Probability Criterion Research Articles

Design and optimization of nonlinear component of block cipher: Applications to multimedia security

Nowadays, various image encryption schemes based on chaotic systems have been developed, each of them has its own limitations and strength in terms of security and computational speed. The proposed image encryption scheme utilizes 2-D maps without disturbing their mathematical structure, characterized by topological features such as chaotic behavior and fractal properties, namely the Zaslavasky, Bakers, and Henon Maps. This approach utilizes both confusion and diffusion stages to achieve high levels of security against various attacks. The confusion stage utilizes chaotic values to muddle the rows and columns of the image, reducing the correlations between neighboring pixels, while the diffusion step achieves the avalanche effect with 2D Bakers map and Henon map. The proposed image encryption scheme is analyzed thoroughly to evaluate its security and performance. To evaluate the security and computational efficiency of the proposed image encryption method, various analysis such as correlation, contrast, entropy, energy, homogeneity, and performance analyses are conducted. Moreover, the three proposed S-boxes are also tested to evaluate their effectiveness using cryptographic analysis tests such as nonlinearity, strict Avalanche criterion, differential probability, linear probability, and bit independence criterion, which we also utilized in our proposed image encryption scheme.

Interval prediction of vessel trajectory based on lower and upper bound estimation and attention-modified LSTM with bayesian optimization

Uncertainty prediction of vessel trajectory is essential to enhance maritime situational awareness and traffic safety. Traditional approaches for trajectory prediction face challenges in accurately quantifying uncertainties, thereby limiting effectiveness in decision-making. To address this challenge, we propose a hybrid interval prediction frame of vessel trajectory using the lower and upper bound estimation (LUBE) and attention-modified long short-term memory (LSTM) network with bayesian optimization (BO). Firstly, trajectory data is preprocessed to solve the scale irregularity. Then, a novel trajectory interval prediction model for perceiving the prediction uncertainties is designed based on an advanced attention-modified LSTM with interval prediction capability. Meanwhile, a supervised training strategy with differentiating the interval widths of latitude and longitude is put forward to devise sample labels for training the model. Additionally, a new prediction interval-based objective function is proposed considering the target of maximizing coverage and minimizing width of trajectory interval. The BO algorithm optimizes the weighted parameters in the LSTM network by minimizing the objective function value. Finally, cases from two water areas are implemented to test and verify the proposed method. The results illustrate the superiority of the proposed approach in (1) outperforming other methods used for comparison in both coverage probability and width criteria of prediction interval. (2) quantifying the prediction uncertainty and improving the reliability of trajectory predictor. (3) performing anomaly detection tasks using visualized trajectory prediction intervals. The research can help maritime traffic participants obtain more reliable trajectory data, which supports making more reasonable traffic supervision decisions.

Disentangling the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, criminogenic risk, and criminal history among veterans.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is positively associated with involvement in the criminal justice system among veterans. Research that examines whether this association is confounded by risk factors ("criminogenic needs") from the risk-need-responsivity model of correctional rehabilitation can inform risk management with this population. We hypothesized that (a) veterans with probable PTSD would score higher on all criminogenic needs than veterans without PTSD and (b) probable PTSD would be associated with criminal history but not after accounting for criminogenic needs. We conducted secondary analyses of data from 341 veterans (95.3% male; 57.8% White/non-Hispanic/Latinx; Mage = 46.2 years) with a history of criminal justice system involvement who were admitted to mental health residential treatment. At treatment entry, participants completed interviews to assess criminal history, risk-need-responsivity-based criminogenic needs, and PTSD symptom severity. Cross-sectional analyses tested for differences between participants with and without probable PTSD on criminogenic needs and criminal history, and a multiple regression model examined the unique contributions of probable PTSD and criminogenic needs on criminal history. The majority of the sample (74%, n = 251) met probable criteria for PTSD. Compared with veterans without PTSD, those with probable PTSD scored significantly higher on criminogenic needs of antisocial personality patterns, antisocial cognitions, antisocial associates, substance use, and family/marital dysfunction but did not differ on multiple indices of criminal history (Cohen's ds = 0.60-0.86). In the regression model, higher age (β = 0.52, p < .001) and higher scores on measures of antisocial personality patterns (β = 0.19, p = .04) and antisocial cognitions (β = 0.22, p = .02) were significantly associated with higher scores on a criminal history index. The findings suggest that veterans with probable PTSD may score higher on a number of criminogenic needs that are known to be drivers of recidivism. An approach that integrates trauma-informed and risk-need-responsivity principles to address veterans' dynamic criminogenic and clinical needs may be critical to risk management in this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Pattern-moving-based dynamic description for a class of nonlinear systems using the generalized probability density evolution

