Erosion Damage Research Articles

Pharmacological inhibition of the inflammatory receptor CCR2 relieves the early deleterious consequences of status epilepticus

Generalized status epilepticus (SE) triggers a robust neuroinflammatory response involving reactive astrocytosis, activation of brain-resident microglia, and brain infiltration of CCR2+ monocytes. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that quenching SE-induced neuroinflammation can alleviate the adverse consequences of SE, including neuronal damage and cognitive impairments. Our recent findings show that blocking monocyte brain entry after SE, via global Ccr2 KO, rescues several SE-induced adverse effects including blood–brain barrier (BBB) erosion, microgliosis and neuronal damage while enhancing weight regain. The goals of the present study were to determine if CCR2 antagonism with a small molecule after SE replicates the effects of the CCR2 knockout. Male Ccr2+/rfp heterozygous mice were subject to intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, scored for seizure severity, weight recovery, and nest building capability. Surviving mice were randomized into CCR2 antagonist and vehicle groups. The CCR2 antagonist, or vehicle, was administered 24- and 48-h post-SE via oral gavage, and mice were sacrificed three days post-SE. Mice subject to the CCR2 antagonist displayed faster weight recovery between one- and three-days post-SE and modestly enhanced ability to build a nest on the third day after SE when compared to vehicle-treated controls. CCR2 antagonism limited monocyte recruitment to the hippocampus and reduced numbers of Iba1+ macrophages. The mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators were depressed by 47%, and glial markers were reduced by 30% in mice treated with the CCR2 antagonist compared to controls. Astrocytosis was reduced in four brain regions. Neuroprotection was observed in the hippocampus, and erosion of the BBB was lessened in mice subject to the antagonist. Our findings provide proof-of-concept that brief CCR2 antagonism beginning one day after SE can alleviate multiple adverse SE-induced effects, including functional impairment, and identify circulating CCR2+ monocytes as a viable therapeutic target.

Formation of Deformation Bands during Impact Indentation of an Al–6Mg Alloy

The nucleation and growth of macrolocalized deformation bands initiated by impact indentation in deformed aluminum-magnesium alloy samples have been investigated by acoustic emission and highspeed video recording with a time resolution to 50 μs. The indenter impact has been found to trigger the developmentof a ~1–3% amplitude plastic deformation macroscopic jump due to the nucleation and propagation of about ten deformation bands on an alloy surface, thus demonstrating the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect. Macrolocalized deformation bands are shown to be a dangerous type of erosion damage that can cause thesudden fracture of an alloy.

A Review on Life Prediction Methods of Gun Barrel

In large caliber gun system, the high speed, high temperature and high pressure gas produced by propellant combustion will cause serious erosion damage to the inner wall of barrel, which will lead to continuous decline of gun performance and termination of the maximum life of barrel. The theories and methods of gun barrel life prediction mainly involve thermodynamics, chemistry, material and machinery science and so on. This paper mainly introduces the main mechanism of gun erosion and the calculation model of gun erosion which involves the numerical solution in internal ballistic combustion process, the heat transfer and erosion calculation of gun barrel. In view of the accurate calculation of parameters such as the temperature of gunpowder gas can more accurately reflect the erosion of inner wall of gun barrel, this paper summarizes the calculation methods of the temperature, thermal physical property parameters and convective heat transfer coefficient of high temperature and high pressure gas in gun barrel. In order to determine the erosion wear quantity and study the effect of heat input on the erosion process of inner wall of gun, erosion experiments are usually required. At present, the common erosion experiments mainly include the measurement of erosion quantity with semi-closed explosive device and the change of surface characteristics of gun steel target with laser pulse heating. By analyzing the criterion of barrel life, the establishment method of barrel life prediction model is studied deeply, and the main barrel life prediction model is introduced, which is convenient to guide engineering application.

