Error Correction Ability Research Articles

LDPC code-dependent quantization for the NAND flash channel

With the improvement of scaling technologies and the evolution of storage strategies, the storage density of NAND flash memory is gradually growing. However, the increase in storage density increases error probability, which reduces the lifespan of NAND flash memory. Error correction coding technology is a powerful tool for ensuring data reliability in NAND flash memory, but how to maximize the error correction ability through quantization in the reading process is an important problem that must be addressed. In view of the shortcomings of the maximum mutual information (MMI) quantization, this study proposes to utilize the density evolution (DE) algorithm to perform quantization on the basis of the features of low-density parity-check codes. To meet the conditions of the DE algorithm, this research also proposes to implement a bit flipper in the NAND controller for symmetrizing the asymmetric input distribution of the decoder. Then, the constant ratio method is chosen to further reduce the complexity of searching for the best read-voltage thresholds. Through numerical simulation and verification, the proposed algorithm is proven to provide better decoding performance than the MMI quantization and significantly improve the lifetime of the NAND flash memory.

Error-Correction Coding Using Polynomial Residue Number System

There has been a tendency to use the theory of finite Galois fields, or GF(2n), in cryptographic ciphers (AES, Kuznyechik) and digital signal processing (DSP) systems. It is advisable to use modular codes of the polynomial residue number system (PRNS). Modular codes of PRNS are arithmetic codes in which addition, subtraction and multiplication operations are performed in parallel on the bases of the code, which are irreducible polynomials. In this case, the operands are small-bit residues. However, the independence of calculations on the bases of the code and the lack of data exchange between the residues can serve as the basis for constructing codes of PRNS capable of detecting and correcting errors that occur during calculations. The article will consider the principles of constructing redundant codes of the polynomial residue number system. The results of the study of codes of PRNS with minimal redundancy are presented. It is shown that these codes are only able to detect an error in the code combination of PRNS. It is proposed to use two control bases, the use of which allows us to correct an error in any residue of the code combination, in order to increase the error-correction abilities of the code of the polynomial residue number system. Therefore, the development of an algorithm for detecting and correcting errors in the code of the polynomial residue number system, which allows for performing this procedure based on modular operations that are effectively implemented in codes of PRNS, is an urgent task.

Implementation of COFDM Reed Solomon using TMS320C6713

This sheet research presents the implementation of Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) communication system encoded using Reed Solomon (RS) Coding implemented on TMS320C6713 platform. The collaboration of MATLAB integrated development environment (IDE) and Code Composer Studio (CCS) are adopted. The real time implementation is one of the most difficult issues of OFDM implementation. The problem of real time implementation is the memory consumption and the processing time. The other problem is Synchronization of OFDM receiver. Time and frequency synchronization to distinguish the begin of the OFDM symbol. The capability of RS for encoding the error correction ability makes it the most used error correction codes algorithm, so we use it with OFDM systems to combining them make the system has excellent performance potentiality in multipath and fading channels. The bit error rate and the number of error bits are calculated during each test on the system.

Analysis of Psychological Shaping Function of Music Education under the Background of Artificial Intelligence.

In order to solve the problem of integrating intelligent technology into music teaching, this paper puts forward the methods of using intelligent technology to optimize the music teaching system; to enhance the effectiveness of music psychological guidance, music intelligent creation, the development of Yi Guzheng platform, the integration of online sparring technology, and the rational use of Mu class platform, and to ensure the construction of loop curriculum system with “intelligent piano.” RBF algorithm has strong data processing ability, which can ensure the operation quality of music score, music score and performance learning modules, and effectively strengthen the training effect of music psychological function. The artificial intelligence platform is more progressive in evaluation. It can use emotion to evaluate courses, grasp the course direction in advance, ensure the construction quality of psychological function, and improve the effect of music teaching; take 100 people as the basis of students, and measure the time proportion of students' music learning in the intelligent system. cjσj refers to the learning situation of music courses within the learning time X of students with excellent psychological quality of music. This result is parallel. Y represents the best score of music output by each algorithm. 2024 music intelligent platforms have collected various course resources with difficulty coefficients of 1 to 5, and the course resources of pictures and videos are sufficient. It can provide students with comprehensive music psychological education and give full play to the teaching advantages of intelligent technology. It can be seen from the data: the operation of music score, music score and performance module viewed in March 2021, with high transportation times and resource download times, indicating that the operation is in good condition; The error correction accuracy of the system is greater than 99%, indicating that the system has strong error correction ability.