For a class of complex nonlinear systems governed by statistical laws, a new pattern-moving-based description method using the generalized probability density evolution was proposed. Due to the fact that the states and outputs of such systems typically exhibit a probability distribution rather than deterministic variables, and the outputs obtained by the system under similar operating conditions typically exhibit similar performance, a pattern class variable was constructed to describe such systems and effectively estimate their outputs or states. The mapping relationship between states and pattern class variables was established through the probability density evolution of the system. First, the dynamic description based on pattern moving is constructed by classification metric mapping. Then, the prior probability of the system state was predicted by solving the generalized density evolution equation. Next, the posterior probability was updated recursively according to Bayesian formula. Finally, the maximum a posteriori probability criterion is used to estimate the system state. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm were verified by numerical examples.

Analysis of modern approaches to assessing reliability in construction

Introduction. The study considers modern strategies for ensuring the reliability of building structures in Russian and foreign regulations, including probabilistic, risk-informed and semi-probabilistic criteria of reliability assessment, at all stages of the life cycle of the structure. The advantages and disadvantages of prescriptive and parametric approaches are analyzed and ways of their further improvement are suggested.Aim. To clarify the terminology of parametric regulation in construction, to analyze the existing differences in its interpretation, and to develop an innovative strategy for further development of Russian regulation based on a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign approaches to reliability assessment.Materials and methods. The methodology involved studying the structure of Russian and foreign regulatory documents in the field of reliability and performing their comparative analysis. The study considered the main approaches to technical regulation in the construction industry.Results. The analysis outlined the criteria underlying the fastest introduction of innovations and ensuring the safety of technical solutions. The study demonstrated the difference between the meaning of the term “parametric regulation” in Russian strategy and its foreign interpretation. The regulation standards of the Russian Federation are based mainly on a semi-probabilistic approach and specification of partial reliability factors, i.e. individual parameters of strength and loads, while in the foreign standards, notably in ISO 2394:2016 and Eurocodes, the emphasis is shifted to qualitative and probabilistic criteria for assessing reliability. However, all social, economic and performance criteria should be observed only after all requirements for the reliability and safety of people have been met. Thus, both Russian and foreign approaches to regulation demonstrate no fundamental contradictions. The approaches are gradually moving towards convergence while maintaining continuity in the development of the regulatory framework.Conclusions. The principles of ensuring the reliability of the designed buildings and structures in Russian, international and foreign regulation standards are quite close and are based on the limit state method with a reasonable combination of mandatory and recommended parameters. The main criterion consists in ensuring the safety of human life. Under contemporary conditions, traditional semi-probabilistic approaches to regulation should be accompanied by mechanisms for rapid introduction of innovations and new technologies in construction. In terms of reliability, these mechanisms involve additional probabilistic reliability criteria and risk assessment methods. The reliability criteria will contribute in choosing the optimal design and technological solutions for the construction of unique buildings and structures, higher criticality structures, as well as in assessing existing structures during their life cycle.

Associations of EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 probable sarcopenia definitions with mortality: A comparative study

Sarcopenia is a well-defined geriatric syndrome and a major cause of disability and mortality. We investigate the associations of alternative sarcopenia definitions with mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Sarcopenia was defined based on the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 probable sarcopenia criteria, with standard handgrip strength (HGS) cut-offs of 30/20kg for an EWGSOP1 definition and 27/16kg for an EWGSOP2 definition, or alternatively, population-specific cut-offs of 35/20kg for a EWGSOP2 definition. The 5-year mortality rate was assessed in the accessible cases. The prevalence of sarcopenia among 204 older adults [53.9% female; aged 74.5±7.0] was 4.9% based on the EWGSOP1 criterion, 23.5% according to the EWGSOP2-suggested standard (British) HGS cut-offs and 50.0% based on the EWGSOP2 population-specific cut-offs. In the 103 accessible patients, the mortality rate was 30.1%. Cox-regression analyses adjusted for parameters determined through univariate analyses [age and sarcopenia definitions (in 3 different models)], showed that the EWGSOP1 definition (HR=4.26, 95% CI=1.45-12.42, p=0.008) and EWGSOP2 probable sarcopenia definition with population-specific cut-offs (HR=2.58, 95% CI=1.12-5.93, p=0.03) were associated with a greater mortality risk, while the EWGSOP2 probable sarcopenia definition with standard-cut offs was not (p=0.09). This is the first study to investigate the associations of EWGSOP2-defined probable sarcopenia with mortality based on standard vs. population-specific HGS cut-offs. The results suggest that population-specific cut-offs should be used when available. We suggest that conducted in community-dwelling older adults, our results have implications for most of older adults.

