandibular branch of the facial nerve

ObjectiveThe marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve must be protected during surgery for benign diseases of submandibular gland. Methods for protecting the marginal mandibular branch include the nerve identification method and the non-identification method. MethodsWe performed submandibular gland surgery in 138 patients with benign submandibular gland diseases using the non-identification method to preserve the marginal mandibular branch. In brief, the submandibular gland capsule is incised at the inferior border of the gland and detached along the gland parenchyma. The nerve is protected by this procedure without the need for identification. ResultsAmong 138 patients who underwent this surgical procedure, only 7 patients developed transient paralysis of the lower lip. ConclusionThis method of resecting the submandibular gland without identifying the marginal mandibular branch is an effective procedure associated with a low incidence of transient paralysis. Moreover, no patient developed paralysis due to procedural errors.

Domestic and International Information Linkages between Gold Spot and Futures Markets: An Empirical Study for India

This article examines information linkages between gold spot market in India and gold futures at India’s Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) and five international platforms [i.e., Commodity Exchange (COMEX), Dubai Gold and Commodity Exchange (DGCX), Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM), Hong Kong Exchange (HKE) and Singapore Mercantile Exchange (SMX)] from August 2008 to March 2015. Cointegration procedure and vector error correction model (VECM), supported by Granger causality, are employed to study price discovery process, and bivariate EGARCH-BEKK model is used to examine volatility spillover process. At domestic level, spot market dominates the futures in information transmission process. Internationally, DGCX leads all other exchanges in price discovery process, while COMEX leads in volatility spillovers. In price discovery, MCX leads only TOCOM till August 2013, while price discovery is absent thereafter. In volatility spillovers, MCX dominates TOCOM and HKE till this period and only HKE afterwards. Thus, information linkages between MCX and international exchanges appear to have been impacted severely since August 2013. The study highlights the need to re-establish price and volatility linkages between Indian and international exchanges, and also provides significant suggestions for policymakers. The study is relevant for investors, researchers and the academia. It contributes to market efficiency and information transmission literature for commodity markets.

Cadaver-Based Trauma Procedural Skills Training: Skills Retention 30 Months after Training among Practicing Surgeons in Comparison to Experts or More Recently Trained Residents

Long-term retention of trauma procedural core-competency skills and need for re-training after a 1-day cadaver-based course remains unknown. We measured and compared technical skills for trauma core competencies at mean 14 months (38 residents), 30 months (35 practicing surgeons), and 46 months (10 experts) after training to determine if skill degradation occurs with time. Technical performance during extremity vascular exposures and lower-extremity fasciotomy in fresh cadavers measured by validated individual procedure score (IPS) was the primary outcome. We performed a prospective study between May 2013 and September2016. Practicing surgeons had lower IPS and IPS component scores (p= 0.02 to 0.001) than residents (p<0.05) and experts (p < 0.002) for vascular procedures. Frequencies of errors were no different among residents and experts. Practicing surgeons made more critical errors (p < 0.05) than experts or residents. Experts had shortest time to proximal vascular control. Fasciotomy procedural errors occurred in all participants. Cluster analysis of anatomy vs procedural steps identified tertiles of performance and wide variance (32.5% practicing surgeons, 26.5% residents vs 13% experts) for vascular procedures. Vascular control duration > 20 minutes (n= 21) and failure to decompress fasciotomy compartments were correlated with incorrect landmarks and skin incisions. Modeling found interval trauma skills experience, not time since training, was associated with lower IPS. Practicing surgeons with low trauma skills experience since training had lower IPS and component scores (p= 0.02 to 0.001) and more errors compared with experts and residents (p < 0.05). Surgeons, including experts with low interval experience performing trauma procedures, may benefit from refreshing of correct landmarks and skin incision placement identification.

Digital Processing of Measurement Information in Radioisotope Devices

The procedural error of a radioisotope measuring device due to the stochastic nature of the useful signal and the nonlinearity of the characteristic of the sensor is analyzed. Formulas for calculating the procedural error in the approximation of a given nonlinearity by a polynomial are presented.

Influence of the Method of Attaching Surface Thermocouples on the Error of Temperature Determination in Testing Ceramic Materials on Radiative Heating Installations

A procedural error of measuring the temperature on the ceramic material surface in testings carried out on radiative heating installations has been estimated. Different methods of attaching contact temperature sensors are investigated. Using mathematical simulation accounting for the thermophysical properties of all materials, good qualitative and quantitative agreement between calculated and experimental values of temperature has been obtained in the temperature sensor–sample system. Recommendations for reducing the error of measuring the frontal surface of samples in carrying out thermal tests on a radiative heating stand are given.