Online SoC Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a New Sigma Points Kalman Filter

The accurate state of charge (SoC) online estimation for lithium-ion batteries is a primary concern for predicting the remaining range in electric vehicles. The Sigma points Kalman Filter is an emerging SoC filtering technology. Firstly, the charge and discharge tests of the battery were carried out using the interval static method to obtain the accurate calibration of the SoC-OCV (open circuit voltage) relationship curve. Secondly, the recursive least squares method (RLS) was combined with the dynamic stress test (DST) to identify the parameters of the second-order equivalent circuit model (ECM) and establish a non-linear state-space model of the lithium-ion battery. Thirdly, based on proportional correction sampling and symmetric sampling Sigma points, an SoC estimation method combining unscented transformation and Stirling interpolation center difference was designed. Finally, a semi-physical simulation platform was built. The Federal Urban Driving Schedule and US06 Highway Driving Schedule operating conditions were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method in the presence of initial SoC errors and compare with the EKF (extended Kalman filter), UKF (unscented Kalman filter) and CDKF (central difference Kalman filter) algorithms. The results showed that the new algorithm could ensure an SoC error within 2% under the two working conditions and quickly converge to the reference value when the initial SoC value was inaccurate, effectively improving the initial error correction ability.

Low-overhead fault-tolerant error correction scheme based on quantum stabilizer codes

Fault-tolerant error-correction (FTEC) circuit is the foundation for achieving reliable quantum computation and remote communication. However, designing a fault-tolerant error correction scheme with a solid error-correction ability and low overhead remains a significant challenge. In this paper, a low-overhead fault-tolerant error correction scheme is proposed for quantum communication systems. Firstly, syndrome ancillas are prepared into Bell states to detect errors caused by channel noise. We propose a detection approach that reduces the propagation path of quantum gate fault and reduces the circuit depth by splitting the stabilizer generator into X-type and Z-type. Additionally, a syndrome extraction circuit is equipped with two flag qubits to detect quantum gate faults, which may also introduce errors into the code block during the error detection process. Finally, analytical results are provided to demonstrate the fault-tolerant performance of the proposed FTEC scheme with the lower overhead of the ancillary qubits and circuit depth.

Portable neuroimaging and biped multi-task battery to study the effects of non-invasive cerebellar stimulation: a case series on hemiplegic patients with and without basal ganglia lesion

Abstract Introduction: The cerebello-thalamo-cortical(CTC) pathway plays a crucial role in postural control and balance. CTC pathway can be facilitated with cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation(ctDCS) while cortical responses can be measured with portable neuroimaging[1] that was investigated on stroke survivors with and without basal ganglia infarction. Methods: Twelve stroke survivors participated in a single-blind randomized-order crossover study on bipolar ctDCS targeting bilateral dentate nuclei and motor region of cerebellum(details in [1]). Current study investigated two subjects with basal ganglia(BG) lesions based on ctDCS effects on their performance during multi-task battery of overground/treadmill walking, standing weight-shifting(virtual reality-based balance training(VBaT)[2]) as-well-as brain activation at prefrontal cortex(PFC) and sensorimotor cortex(SMC) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS) and electroencephalogram(EEG). Results: VBaT system identified directional weight-shifting dysfunction(measured by irregularity/sway in center of pressure trajectory) and dynamic variability(measured by coefficient of variation of step time and stride time characterizing walking). The ctDCS intervention did not affect performance in BG-lesion cases(when compared to others[1]). BG-lesioned cases did not fit general linear model well that putatively associated lobular electric field strength with changes in fNIRS-EEG measures at ipsilesional and contra-lesional PFC and SMC[1]. Furthermore, post-ctDCS cerebrovascular reactivity to ctDCS[3] was not significant in BG-lesioned cases while they were significantly(p<0.05) different between the hemispheres in other subjects. Conclusion: Deterioration in biped multi-task performance is postulated to be related to reduced error-correction ability because of BG infarction. Here, cerebrovascular reactivity to ctDCS[3] is postulated to identify responders where BG infarction may affected cerebello-cortical pathway[4] that needs investigation in a larger cohort.