The design of two-sided S 2-chart with estimated in-control process variance based on conditional median run length

ABSTRACT Monitoring both decrease and increase in the process variance has a significant value in effectively implementing any quality improvement program. This paper considers the Phase II two-sided S 2 -chart with estimated in-control (IC) process variance and evaluates its performance under the conditional perspective. The conditional perspective focuses on the conditional (given parameter estimates) IC run length distribution and its associated properties to evaluate chart’s performance with estimated parameters. Thus, it accounts for the practitioner-to-practitioner variability and, hence, provides a comprehensive understanding of the chart’s performance. To guard against unnecessary false alarms, we design the chart using the exceedance probability criterion under the conditional perspective, which ensures the desired IC performance with a high probability. Furthermore, because the median run length (MRL) is a more suitable representative of run length (RL) distribution, we examine the chart’s performance in terms of the median of the conditional RL distribution. We also discuss the biasedness property of the two-sided S 2 -chart, which is an outcome of the skewed nature of the charting statistic. It is shown that the proposed MRL-unbiased chart requires about within 500 Phase I observations to achieve a reasonably good IC and OOC performance.

A Case of Olanzapine-Induced Cutaneous Eruption.

BACKGROUND Different medication classes have been implicated in cutaneous eruptions that may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, the patient may initially present with a cutaneous eruption and hematologic abnormalities which can lead to acute visceral organ involvement if the offending drug is not discontinued. There is also a potential for long-term sequelae such as autoimmune disorders. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old woman with an unknown past medical history and no known drug allergies was admitted to the Behavioral Health Unit, where she was diagnosed with disorganized schizophrenia and started on olanzapine. On day 17 of admission, she developed a diffuse, macular, and erythematous rash on her abdomen, which spread to involve over 50% of her total body surface area. Occipital and posterior auricular lymphadenopathy was present. The patient was treated with prednisone and diphenhydramine. Olanzapine was subsequently discontinued and the patient's rash cleared up. CONCLUSIONS This case report highlights the challenges in diagnosing DRESS syndrome and the potential for antipsychotics to cause DRESS syndrome. DRESS syndrome is a clinical diagnosis augmented by laboratory tests with a wide range of patient presentations. Although there are probability criteria to assist with diagnosis, not all patients will fall exactly into these criteria, which can lead to missed diagnoses and poor patient outcomes. A challenge with DRESS syndrome diagnosis is the latency period between drug initiation and cutaneous eruption. Thus, in differential diagnoses for skin eruptions, temporal associations (minutes, days, weeks) with medications are crucial.

Identifikasi Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Menggunakan Metode Hazop Dan Bowtie Pada PT Alis Jaya Ciptatama

The purpose of this study is to find out what are the most dominant work accidents, what are the impacts that occur from work accidents, as well as appropriate risk control adventures for work accidents due to 13 work accidents in 2021 to 2023 which cause a loss of 33 working hours day at PT Alis Jaya Ciptatama. The method used is the Hazard And Operability Study (HAZOP) method and Bowtie analysis to identify potential occupational safety and health hazards by limiting the probability criteria in quantitative and consequence calculations and analyzing the risk path from cause to consequence using a bowtie diagram. The results obtained are that the highest activity is in activity code 3b with an LI value of 38.3, then in the smallest activity code 2a with an LI value of 10. The risks that occur fall into the high, medium, and low severity categories, so the warning given What is given is to install machine guards and ensure the operator has qualified machine usage skills.

