Effects Of Erosion Research Articles

Arctic Coastline Erosion: Novel Experimental Avenues Help Understand Its Response To A Changing Climate

Permafrost coastlines represent a large portion of the world’s coastal area and these areas have become increasingly vulnerable owing to the changing climate and its strong dynamics observed over the past decades (Irrgang et al., 2022). The predominant mechanism of coastal erosion in these areas has been identified through several observational studies as thermomechanical erosion—a joint removal of sediment through the melting of interstitial ice (thermal energy) and abrasion from incoming waves (mechanical energy). Longer summer seasons where -due to a much lower ice cover- waves can more freely propagate towards Arctic coastlines have exacerbated coastal erosion (Overeem et al., 2011) and which is projected to increase inline with Arctic warming (Nielsen et al., 2022). Erosional effects have long been a subject of the coastal engineering community, however, the combined effect of wave attack on shorelines, in combination with thermomechanical processes has largely been overlooked. The implications of Arctic coastline erosion are plenty: local communities face relocations of whole settlements, loss of valuable property or cultural heritage while acceleration in thaw causes a much higher influx of environmental contaminants and nutrients into the Arctic Ocean. It is hence crucial to engage this pressing challenge with long established and novel methods originating from the coastal engineering community. This work provides an overview over novel avenues that are useful for a better understanding of the processes and interactions of ocean waves and Arctic coastlines. It also presents some of the recent erosional observations from a cold room flume and micro CT measurements.

Durability evaluation and lifetime prediction of recycled coarse aggregate self-compacting concrete after freeze-thaw and sulfate erosion coupling

This paper aims to study the durability of recycled coarse aggregate self-compacting concrete (RCASCC) after being subjected to freeze-thaw and sulfate coupling. The durability comprehensive evaluation index of RCASCC based on the entropy weight method was defined, and the variation law of the durability comprehensive evaluation index concerning RCA substitution rate, freeze-thaw environment, and coupling frequency was obtained. GM (1, 1) model based on grey system theory was used to evaluate the durability of RCASCC under the coupling effects of freeze-thaw and sulfate attack. The results show that there are some differences in the accuracy of the four GM (1, 1) models. It is recommended that the EGM model can be used to predict the durability of the RCASCC under the coupled effects of freeze-thaw and sulfate erosion. Moreover, the working life of RCASCC under the coupling effects in the outdoor environments of northeast, north, and northwest China was calculated, when the comprehensive evaluation index of durability decreases to 75% as the failure criterion. A multi-criteria analysis employing TOPSIS and VIKOR methods was conducted to evaluate the durability of RCASCC under these coupling effects. A multi criteria analysis was conducted on the durability of RCASCC under the coupling effects of freeze-thaw and sulfate erosion using TOPSIS and VIKOR methods. Under these two rankings, the splitting tensile strength is the index that changes the most after coupling effects, while the compressive strength changes relatively little. The importance of dynamic elastic modulus and weight is different due to different materials and evaluation methods. RC100-H typically exhibits the largest variation, while NC-H and RC50-NM typically exhibit smaller variations.

Experimental study on rock-breaking characteristics of advanced premixed abrasive water jet

ABSTRACT To investigate the rock-breaking characteristics of the advanced premixed abrasive water jet, experiments of abrasive water jet eroding granite were carried out. The micro-failure morphology of erosion pits was observed and analyzed by CT (Computerized Tomography) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The results show that the difference in erosion effect caused by different rock breaking pressures is due to the difference in impact kinetic energy. The higher the jet pressure, the higher the impact kinetic energy of abrasive particles, and the erosion effect is enhanced. The difference in erosion effect caused by abrasive types is that the harder abrasives produce greater cutting force on the rock and consume less fracture surface energy. The CT scanning results show that the conical crack at the bottom is caused by the stamping action of abrasive particles and expands rapidly under the action of a water wedge, the action of reflective particles makes the erosion holes appear spindle-shaped. The results of SEM show that the sidewalls of the erosion pit are dominated by the cutting and fatigue-crushing effects of reflected abrasives. The bottom of the erosion pit is mainly driven by the punching action of the incident abrasive.