Using the Morgenstern–Price Method and Cloud Theory to Invert the Shear Strength Index of Tailings Dams and Reveal the Coupling Deformation and Failure Law under Extreme Rainfall

It is difficult to obtain reliable shear strength parameters for the stability analysis and evaluation of tailings dams in an unstable state. In this study, the sensitivity of the shear strength index to the safety factor of a tailings dam was evaluated. The cohesion C range of a tailings earth rock dam in an unstable state is determined by the safety factor, and the Morgenstern–Price method is used for inversion. During parameter inversion, uncertainty reasoning is established based on cloud theory, which overcomes the problem that the fuzziness and randomness of the quantitative cohesion value are transferred to the qualitative concept of the safety factor. The results show that the change in cohesion C has a greater influence on the safety factor Fs of the tailings dam, and the value of parameter inversion is 8.6901 kPa. The deformation and failure of tailings dams under extreme rainfall conditions are analyzed by using the modified cohesion C value. The dam toe becomes the main response area of plastic deformation and slowly expands to the interior, showing creep deformation. The displacement field gradually transfers from the accumulated tailings to the tailings dam with the flow direction, causing erosion damage. This study provides a new idea and method for parameter inversion of the shear strength index of tailings dams and provides a reference for the disaster prediction and prevention of tailings dams subjected to extreme rainfall.

Annual Mangrove Vegetation Cover Changes (2014–2020) in Indian Sundarbans National Park Using Landsat 8 and Google Earth Engine

Mangrove ecosystems have high ecological and economic value mainly because of their ability to sequester large amounts of carbon and protect shorelines. Monitoring such ecosystems with earth observation data analytics is necessary to achieve deeper insight and subsequent conservation strategies. The Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest, and Sundarbans National Park is a part of this world-famous mangrove forest in India. To examine vegetation change in this region, we used a planetary-scale tool, the Google Earth Engine. A time series of the surface reflectance product of Landsat 8 between 2014 and 2020 was analysed using annual median images. NDVI and dNDVI were derived to monitor vegetation cover change. While we noticed no major changes in the vegetation cover throughout the study area, the coastal regions, especially the southern end, showed significant changes. There were both mangrove vegetation gains due to land accretion and mangrove loss due to erosion and cyclone damage. This study will be useful for long-term monitoring of the imperiled Sundarbans ecosystem to measure any major changes.

Erosion-damage-induced vibration response of aero-gas generator rotor system

When a turboshaft engine operates in harsh environments such as deserts, plateaus, and coastal areas, the erosion damage to compressor blades leads to uneven mass distribution of the blade disk of the gas generator and further induces unbalance fault vibration of the rotor system, which seriously endangers helicopter flight safety and mission execution. The vibration characteristics of the rotor system of the gas generator of an aero-turboshaft engine under blade erosion damage are studied innovatively in this paper. The theoretical formula for the blade erosion damage depth is derived. The key parameters for the calculation of the erosion damage to the blades are obtained by combining the particle impact velocity test, Ti-6Al-4 V alloy erosion wear test, and finite element analysis. A new data extraction method for erosion damage based on distribution characteristics and the sparseness–denseness path (DC-SP) is proposed. The unbalance fault mechanism of the rotor system caused by erosion damage is revealed. Using a turboshaft engine as an example, a dynamic model of the rotor system of a gas generator is developed. Unbalance load samples caused by erosion damage are applied, and the whirl trajectory and vibration spectrum characteristics of the rotor system analyzed. The results show that the unbalance magnitude of 1-stage and 3-stage rotor blades caused by erosion damage is 2.33 times and 1.22 times that of 2-stage rotor blades, respectively. The vibration response of the supporting position of the rotor changes with the unbalance phase difference of the rotor blade disk. The vibration amplitude of the supporting position is the lowest when the unbalance phase difference is 0°-180°-180° and is the highest when the unbalance phase difference is 0°-0°-0°. At design speed, the vibration amplitude fluctuation range of the left side of the supporting position is concentrated, whereas that of the right side is large. When the unbalance magnitude increases from 20 to 120 g·mm, the vibration amplitudes of the left and right sides of the supporting position increases by 97% and 263%, respectively.

Coastal Armoring Impacts on Beaches and Sea Turtles

Close to 19.6 million people live in Florida, and 76.5% of them, or approximately 15 million, live on the coast. Florida’s coasts are attractive despite the increasing risks from sea-level rise and more frequent climatic events such as hurricanes and coastal flooding. At particular risk from these erosive events are Florida’s 825 miles of sandy beaches. Coastal armoring is a physical barrier placed with the intent of protecting structures from storm, surf, and erosion damage. This publication explains how coastal armoring works and the impacts it has on nearby beaches and sea turtle habitat.