Assessment of ship position probability in the geometrical figure of position lines errors

Accurate and reliable determination of the ship position coordinates is one of the most important tasks for ensuring the safety of navigation at sea. A significant condition that contributes to the effective solution of this task is the use of redundancy in measurements of navigation parameters. The implementation of this redundancy allows the navigator or automatic navigation aid to control the trueness of measurements; eliminate gross and systematic errors; reduce the effect of random errors; apply various methods of analysis and algorithms for processing information in order to obtain the most accurate and reliable ship position. Adequate redundancy of navigation measurements makes it possible to obtain asymptotically unbiased estimates of coordinates, as well as to solve other navigation tasks based on redundant data. The results of a study on the probability of finding the true coordinates of the ship’s position in a geometric figure formed by random measurement errors are presented. It has been shown in the study that a single redundancy of measurements is not enough to achieve the required level of probability. Elements of classical combinatorics based on the Bernoulli scheme and including Newton’s binomial and Pascal’s triangle as tools are used as a mathematical apparatus for the study. These tools allow us to effectively analyze combinations of mathematical signs, such as plus and minus, of random measurement errors, reducing them into binary sequences, which are described by binomial coefficients. It has been argued in the paper that the low level of probability of finding the true values of the coordinates in the geometrical figure of measurement errors is a strong signal that any method of averaging the measurement results can lead to asymptotically biased estimates of the ship position coordinates. This is analogous to the influence of systematic errors on the coordinates within a certain time interval. From the point of view of navigational safety, a low probability can be qualified as a near-miss situation, which can lead to incorrect control of the ship position. The probabilistic criteria for the necessary redundancy of measurements to approach asymptotically unbiased estimates of ship position are presented in the paper.

Utility of the "BATS" Score in Predicting Choledocholithiasis in Patients With Gall Bladder Stones.

Background and aim The role of expensive, risky, and unnecessaryendoscopic interventions can be avoided by the use of non-invasive tests to predict common bile duct (CBD) stones. Therefore, our aim was to identify non-invasive predictors of choledocholithiasis (CL) in patients and further to predict a model and assess its diagnostic accuracy in predicting CL. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out from June 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021. Patients having gall bladder stones on percutaneous transabdominal sonography and fulfilling intermediate probability criteria of CL were enrolled. These patients then underwent radial endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for detecting CBD stones. Univariate logistic regression analysis, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis, was performed to ascertain the independent predictors of CBD stone in patients with intermediate probability. A model was proposed, and the diagnostic accuracy was calculated at an optimal cutoff. The model was then internally validated in the patients with intermediate probability and was also compared with the pre-existing score. Results Out of 131 patients included in the study, CBD stone was noted in 85 (66%) and 88 (67.2%) patients on EUS and ERCP, respectively. On multivariate analysis, high serum bilirubin (>2 mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (200 IU) and dilated CBD (>6 mm) on transabdominal sonography at baseline were significant predictors of CBD stone in these patients. Using these variables, a scoring system (BATS score) was developed, which had an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.98 in predicting the presence of CBD stone with a sensitivity of 93.18%, a specificity of 76.74%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 87.79%. In the validation cohort, a BATS score of ≥5 had a diagnostic accuracy of 95.91% in predicting CL. Conclusion TheBATS scoreshowed excellent sensitivity and good diagnostic accuracy in predicting the CBD stonewith excellent results on internal validation. However, external validation of our results is required to recommend this model on a larger scale.

Deterministic approach on microstructurally small crack definition based on a crystalline plasticity finite element method incorporating strain localization

AbstractThe transition point of the crack length to a microstructurally small crack is necessary for predicting crack extension behavior. The conventional criterion is the crack length smaller than the grain size and is a probabilistic criterion. This criterion does not consider the metal's crystallite plasticity property discrepancy (CPPD). However, CPPD determines crack extension behavior for recently developed advanced materials with complex microstructures. Therefore, the authors propose a deterministic judgment method for microstructurally small cracks considering crystallite plasticity based on a physics‐based crystal plasticity finite element model with strain localization. The proposed method is based on the difference value of the crack tip opening displacement varying with the ratio between the crack length and grain size with the change in the grain orientation ahead of the crack tip. A case study for copper is performed, and the results show that the novel method can be applied to define the microstructurally small crack.

Comparative Study for Risk Criteria of Al-Qudus Plant between the Present and Planning of MOE

The main function of a power system is to supply the customer load demands as economically as possible. Risk criterion is the probability of not meeting the load. This paper presents a methodology to assess probabilistic risk criteria of Al-Qudus plant before and after expansion; as this plant consists of ten generating units presently and the Ministry Of Electricity (MOE) is intending to compact four units to it in order to improve the performance of Iraqi power system especially at Baghdad region. The assessment is calculated by a program using Matlab programming language; version 7.6. Results show that the planned risk is (0.003095) that is (35 times) less than that in the present plant risk; (0.1091); which represents respectable improvement. This probabilistic method can also be used to find the planned risk level of every plant to be compact in the Iraqi electrical network on the future; or any other power systems; and compare it with the present criterion which is very useful to determine the necessary generation capacity expansion.