High-resolution luminescence-dated sediment record for the last two glacial-interglacial cycles from Rodderberg, Germany

The Rodderberg Volcanic Complex (RVC) is well-known for the long climate record archived in its crater basin, which lasts for several glacial-interglacial cycles. However, a detailed chronological framework is still lacking. Here, we perform high-resolution luminescence dating on a 72.8 m-long sediment core with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal from fine-grained (4–11 μm) quartz and three kinds of post-infrared infrared (pIRIR) stimulated luminescence signals from fine-grained polymineral fractions. Together with magnetic susceptibility, grain size and quartz OSL sensitivity measurements, a numerical age framework is built for the upper half of the sediment core. Quartz OSL ages align well with pIRIR ages for the last 45 ka, but they underestimate in relation to pIRIR ages for ages beyond 45 ka. The three pIRIR signals, including the pIRIR signal at 225 °C (pIRIR225), the pulsed pIRIR signal at 150 °C (pulsed pIRIR150) and the multi-elevated-temperature pIRIR at 250 °C (MET-pIRIR250), yield consistent ages up to ca. 250 ka at a sediment depth of 37.5 m. Below that depth, dating limits of the protocols are reached. Nevertheless, our results indicate that sediments below 37.5 m predate Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7. Altogether, obtained ages reveal continuous dust accumulation during MIS 7 and MIS 6. One erosional event happened at the end of the Eemian (MIS 5e), which eroded the Eemian soil. The sedimentation rate during the Weichselian glacial period is tenfold lower compared to the sedimentation rate observed during MIS 7–6. This low sedimentation rate likely arises from the cessation of slope wash effects and the occurrence of various wind erosional events alternating with dust deposition as the basin is filled by dust. A notably high sedimentation rate is observed at the transition from MIS 6 to the Eemian, marked by the deposition of a 7 m-thick loess layer between 135 and 129 (±5) ka. This high sedimentation rate could be attributed to intensified slope wash and solifluction processes resulting from the thawing of permafrost at the time of deglaciation. Alternatively, it might be a signature of Heinrich event 11, during which strong winds brought large amounts of dust into the basin within a short time.

Pore fractal characteristics and ANN model of polyacrylonitrile fiber reinforced concrete under the synergistic effects of freeze-thaw and erosion

The degradation of the concrete pore structure is a major concern among scholars due to its negative impact on durability. This study conducted a salt freezing test on polyacrylonitrile fiber concrete (PANFRC) using a composite freeze-thaw medium consisting of Na2SO4, MgSO4, and NaCl (5 % + 5% + 3.5 %). The pore volume fractal dimension was determined by analyzing the T2 spectrum obtained through nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The study explored the influence of different types of pores on frost resistance and developed an artificial neural network-based machine learning model to predict macroscopic frost resistance using the pore volume fractal dimension. The experimental findings indicate that plain concrete exhibits a density loss of 4.67 % upon failure, whereas the density loss in PANFRC is reduced to less than 3 %. The frost resistance durability index is observed to improve as the fiber mass fraction increases within specific ranges. Notably, when the fiber content surpasses 1.2 kg/m³, the durability factor (DF) can be effectively doubled. Drawing from the concept of freeze-thaw cycles, a novel frost-thaw erosion damage model was developed, which incorporates the influence of fiber content under the combined action of freeze-thaw cycles and erosion. The analysis of pore dimensions reveals that the fractal characteristics become more pronounced with the increase in pore size, although this does not extend to the micro-pore range (i.e., those smaller than 0.1 μm). In comparison to other machine learning algorithms, the ANN demonstrates its superiority by establishing a meso-macro transfer prediction model with enhanced generalization capabilities.

Effect of Salinity Intrusion and Coastal Erosion on Marawila Coastal Area, Sri Lanka

Coastal erosion has become a major threat to coastal areas all around the world while salinity intrusion has also become a problem due to erosion mitigation measures in coastal area. Coastal erosion (and accretion) in Marawila coastal area was investigated by analyzing satellite images using spatial analysis techniques. The effect of salinity intrusion on Marawila coastal area was identified by travelling along the coastline, conducting interviews and analyzing the reports. In this study it was identified that both coastal erosion and salinity intrusion are nexus problems in Marawila coastal area. This study highlights the effect of salinity intrusion and coastal erosion on Marawila coastal area.

Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Freeze–Thaw Erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Freeze–thaw (FT) erosion intensity may exhibit a future increasing trend with climate warming, humidification, and permafrost degradation in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). The present study provides a reference for the prevention and control of FT erosion in the QTP, as well as for the protection and restoration of the regional ecological environment. FT erosion is the third major type of soil erosion after water and wind erosion. Although FT erosion is one of the major soil erosion types in cold regions, it has been studied relatively little in the past because of the complexity of several influencing factors and the involvement of shallow surface layers at certain depths. The QTP is an important ecological barrier area in China. However, this area is characterized by harsh climatic and fragile environmental conditions, as well as by frequent FT erosion events, making it necessary to conduct research on FT erosion. In this paper, a total of 11 meteorological, vegetation, topographic, geomorphological, and geological factors were selected and assigned analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-based weights to evaluate the FT erosion intensity in the QTP using a comprehensive evaluation index method. In addition, the single effects of the selected influencing factors on the FT erosion intensity were further evaluated in this study. According to the obtained results, the total FT erosion area covered 1.61 × 106 km2, accounting for 61.33% of the total area of the QTP. The moderate and strong FT erosion intensity classes covered 6.19 × 105 km2, accounting for 38.37% of the total FT erosion area in the QTP. The results revealed substantial variations in the spatial distribution of the FT erosion intensity in the QTP. Indeed, the moderate and strong erosion areas were mainly located in the high mountain areas and the hilly part of the Hoh Xil frozen soil region.

Rainfall intensity profile induced changes in surface‒subsurface flow and soil loss as influenced by surface cover type: A long-term in situ field study

Due to global warming, changes in the rainfall intensity profile (i.e., the temporal intensity distribution within a rainfall event) increase the difficulty of accurate erosion prediction and control. Surface cover has been widely used as a critical measure to control soil erosion worldwide. However, the effects of the rainfall intensity profile (RIP) on soil erosion under different surface covers are not fully understood. In this study, long-term in situ field observations of the rain hyetograph, surface runoff coefficient (SRC), subsurface flow rate (SFR), and soil loss rate (SLR) from bare land, litter cover and grass cover were conducted over 11 consecutive years in the red soil hilly region of southern China. According to the occurrence time of the most intense rainfall, 226 erosive events were classified into four RIP patterns: advanced, intermediate, delayed, and uniform patterns. The results indicated that the advanced pattern with short duration–high intensity and the delayed pattern with long duration–high depth contributed to 73.45% of the total erosive events. For bare land, advanced events were the dominant pattern producing surface runoff and soil erosion, accounting for 57.24% and 75.17%, respectively, of the total surface runoff and erosion. The average SRC and SLR from the advanced pattern were 1.29–2.42 times and 2.52–39.78 times greater than those from the other patterns, respectively. The delayed pattern contributed to subsurface flow, and the average SFR was 1.27–2.17 times greater than that of the other patterns. Furthermore, surface cover significantly reduced surface runoff and erosion and increased subsurface flow, especially under the advanced pattern. Both surface cover measures were equally effective in controlling surface runoff and erosion, but the increase in subsurface flow caused by litter cover was 1.38–2.67 times greater than that caused by grass cover. Advanced pattern events increase the erosion risk on red soil slopes, and surface cover effectively weakens the effect of variation in the RIP pattern on soil erosion. Moreover, surface cover significantly alters the surface‒subsurface flow distribution pattern for all the RIP patterns. This study highlights the crucial importance of rain intensity profiles on water erosion and provides a basis for optimizing measures to effectively control soil and water loss under climate change.

Effects of molasses-based microbial dust suppressant on soil dust and microbial community

This study aims at the practical needs of soil dust control and molasses resource utilization. By adding molasses to the soil and combining it with the components of microbial dust suppressants, it explores its impact on the surface soil dust suppression performance and microbial communities. The results show that after spraying treatment, the soil surface hardness is positively correlated with the molasses concentration, the surface hardness is the highest (41.14 HA) when the molasses concentration is 10%; the anti-wind erosion effect shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the molasses concentration, the anti-rain erosion effect needs to be improved; microbial community analysis show that molasses significantly affected the relative abundance of soil microbial community, and appropriate addition (1%) could optimize the microbial community structure and enhance the functions of carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathways, and the abundance of pathogenic species increased when the molasses concentration was higher (above 5%). Therefore, considering the dust suppression effect and environmental safety, a dust suppressant with a molasses concentration of 1% is more suitable for dust suppression. However, the synergistic pathway and mechanism of dust suppression through the interaction between molasses and MICP technology need to be further explored.

Numerical investigation of the effect on the erosion effect under the action of solitary wave

Local scour is a factor that cannot be ignored in hydraulic engineering, which seriously threatens the safety of hydraulic structures. There is a lack of consideration of periodic hydraulic conditions in the existing research on erosion. In this paper, the application range of various wave theories is analysed, and the isolated wave which is suitable for offshore is selected to study. Based on the Euler multiphase flow model, it is developed by using the user definition, and the generation and extinction modules are introduced to simulate the isolated waves, and then the cyclic waves in the offshore area are simulated by the superposition of multiple isolated waves. The hydrodynamic characteristics of isolated waves, including the pressure distribution of isolated waves, are analysed.