Study on Erosion Model Optimization and Damage Law of Coiled Tubing

Coiled tubing (CT) is used as a velocity string to transport high-velocity gas in drainage gas recovery technology. Sand particles flowing at high speed can cause serious erosion of the pipe wall. Long-term erosion wear leads to the degradation of the string strength and can even cause local perforation. In order to study the erosion wear problem of CT, a gas–solid erosion experimental device was established for a full-size pipe with different radii of curvature. A 3D laser confocal technique was used to examine and characterize the microscopic erosion morphology of the inner wall of the CT. The CFD erosion model was selected based on the erosion test data of the inner wall of the CT, and the erosion results of the Finnie model show minimal error and good agreement compared with other models. The average value of the error of the maximum erosion rate at different radii of curvature is 8.3%. The effect of the radius of curvature, gas velocity and solid particle size on the maximum erosion rate of the inner wall of the CT was analyzed based on the Finnie model. The results reveal that erosion wear occurs on the inner wall of the CT’s outer bend. As the radius of curvature is reduced, the maximum erosion rate and area increase, and the position of the maximum erosion rate gradually shifts toward the inlet. The maximum erosion rate is positively correlated with the gas flow rate. However, as the particle size increases, the maximum erosion rate shows a trend of first increasing, then decreasing and finally stabilizing, with a critical particle size of 200 μm. This study can provide theoretical guidance and methods for improving the service life of CT. The erosion rate of the tubing in old wells can be reduced by controlling production and employing appropriate sand control methods, while the erosion rate of tubing in new wells can be reduced by adjusting the wellbore trajectory.

A quantitative analysis of multi-decadal shoreline changes along the East Coast of South Korea

South Korea's east coast is facing several issues related to coastal erosion because of sea-level rise, typhoon-induced storm surges, and various coastal development projects. In recent decades, high storm waves have frequently appeared on the east coast, causing casualty, beach erosion, and coastal infrastructure damage, drawing significant public attention. Thus, we analyzed the multi-decadal shoreline changes to understand the coastal dynamics and the forces responsible for the spatio-temporal changes along the 173 km coastline. The shorelines covering 38 years between 1984 and 2022 were derived from Landsat images and the change statistics, i.e., linear regression rate (LRR), endpoint rate (EPR), weighted linear regression (WLR), and net shoreline movement (NSM), were calculated at a 100 m alongshore intervals using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), revealed several distinct behaviors of shoreline position. The long-period (1984–2022) assessment showed an average shoreline change rate (LRR) of 0.17 m/year with an estimated mean erosion and deposition rate of −0.57 and 2.07 m/year, respectively. The long-term surface gain and loss of the backshore region exhibited that the net surface gain of the east coast is 421.13 ha, and the net loss is 181.82 ha. The assessment of decadal shoreline changes showed a cyclic pattern of erosion (from 1984–1990 and 1999–2010) and accretion (from 1990–1999 and 2010–2022). Furthermore, a secondary level of investigation was conducted to address a wider variety of coastal behaviors by segmenting shoreline change rates based on coast types and average slopes along coastlines. It was observed that the frequent coastal deformation is associated with a flatter beach compared to a steep one. This study found that the artificial structures constructed along the east coast have not completely solved or stopped the erosion issues but shifted it from one location to another. The analysis of local and regional shoreline changes had shown that typhoon-induced storm surges, high storm waves, and anthropogenic activities like encroachment and the development of artificial coastal structures were the primary drivers of coastline changes along the east coast. Finally, we proposed a decision-making classification scheme that can be used to determine the mechanism of decision for protective and preventive measures against further coastal deterioration.

Dry abrasive wear and solid particle erosion assessments of high entropy alloy coatings fabricated by cold spraying