A Study on the Perception Patterns and Error Correction Ability of College Students on Subject in the Wrong Sentence Correction Task - With the Focus of Ellipsis of Subjects and Sentence Component Correspondence -

본 연구는 대학생들의 주어에 대한 인식 및 주어 사용 양상을 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 대학교 신입생 41명을 대상으로 틀린 문장 고치기 과제를 부과하고 답안을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 주어 생략 오류를인식하는 능력이 주술 호응 오류 인식 능력보다 우수한 데 반해, 오류 수정 성공률은 주술 호응 오류 관련 문항이 주어 생략 문항보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 오류를 직관적으로는 인지하지만 오류를 바로잡는 능력에는 한계가 있음을 보여주는 것으로, 대학생을 대상으로 한 오류문 수정 능력 배양을 위한 문장 교육의필요성을 입증한다. 향후 주어 이외의 다양한 문장 성분들로 연구 대상이 확대되어 나간다면 바른 문장 쓰기 교육을 위한 연구의 토대가 완성되리라 본다.

A Hierarchical Error Correction Strategy for Text DNA Storage.

DNA storage has been a thriving interdisciplinary research area because of its high density, low maintenance cost, and long durability for information storage. However, the complexity of errors in DNA sequences including substitutions, insertions and deletions hinders its application for massive data storage. Motivated by the divide-and-conquer algorithm, we propose a hierarchical error correction strategy for text DNA storage. The basic idea is to design robust codes for common characters which have one-base error correction ability including insertion and/or deletion. The errors are gradually corrected by the codes in DNA reads, multiple alignment of character lines, and finally word spelling. On one hand, the proposed encoding method provides a systematic way to design storage friendly codes, such as 50% GC content, no more than 2-base homopolymers, and robustness against secondary structures. On the other hand, the proposed error correction method not only corrects single insertion or deletion, but also deals with multiple insertions or deletions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can correct more than 98% errors when error rate is less than or equal to 0.05. Thus, it is more powerful and adaptable to the complicated DNA storage applications.

THE MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY UNDER THAILAND’S ENERGY LAW: ENRICHING THE SEM-BASED ON THE ARIMAXI MODEL

The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship of causal factors and the error correction ability of these factors, including economic growth, government policy, and environmental growth, under the energy law of Thailand. This research proposes a novel structural equation model called the “Structural Equation Model based on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Observed Variables (SEM-based on the ARIMAXi model)”. The validity of this proposed model is confirmed upon testing the goodness of fit and white noise property. Upon analysis, this research reveals that the SEM-based on the ARIMAXi (1,1,1) model is composed of causal factors, where economic growth was found to be related to environmental growth with an influential impact rate of 0.76 per cent at a confidence interval of 99 per cent. The relationship between economic growth and government policy was also detected to have a 0.51 per cent impact at a confidence interval of 99 per cent. Furthermore, this research identifies government policy as being related to environmental growth with an impact of 0.19 per cent at a confidence interval of 99 per cent. In addition, this research indicates that economic growth is the strongest factor with an error correction ability of -0.74, followed by government policy and environmental growth factors with an error correction ability of -0.45 and -0.06, respectively. With the weakest error correction ability in environmental growth, this suggests that the government must intervene in taking action to preserve the environment.Keywords: Structural Equation Model, greenhouse gases, carrying capacity, energy consumption, Error Correction Mechanism, causal factors.JEL Classifications: P28, Q42, Q43, Q47, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9995