Study on the Admissibility and Probative Power of DNA Evidence Based on Forensic DNA Analysis

Advances in forensic DNA analysis have led to tremendous improvements in identifying and confirming perpetrators and victims. This has added credibility to DNA evidence, resulting in cases where criminals are more likely to be forced to own up to their criminality and culpability. This paper addresses scientific and technical theories the DNA analytical technologies are founded on as well as the suitability of individual analytical procedures. Beyond these issues, it went on to discuss the requirements that need to be met in order for DNA evidence, collected through forensic DNA testing, to be admissible in court in Korea. DNA testing results are presented in court in the form of certified expert testimony. And according to Article 313, “Statement, etc.” of the Criminal Procedure Act, as long as the DNA evidence offered is free from errors in laboratory procedures and concluding interpretations of the person responsible for producing the expert opinion recording, such procedures and outcomes will be admissible as legitimate evidence in court. In other words, the aforementioned expert testimony is nothing short of legislative intent at acknowledging the testimony as admissible in court, thus should not be understood as standards with which the scientific evidence concerned is admissible and tried at court. For this reason, admissibility in court of DNA evidence from DNA forensic analysis should not only be based on whether it meets the requirements as expert testimony, but also whether its theories of reasoning and analyses are founded on acceptable scientific principles. Furthermore, the tools and methods used in DNAprofiling need to be validated, allowing the analyzed result in question to be assessed for admissibility in criminal court. Trends of precedents regarding DNA evidence seem to require that the relevancy of DNA analytical theories, suitability of DNA analytical methods that have implemented these theories, and maintenance of the chain of custody of evidence by applying scientific procedures to the targets concerned, be met for the evidence to be admissible in court. Furthermore, it may be fair to say that within the structure of Korea’s criminal prosecution, the processes involved in determining whether or not DNA evidence is credible may be part of what is needed to assess its probative value. At the moment, theoretical foundations of DNA analysis are deemed reliable with the overall approval of scientific circles, however there are improvements made all the time in standard analytical methodologies and procedures regarding their implementation and analytical techniques. This has created an unbridgeable gap between common knowledge and the outcomes of scientific research activities that legal experts, particularly trial judges, are left with no choice but to be more and more dependent on expert testimony when they assess the credibility of DNA evidence. Still, the more weight DNA analysis carries, the more likely serious errors in laboratory testing occur; thus, there is increased emphasis on how to keep the chain of custody in determining the admissibility of DNA evidence, for example, the qualification of those involved in testing, sample collection and preservation, stability of the testing methods that have been utilized, and conformance to analytical procedures. Therefore, if there is evidence that is crucial in determining guilt in crime, and the continuity of its preservation is closely related to the presence and integrity of the evidence concerned, namely DNA evidence, the defendant should be afforded the opportunity for the credibility of evidence to be tried in court during the entire processes of such evidence being collected, stored and analyzed to: prevent wrongful accusations; to make court proceedings more impartial; and to comply with appropriate procedures. To this end, cross examination of witnesses, disclosure of extensive evidence of the parties involved, and cross examinat

Handover from operating theatre to the intensive care unit: A quality improvement study

BackgroundTransitioning a patient from the operating theatre (OT) to the intensive care unit (ICU) is a dynamic and complex process. Handover of the critically ill postoperative patient can contribute to procedural and communication errors. Standardised protocols are means for structuring and improving handover content. Both have been shown to be effective in reducing information omission and improve communication during this transition period. ObjectivesThe aim of this uncontrolled before and after study was to improve handover processes and communication about the care for critically ill patients transferred from OT to ICU. MethodsThirty-two OT to ICU handovers (16 before and 16 after implementation) were observed. Using a structured tool, we documented who was present, participated in, and initiated handover during ICU admission. Where and when handover was performed, information provided, distractions and interruptions, and handover duration were also recorded. Unstructured field notes and diagrams provided information on staff interaction. Following implementation, semistructured interviews with 27 participants were conducted to understand participants' perceptions of intervention acceptability and to determine factors influencing intervention implementation and spread. FindingsFollowing implementation, a “hands-off” approach was observed with fewer technical tasks completed during handover (43.8% before implementation vs 12.5% after implementation) without an increase in handover time. A single, multidisciplinary handover most often led by the anaesthetist was observed after implementation. Despite these improvements, the use of the physical checklist was not observed in practice, and an situation, background, assessment, recommendation (SBAR) format was not followed. Anaesthetists leading the handover did not view the handover checklist as being beneficial to their practice although some nurses were observed to use the checklist as a prompt for additional information. ConclusionsA single, multidisciplinary handover demonstrated improvement in handover practice despite low uptake of the protocol checklist. Further information is required to inform targeted strategies to improve uptake and sustainability although broader interdisciplinary engagement and commitment may be helpful.