Recent advances in advanced metallic alloys have enabled the development of high entropy alloys (HEAs) for extreme engineering environments. HEAs are characterized by their mixing of elements with equimolar concentrations or near to equimolar concentrations, which enables the formation of solid-solution structures due to inherent high configurational entropy. With the advancement of HEAs, the attractiveness of these alloys as cold-sprayed coatings for wear resistant surfaces has been increasing. In the present study, a low-pressure cold spraying technique was employed to fabricate two new mechanically alloyed AlCoCrFeMoW and AlCoCrFeMoV HEA coatings. The phase formations, microstructure evolutions, and average microhardness of the fabricated HEA coatings were systematically investigated, in order to assess their resistance to dry abrasive wear and solid-particle erosion. The results showed that the cold-sprayed HEA coatings exhibited refined microstructure and low porosity, with the presence of body-centered cubic (BCC1 and BCC2) structures and CrMo intermetallic phases. Microhardness results revealed that AlCoCrFeMoV HEA coatings achieved the highest average hardness of around 561±63HV, such that it was 35% and 52% higher than that of AlCoCrFeMoW and AlCoCrFeMo HEA coatings, respectively. Dry abrasive wear results showed lower wear rates were achieved for AlCoCrFeMoV HEA coatings (590×10−6mm3/Nm), followed by AlCoCrFeMoW (660×10−6mm3/Nm) and AlCoCrFeMo HEA coatings (720×10−6mm3/Nm). However, damage during solid particle erosion was found to be higher in case of AlCoCrFeMoV HEA coatings compared to the other two coatings, suggesting no apparent correlation with microhardness values. These results suggest that the existence of high weight fractions of solid-solution phases in conjunction with refined microstructure and low porosity resulted in improved resistance to abrasive loading for the AlCoCrFeMoV HEA coatings but undermine performance and resistance to solid particle erosion damage.

Study on the impact erosion wear resistance and damage evolution of TiN films under different impact cycles

Depositing TiN coating is an effective way to improve the erosion resistance of titanium alloy. However, few studies have been carried out to analyze the damage process of TiN coated specimens. In this study, a TiN coating was prepared on the Ti6Al4V by employing a filtered cathodic vacuum arc. The erosion performance and damage evolution of TiN coating were investigated, accompanied by varying the impact cycles from 500 to 10,000. The change of peak impact force and energy absorption rate with increasing impact numbers were analyzed. A white-light interferometer was used to characterize the 3D surface topographies of the damaged surface. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to observe the state of the eroded surface. The results show that the sand is embedded in the substrate with the increase of impact numbers. With decreasing the number of impacts, the energy absorption rate of the TiN coating increased rapidly, while the peak impact force decreases rapidly. The formation of impact pits, plow grooves, micro-cutting, brittle spalling, and cracks can be regarded as the wear mechanisms of the samples under sand erosion.

Sand control screen erosion-failure prediction method in weakly consolidated sandstone reservoir

Sand production is one of the most common problems encountered in oil and gas field development, particularly in weakly consolidated sandstone reservoirs. Mechanical sand control screens are widely used to mitigate sand production. However, sand containing production fluid can lead to screen mesh erosion wear and sand screen prematurely failure. In this study, an experimental device was developed to simulate the local “hot spot” screen erosion damage considering the actual downhole radial sand carrying flow. The experimental results show that the erosion mass loss of the screen is positively correlated with the sand fluid velocity, sand concentration, median sand particle size and erosion time. A comprehensive sand screen erosion prediction model is established, which presents the correlations between erosion mass loss and various parameters, such as sand median particle size D50, sand concentration, fluid erosion velocity and erosion time. Compared with the field data, the predicted results accuracy of the effective life of the screen is more than 80%. The new sand screen erosion prediction model proposed in this paper can effectively predict the screen's erosion rate and service life in the field.

What kind of gully can develop into benggang?

Benggang is a special landform with serious erosion damage, resulting in intensive soil erosion and land degradation. However, few studies have been conducted on prediction and critical conditions of benggang formation. This study analyzed the topography, hydrogeological conditions, number and size of benggang in Yuankengshui watershed (Guangdong, China) by extracting a digital orthophoto map (DOM) and digital surface models (DSMs) based on unmanned air vehicle (UAV) aerial images. The benggang number was found to increase first and then decrease with the increase of elevation, slope gradient and slope length, in contrast to a decrease with the increase of benggang catchment area. The elevation distribution is consistent between the small watershed and regional benggang, with the maximum benggang density in the elevation range of 200–250 m. The maximum benggang number is in the area with a slope gradient and slope length of 25-26° and 61–70 m, respectively, and the average benggang catchment area is 0.3 ha. Benggang formation and development was mainly affected by benggang catchment area and slope drop, whose correlation coefficients with benggang area and collapsing wall height were 0.957, 0.633 and 0.581, 0.568, respectively (P < 0.01, n = 296), enabling the establishment of their relationship with benggang development, which can be used to estimate whether the hydrological condition of the slope meets the conditions for benggang formation. Collapsing wall height is an important indicator of benggang formation, and under the conditions that the predicted value of the developed gully depth is greater than 3 m and the granite weathering crust is more than 10 m, the gully in such an area can develop into benggang. Meanwhile, benggang is shown to differ from gully in catchment area, lithology demand, shape, dominant erosion type, and erosion modulus. Therefore, benggang and gully should be treated differently when adopting control measures. This study may enrich our understanding and prediction of benggang development.