Performance analysis of polar codes for one-coincidence-coded OCDM networks

A polar code over One-Coincidence-coded optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) network is proposed, which is suitable for the multi-access optical fiber network. The excellent error correction ability of Polar code was applied to build a low error rate performance of network system. The proposed architecture not only supports lots of users by OCDM technology with spectral amplitude coding scheme to eliminate multiple-access interference, but also support that burst traffic at the same time of data transmitting by few users. The commutation channels will divide into two opposing channel quality, information channel and frozen channel by channel polarization of polar code. The buffer channel is created to support burst user, and it is build-in in information channel. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture can improve the system performance, compared with uncoded network. The proposed algorithm has better bit error rate performance.

Implementation of Efficient Stopping Criteria for Turbo Decoding

The cellular systems with 4th generation, Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard have been transmitted the data at higher rates than the 3G, and 2G systems, in an ever-crowded frequency spectrum. This transmission needs more accuracy, high reliability, and throughput with a low area and power consumption. Therefore, it requires an efficient error control coding. Turbo code is used for LTE system for its good error correction ability at low signal to noise power ratio which can approach Shannon limit performance for large frame lengths. This paper presents a simple and efficient modification that can be applied to all present stopping criterion (SC) to achieve the quality of service mentioned previously. It’s proved that using a trimmed sequence of log-likelihood values (LLR) instead of the full length in the algorithms of stopping the iterative decoding has a significant impact on the utilized silicon area and throughput without a significant sacrifice in performance. It also presents a comparison of designing the Soft-Output Viterbi (SOVA) decoder using different arbitrary-precision fixed data types that offers by Vivado high-level synthesis (HLS) instead of the costlier float representation to reduce processing time and consumed area. Due to its high flexibility in designing and implementing prototype systems, the FPGA device (Kintex-7, Xilinx part number XC7K325T-2FFG900C) was utilized with different parallelism and loop pipelining directives to ensure acquiring the targeted initiation interval and silicon area.

Joint Image Encryption and Screen-Cam Robust Two Watermarking Scheme.

This paper proposes a joint encryption and screen-cam robust watermarking scheme. This method combines the advantages of smartphone, encryption and watermarking technologies, thereby achieving watermark extraction with a smartphone, partial decryption and tracking leakage from sneak shots. We design a dual watermarking algorithm to achieve watermark detection from both encrypted and decrypted images. First, a watermark is embedded in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain to enable leakage tracking. Then, a second watermark is generated based on QR (Quick response) code encoding and inverse DFT to achieve high watermark capacity and error correction ability, where the secret key for decryption is included in the watermark message. By hiding this message carrying the watermark for the encrypted image in the changes caused by embedding the first watermark, we can improve imperceptibility and will not affect the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, to enhance the robustness of watermark after encryption, a chaotic mapping-based segment encryption algorithm is proposed. In the process of watermark detection, to cope with perspective correction, a frame locating based algorithm is employed to achieve watermark synchronization from a recaptured picture of the encrypted image. Considering the severe quality degradation, we use a noise component and local statistic feature-based method to extract the message bits. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is secure, and highly robust, to screen-cam the process for both before and after decryption. Additionally, after decryption, the proposed scheme also has high robustness against common image processing attacks.

Feasibility of Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Facilitate Goal-Directed Weight Shifting in Chronic Post-Stroke Hemiplegics.