A probabilistic reliable linguistic PROBID method for selecting electronic mental health platforms considering users’ bounded rationality

Reports of deteriorating mental health among citizens constitute an urgent global health alert. Electronic mental health (EMH) platforms are a great resource for mitigating mental health disorders. Extant literature on EMH has determined the attributes and indicators that reflect the feasibility, acceptability and safety of EMH platforms. However, these evaluation indicators are complex and usually conflict each other in the decision-making process. Moreover, the evaluation indicators are qualitative in nature and may be characterized by fuzziness and imprecision. Therefore, selecting an EMH platform becomes a complex cognitive process. Given the ubiquity of EMH platforms and the absence of a comprehensive decision-making model, we present a novel probabilistic reliable linguistic multi-attribute decision making (PRLMADM) model. With this model, we employ the probabilistic reliable linguistic term sets (PRLTSs) to solve decision makers’ (DMs) uncertainty and reliability of evaluation information. We construct a novel Pearson correlation measure for PRLTSs and extend it to design a weighting method known as probabilistic reliable linguistic CRiteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (PRL-CRITIC). Employing the TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese for Interactive Multicriteria Decision Making) and the PROBID (Preference Ranking on the Basis of Ideal-average Distance) techniques, we propose the probabilistic reliable linguistic (PRL) TODIM-based PROBID ranking approach, which considers the DMs’ bounded rationality. Finally, we present an illustrative example of EMH platform selection to prove the applicability of the proposed model. We demonstrate the benefits of our probabilistic reliable linguistic TODIM-based PROBID model through a series of comparisons and sensitivity analyses.

Reliability prediction of high‐cycle fatigue behavior of parts treated by laser shock peening

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to develop a global approach to predict the reliability of the high‐cycle fatigue behavior of mechanical components treated by laser shock peening (LSP). Most works that exist in the literature have introduced experimental and numerical studies. The originality of our investigation is to predict and validate the reliability of high‐cycle fatigue of the workpieces treated by LSP treatment by using the modified Crossland criterion. Based on previous works made by our team that shows the finite element simulation of the LSP process, this approach will be based on the integration of probabilistic fatigue criteria adapted to the superficially treated parts using ABAQUS software. After the validation of this approach, it will allow design engineers to optimize the operating conditions of the LSP process.

A New Switching System Protocol for Synchronization in Probability of RDNNs With Stochastic Sampling

The synchronization in probability of reaction-diffusion neural networks (RDNNs) with stochastic sampling is studied in this article. By introducing a stochastic switching parameter, a new switching system protocol is proposed for stochastic sampling control systems. The switching system protocol effectively improves the existing methods. By the protocol, the stochastic switching sampled-data controller is designed, and the considered system is transformed into a switching system. Different from the existing sampled-data controllers with determined control gains, the stochastic switching sampled-data controller is with switching gains, which is more elastic. Then, by constructing a new stochastic switching Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF), using the law of large numbers and the Lagrange mean value theorem, new synchronization in probability criteria are established for RDNNs. In the mean time, the wanted stochastic switching sampled-data controller gains are obtained. Moreover, the synchronization in probability issue is also studied for NNs with stochastic sampling. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed results are verified by two numerical examples.

Differentially Private Condorcet Voting

Designing private voting rules is an important and pressing problem for trustworthy democracy. In this paper, under the framework of differential privacy, we propose a novel famliy of randomized voting rules based on the well-known Condorcet method, and focus on three classes of voting rules in this family: Laplacian Condorcet method (CMLAP), exponential Condorcet method (CMEXP), and randomized response Condorcet method (CMRR), where λ represents the level of noise. We prove that all of our rules satisfy absolute monotonicity, lexi-participation, probabilistic Pareto efficiency, approximate probabilistic Condorcet criterion, and approximate SD-strategyproofness. In addition, CMRR satisfies (non-approximate) probabilistic Condorcet criterion, while CMLAP and CMEXP satisfy strong lexi-participation. Finally, we regard differential privacy as a voting axiom, and discuss its relations to other axioms.

Nodding syndrome, a case-control study in Mahenge, Tanzania: Onchocerca volvulus and not Mansonella perstans as a risk factor.