함정의 평판형 방향타 캐비테이션 침식에 대한 모형 시험 연구

In the present study, a method of performing cavitation erosion test directly on the anodized surface of the rudder model is proposed, not applying ink or paint on its surface. An image processing technique is newly developed to quantitatively evaluate the erosion damages on the rudder model surface after erosion test. The preprocessing saturation image, image smoothing, adaptive hysteresis thresholding and eroded area detection algorithms are in the image processing program. The rudder cavitation erosion tests are conducted in the rudder deflection angle range of 0SUPo/SUP to -4SUPo/SUP, which is used to maintain a straight course at the highest speed of the targeted navy ship. In the case of the conventional flat-type full-spade rudder currently being used in the target ship, surface erosion can occur on the model rudder surface in the above rudder deflection angle range. The bubble type of cavitation occurs on rudder surface, which is estimated to be the main reason of erosion damage on the rudder surface.

Introducing a data-driven approach to predict site-specific leading-edge erosion from mesoscale weather simulations

Abstract. Modeling leading-edge erosion has been a challenging task due to its multidisciplinary nature involving several variables such as weather conditions, blade coating properties, and operational characteristics. While the process of wind turbine blade erosion is often described by engineering models that rely on the well-known Springer model, there is a glaring need for modeling approaches supported by field data. This paper presents a data-driven framework for modeling erosion damage based on blade inspections from several wind farms in northern Europe and mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The outcome of the framework is a machine-learning-based model that can be used to predict and/or forecast leading-edge erosion damage based on weather data/simulations and user-specified wind turbine characteristics. The model is based on feedforward artificial neural networks utilizing ensemble learning for robust training and validation. The model output fits directly into the damage terminology used by industry and can therefore support site-specific planning and scheduling of repairs as well as budgeting of operation and maintenance costs.

Nano-and Microparticles of Carbon as a Tool for Determining the Uniformity of a Diffuse Discharge Exposure

At present, a diffuse discharge plasma of air and other gases at atmospheric pressure is widely used for the surface treatment of various materials. However, in many papers it is stated that erosion damages occur on flat anodes (targets) as a result of the discharge plasma action. The shape of these damages depends on the discharge mode. In this study, the exposure uniformity was investigated by using nano- and micro-sized carbon particles deposited on a flat copper anode (a carbon layer). The diffuse discharge was formed in a ‘point-plane’ gap with a non-uniform electric field strength distribution by applying voltage pulses with an amplitude of 18 kV. It has been established that at a gap width of 8–10 mm, an imprint of the discharge plasma on the carbon layer deposited on a copper anode has no traces of local erosion. In order for erosion to occur on the surface of the anode in the form of uniformly distributed microcraters, it is necessary to increase the current density at the anode, for example, by decreasing the gap width. When decreasing the gap width to 6 mm and less, spark channels occur. They damage both the carbon layer and the copper anode in its central part. It has been shown that there are three characteristic zones: a color-changing peripheral part of the carbon layer, a decarbonized central part of the anode, and an annular zone located between the central and peripheral parts and containing individual microcraters.

Prediction model investigations of the reinforced fine-grained tailings dam overtopping failure

Overtopping dam break is a frequent accident in tailings reservoirs. However, little attention has been paid to the study of overtopping hydraulic erosion damage characteristics of tailings dam after adding reinforcement. Nowadays, there were few people have researched the prediction of the overtopping failure process of the reinforced tailings dam. It is important significance to establish a prediction model for the overtopping of reinforced tailings dam which aims at the problem of overtopping erosion of reinforced tailings. For the anti-erosion and anti-collapse effects of the reinforced tailings dam, a mathematical model for the development of the overtopping breach of the reinforced tailings dam is established. The formula of reinforced erosion rate derived from water flow shear stress theory, simulation of breach erosion development by time iteration method in the mathematical model. Secondly, the limit equilibrium method is used to analyze the stability of the reinforced breach slope. Then, the physical test is used to reproduce the dam failure process of the tailings dam. In addition, the development process of the breach and discharge are monitored. Ultimately, the maximum depth and width of the breach are in brilliant agreement with the calculated values.