Neurological disorder such as stroke can adversely affect one's weight-bearing symmetry leading to dysfunctional postural control. Recovery after stroke is facilitated through functionally-relevant neuroplastic modulation. Functionally-relevant cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements. Specifically, the dentate nuclei and lower limb representations (lobules VII-IX) of the cerebellum are involved in error-correction, crucial for postural control. It is postulated that cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) of the dentate nuclei and lobules VII-IX can modulate postural control in chronic stroke survivors. The objectives of this work were to (1) present a refined Virtual Reality (VR)-based balance training platform (VBaT) that can measure Center of Pressure (CoP) and (2) carry out a study to understand the implication of ctDCS stimulating the dentate nuclei (PhaseD) and lobules VII-IX (PhaseL) on the postural control of chronic stroke patients when they interacted with VBaT. Also, we investigated whether hemiplegic patients (with intact cerebellum) having Basal Ganglia (BG) infarction had any differential abilities to correct postural sway from those with no BG infarction (while shifting weight to the Affected side). Results of a single-session single-blind crossover study on randomized PhaseD and PhaseL stimulation (with an intermediate resting state bipolar bilateral ctDCS) on 12 chronic hemiplegic patients on separate days indicated differentiated findings (post stimulation) on CoP-related indices. We observed an incremental effect on one's postural control during PhaseD and inhibitory effect on the dentate nuclei during PhaseL. Clustering analysis showed that those with BG infarction demonstrated poor postural control and deficit in error correction ability irrespective of the ctDCS Phase.

A Sensitive-Information Hiding Treatment in Quick-Response Codes Based on Error-Correcting Framework

Quick Responding codes, namely QR codes, are widely used in various communication applications and electronic transactions such as electronic payments and information integrations, since they provide excellent characteristics such as large data capacity, widely coding domain, and stronger error correction ability etc. However, as the QR code is transmitted on public channel and can be scanned by any QR reader, one can obtain the data from the encoded QR code. Simultaneously, the encoding and decoding algorithms are public, the sensitive data such as paying account and password will be revealed to the QR reader, which might incubate the risk of privacy leakage. For solving this problem, this paper proposes a novel approach to protect the private data in QR code. In our method, the secret information is embedded in the random position of a QR code matrix by utilizing an error-correcting mechanism, and only authorized user in possession of required keys will be able to retrieve and recover this secret data embedded and hidden in the QR code. The user without the secret key can only decode public information from the QR code. Although our hiding scheme will decrease the rate of error-correctness of QR decoding, we indicate that the analysis shows that scheme is effect om practical applications. Compared with related schemes, the proposed scheme provides higher security that is less likely to attract the attention of potential attackers.

Model-Driven DNN Decoder for Turbo Codes: Design, Simulation, and Experimental Results

This paper presents a novel model-driven deep learning (DL) architecture, called TurboNet, for turbo decoding that integrates DL into the traditional max-log-maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm. The TurboNet inherits the superiority of the max-log-MAP algorithm and DL tools and thus presents excellent error-correction capability with low training cost. To design the TurboNet, the original iterative structure is unfolded as deep neural network (DNN) decoding units, where trainable weights are introduced to the max-log-MAP algorithm and optimized through supervised learning. To efficiently train the TurboNet, a loss function is carefully designed to prevent tricky gradient vanishing issue. To further reduce the computational complexity and training cost of the TurboNet, we can prune it into TurboNet+. Compared with the existing black-box DL approaches, the TurboNet+ has considerable advantage in computational complexity and is conducive to significantly reducing the decoding overhead. Furthermore, we also present a simple training strategy to address the overfitting issue, which enable efficient training of the proposed TurboNet+. Simulation results demonstrate TurboNet+'s superiority in error-correction ability, signal-to-noise ratio generalization, and computational overhead. In addition, an experimental system is established for an over-the-air (OTA) test with the help of a 5G rapid prototyping system and demonstrates TurboNet's strong learning ability and great robustness to various scenarios.