Nodding syndrome (NS) has been consistently associated with onchocerciasis. Nevertheless, a positive association between NS and a Mansonella perstans infection was found in South Sudan. We aimed to determine whether the latter parasite could be a risk factor for NS in Mahenge. Cases of epilepsy were identified in villages affected by NS in Mahenge, Tanzania, and matched with controls without epilepsy of the same sex, age and village. We examined blood films of cases and controls to identify M. perstans infections. The participants were also asked for sociodemographic and epilepsy information, examined for palpable onchocercal nodules and onchocerciasis-related skin lesions and tested for anti-Onchocerca volvulus antibodies (Ov16 IgG4) by ELISA. Clinical characteristics of cases and controls, O. volvulus exposure status and relevant sociodemographic variables were assessed by a conditional logistic regression model for NS and epilepsy status matched for age, sex and village. A total of 113 epilepsy cases and 132 controls were enrolled, of which, respectively, 56 (49.6%) and 64 (48.5%) were men. The median age in cases and controls was 28.0 (IQR: 22.0-35.0) and 27.0 (IQR: 21.0-33.3) years. Of the persons with epilepsy, 43 (38.1%) met the probable NS criteria and 106 (93.8%) had onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE). M. perstans infection was absent in all participants, while Ov16 seroprevalence was positively associated with probable NS (odds ratio (OR): 5.05, 95%CI: 1.79-14.27) and overall epilepsy (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1-07-3.86). Moreover, onchocerciasis-related skin manifestations were only found in the cases (n = 7, p = 0.0040), including persons with probable NS (n = 4, p = 0.0033). Residing longer in the village and having a family history of seizures were positively correlated with Ov16 status and made persons at higher odds for epilepsy, including probable NS. In contrast to O. volvulus, M. perstans is most likely not endemic to Mahenge and, therefore, cannot be a co-factor for NS in the area. Hence, this filaria is unlikely to be the primary and sole causal factor in the development of NS. The main risk factor for NS remains onchocerciasis.

Evaluation ofMinistry ofHealth, Labour andWelfare diagnostic criteria forantineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis compared to ACR/EULAR 2022 classification criteria.

This study aimed to evaluate the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) diagnostic criteria for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis compared to the new American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology 2022 criteria. Two nationwide cohort studies were used, and participants were categorised as having eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) according to the American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology 2022 and MHLW criteria. Of the entire patient population, only 10 (2.1%) were unclassifiable according to the MHLW probable criteria, while a significant number of patients (71.3%) met at least two criteria. The MHLW probable criteria for MPA had some challenges in differentiating between MPA and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and the same was true for MHLW probable criteria for GPA in differentiating MPA from GPA. Nevertheless, improved classification results were obtained when the MHLW probable criteria were applied in the order of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, MPA, and GPA. The application of MHLW criteria could categorise a substantial number of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis into one of the three antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis diseases. The classification was in accordance with the American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology 2022 criteria when considering the order of application.

Comparison of Boston Criteria v2.0/v1.5 for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy to Predict Recurrent Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) has a high recurrence risk. The Boston criteria, while not designed to predict recurrence, are commonly used for in vivo diagnosis of CAA and have recently been revised to the version 2.0 (v2.0), introducing nonhemorrhagic white matter features. We investigated whether the new v2.0 criteria change ICH recurrence risk in patients with probable CAA. We assessed ICH recurrence risk in consecutive patients with ICH and available brain magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with macrovascular or structural causes were excluded. Recurrent ICH was determined using electronic health records and confirmed by neuroimaging. We compared ICH recurrence risk for Boston criteria v2.0 versus v1.5 for probable CAA using survival analysis. Fifty-nine of 443 patients (13.3%) had recurrent ICH over a median follow-up of 5.7 years (2682 patient-years). Thirty-seven out of one hundred two patients (36.3%) with probable CAA according to the Boston criteria v2.0 had recurrent ICH compared with 36/82 patients (43.9%) according to the v1.5 criteria. Patients with probable CAA according to the Boston v1.5 criteria had a higher ICH recurrence rate (10.9 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 7.8-15.1]) compared with those diagnosed by the v2.0 criteria (8.5 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 6.1-11.7]). The 20 patients defined as probable CAA only by the v2.0 criteria had a very low recurrence rate (0.9 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 0.1-6.7]), lower than those diagnosed using the v1.5 criteria (P<0.001). Our findings suggest a wide spectrum of ICH recurrence risk in patients with probable CAA. Patients with ICH diagnosed with CAA based only on the nonhemorrhagic white matter markers introduced in the Boston v2.0 criteria had a much lower risk of recurrence than those diagnosed with the previous Boston criteria v1.5, comparable to that of patients with ICH not fulfilling any probable CAA criteria.