Cavitation erosion behavior and anti-cavitation erosion mechanism of NiTi alloys impacted by water jet

The cavitation erosion behavior and anti-cavitation erosion mechanism of NiTi alloys was explored by water jet equipment conforming to ASTMG134 international standard. The cumulative mass loss rate of NiTi alloys changed slowly by water jet impact within 180 min, then increased sharply and decreased obviously after 240 min. When the impact time lengths were prolonged from 30 min to 60 min, the macroscopic deformation did not significantly increase on the surface of the sample. It was mainly due to the superelasticity of NiTi alloys, resulting in a prolonged cavitation incubation period of NiTi alloys impacted by water jet. When the impact time length was 180 min, work hardening occurred along with the plastic deformation, and cavitation pits appeared on the surface of the sample. When the impact time lengths were extended from 240 min to 300 min, there was no obvious increase in cavitation pits and the material spalling. This is mainly due to the formation of new grains by the recombination of dislocations on the surface and the piling up of dislocations on the grain boundaries at a distance from the impact surface of NiTi alloys. The formation of new grains has consumed high-density dislocation and distortion energy, which can reduce the cavitation erosion damage on NiTi alloys caused by water jet impact. With the increase of water jet impact time, the surface of NiTi alloys undergoes a process of plastic deformation→ work hardening→ increase in dislocation density→ grain refinement→ proliferation of refined grains. Additionally, the residual stress of NiTi alloys with different impact time lengths remained high and they could inhibit the initiation and propagation of cavitation cracks.

Axial-Flow Pump with Enhanced Cavitation Erosion Resistance

Axial-flow pumps, in addition to providing high anti-cavitation properties, must have high anti-erosion properties to ensure the required lifetime of the pump. Erosion damage of surfaces occurs when the net positive suction head (NPSH) significantly exceeds its critical value. The object of the study in this article is the axial-flow pump with a specific speed of 600 in two alternatives: № 1 and № 2. By analysis of the flow in the impeller blade systems, the ratio value between the NPSH, which ensures the absence of erosion, and the NPSH3, at which pump operational failure occurs, was determined. Impeller variant № 1 did not provide the required ratio. Impeller variant № 2 had higher cavitation qualities, and the required ratio was achieved for it. Energy, cavitation, and erosion characteristics of the axial-flow pump with impeller № 2 in rotational frequency n = 2000 rpm were investigated. Easily breakable paint coatings were used for the accelerated study of cavitation erosion. The experiment was carried out at three different flow rates and confirmed the assumptions made—the pump with impeller № 2 was not affected by cavitation erosion at the optimum flow rate. Patterns of erosion zones were accompanied by calculations of vapor zones in the impeller. At flow rates less than the optimum, cavitation disruptions occurred and appeared behind the vapor region. As a result, the condition of ensuring erosion-free flow in the impeller of an axial pump with a specific speed of 600 was obtained, ensuring the ratio NPSH/NPSH3 &gt; 2.5. Recommendations on designing of erosion-free flow part of the axial pump impeller were also obtained.

Computational fluid dynamics investigations of flow, heat transfer, and oxidation in heat recovery steam generator

Modern heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) operate at elevated temperatures, leading to the formation of oxides inside the tubes of heat exchangers (HXs). This oxide growth reduces the heat recovery efficiency. Moreover, after reaching a certain critical thickness, some oxide scales detach from the tube surface (exfoliation), causing erosion damage to the components downstream. Predicting the metal temperature distribution and associated oxide thickness in the HXs of an HRSG can aid in mitigating these problems. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed within the commercial code STAR-CCM+ for the prediction of fluid flow, conjugate heat transfer, and associated oxidation in HRSGs. Moreover, a new Porous Media Model (PMM) method was developed to model the fin effect on the heat transfer in HX, which can substantially reduce the prohibitive computational costs of fin meshes. The developed CFD model was used to conduct a high-fidelity simulation of a real-scale HRSG to investigate flow, heat transfer, and oxide growth. The calculated oxide thickness on different tubes can be used to identify HX regions that require oxide-resistant coatings to prevent exfoliation and ensuing damages. Furthermore, this CFD framework can serve as a reference for future studies that intend to model and investigate high-temperature oxidation in HXs used for any applications.