Sequence-Subset Distance and Coding for Error Control in DNA-Based Data Storage

The process of DNA-based data storage (DNA storage for short) can be mathematically modelled as a communication channel, termed DNA storage channel, whose inputs and outputs are sets of unordered sequences. To design error correcting codes for DNA storage channel, a new metric, termed the sequence-subset distance , is introduced, which generalizes the Hamming distance to a distance function defined between any two sets of unordered vectors and helps to establish a uniform framework to design error correcting codes for DNA storage channel. We further introduce a family of error correcting codes, referred to as sequence-subset codes , for DNA storage and show that the error-correcting ability of such codes is completely determined by their minimum distance. We derive some upper bounds on the size of the sequence-subset codes including a tight bound for a special case, a Singleton-like bound and a Plotkin-like bound. We also propose some constructions, including an optimal construction for that special case, which imply lower bounds on the size of such codes.

Age-related differences in correction behavior for unintended acceleration.

Although unintended acceleration caused by pedal misapplication is a cause of traffic accidents, fatal accidents may be avoided if drivers realize their error immediately and quickly correct how they are stepping on the pedal. This correction behavior may decline with age because the rate of fatal accidents is fairly higher for older adults than for younger adults. To investigate this possibility, the present study recruited older adults (n = 40, age range = 67-81 years) as well as younger adults (n = 40, age range = 18-32 years). In this study, they performed a pedal stepping task during which they were required to stop the simulated vehicle as quickly as possible when a red signal was presented on a monitor. During most trials, the vehicle decelerated/stopped when the brake pedal was applied in a normal manner. In a few trials, however, stepping on the brake pedal resulted in sudden acceleration of the vehicle (i.e., the occurrence of the unintended acceleration); when this occurred, the participants had to release the pedal and re-step on another pedal to decelerate/stop the vehicle as quickly as possible. We focused on the age-related differences of the reaction latencies during three time periods: from the appearance of the red signal on the screen until stepping on the pedal (Period 1), from stepping on the pedal until the release of the pedal (Period 2), and from the release of the pedal until re-stepping of another pedal (Period 3). The results showed that there was no age-related difference in the latency of Period 1, p = .771, whereas those of Periods 2 and 3 were longer for the older adults (ps < .001). The results suggest that there are age-related differences in error detection and correction abilities under unintended situations with foot pedal manipulation.

High capacity partial reversible data hiding by hamming code

A high capacity partial reversible data hiding (PRDH) is introduced in this paper. First of all, an original image is converted to a cover image by the proposed image transformation algorithm. The image transformation algorithm adopts (7,4) Hamming code and minimal pairwise square error to ensure that the generated cover image is an almost distortion-free original image. The secret bits are embedded into the cover image by flipping and modifying the cover bits with respect to the syndrome generated by Hamming code. When the secret bits are extracted from the stego image, it can be transformed back to a cover image by the error-correcting ability provided by Hamming code. And this is the so-called partial reversible property. The visual performance and embedding capacity of the proposed method are theoretical analyzed. According to the experimental and theoretical results, high embedding capacity with acceptable visual performance is achieved by the proposed method. More specifically, the embedding rate is 10.5 times of Jana et al.’s method and Yang et al.’s proposed PRDH, and 3.5 times of Yang et al. ’s modified PRDH.

Elbow angle generation during activities of daily living using a submovement prediction model.

The present study aimed to develop a realistic model for the generation of human activities of daily living (ADL) movements. The angular profiles of the elbow joint during functional ADL tasks such as eating and drinking were generated by a submovement-based closed-loop model. First, the ADL movements recorded from three human participants were broken down into logical phases, and each phase was decomposed into submovement components. Three separate artificial neural networks were trained to learn the submovement parameters and were then incorporated into a closed-loop model with error correction ability. The model was able to predict angular trajectories of human ADL movements with target access rate = 100%, VAF = 98.9%, and NRMSE = 4.7% relative to the actual trajectories. In addition, the model can be used to provide the desired target for practical trajectory planning in rehabilitation systems such as functional electrical stimulation, robot therapy, brain-computer interface, and prosthetic devices.