Stress stress-strain behavior of hydraulic filled coral sand subjected to internal erosion

Coral sand foundations lose fine particles under the action of groundwater infiltration. As the soil skeleton structure deteriorates, the foundation becomes uneven and may even collapse. In this study, a triaxial drainage shear test of coral sand is used as a quantitative control method for the loss of fine particulate soil, and the effect of internal erosion on the mechanical behavior of coral sand is evaluated. An experiment is used to demonstrate that erosion leads to a decrease in the peak shear strength and residual strength of coral sand. Erosion has different effects on coral sand with different fine particle contents, and the effects on the friction angles of coral and terrestrial sand are also different. The secant modulus E50 and peak secant modulus Ep gradually decrease as the loss of fine particles increases. The effect of fine particle loss on the peak secant modulus Ep is significant at fine-particle losses exceeding 10% for a fine-particle content of 20%. The loss of fine particles creates new pore spaces in the coral sand, which, in turn, affects the stability of the original soil skeleton. Erosion has been shown to have an effect on the gradational features of coral sand, leading to the phenomenon that the dilatancy effect increases as a function of the amount of erosion that takes place. To prevent uneven foundation settlement caused by subsurface erosion in engineering designs, it is important to consider the gradation characteristics and fine particulate content of coral sand, which affect the stability of coral reef foundations.

Analysis of heavy precipitation-induced rill erosion

Erosion is an ongoing environmental problem that leads to soil loss and damages ecosystems downstream of agriculture. Increasingly frequent heavy precipitation causes single erosion events with potentially high erosion rates owing to gully erosion. In this study, analyses of croplands affected by heavy precipitation and linear erosion indicate that erosion occurs only on sparsely vegetated fields with land cover ≤ 25% and that slope gradient and length are significant factors for the occurrence of linear erosion tracks. Existing erosion models are not calibrated to the conditions of heavy precipitation and linear erosion, namely high precipitation intensities and long and steep croplands. In this study, natural linear erosion was analyzed using an unmanned aerial vehicle and erosion volumes were determined for 32 rills and gullies of different sizes. Comparisons with the RUSLE2 and EROSION-3D model values showed an underestimation of linear erosion in both models. Therefore, calibration data for erosion models used for heavy precipitation conditions must be adapted. The data obtained in this study meet the required criteria.

Strength degradation of foamed cement paste under sulfate attack

Foamed cement paste is increasingly being applied in the construction of road embankments, bridge abutments, slope treatments, and pipeline backfilling. Constructed foamed cement paste may suffer from sulfate attacks in certain environments, such as offshore regions and salty soil areas. However, the long-term performance of foamed cement paste under such circumstances remains unclear. In this study, laboratory tests are conducted to evaluate the strength deterioration of foamed cement paste after erosion by sulfate attack. Factors influencing the density of the foamed cement paste, concentration of the sulfate solution, and cation type (i.e., Na+ and Mg2+) are considered. The results indicate that the strength of the foamed cement paste decreases with increasing immersion time. The Na2SO4 solution has a more severe erosion effect than the MgSO4 solution when other conditions remain constant. Finally, X-ray diffraction is conducted to identify the phase of the crystalline material in the specimen. This study will be beneficial in the application of foamed cement paste in regions with salt-rich soils.

Assessment of the Economic Consequences of Riverbank Erosion: The Case of the South Morava River, Serbia

Landscape transformation, degradation and destruction are caused by fluvial processes as the predominant erosive processes in Serbia. The loss of arable land due to riverbank erosion is permanent, and the economic consequences are, therefore, especially pronounced. The primary aim of this study was to quantify the intensity of riverbank erosion in the lower part of the South Morava River (Serbia) during period 1924–2020, evaluate its economic consequences, and conduct a cost benefit analysis of revetment investments. The economic effects of riverbank erosion were analyzed by means of land loss and reduction in the quantity of agricultural production. An interdisciplinary research approach was applied using specific methodological procedures to calculate the riverbank erosion and soil (land) loss intensity (geographic information system-GIS), the economic consequences of riverbank erosion (ECRE), and the results of an investment decision-making model. The results showed that 202.6[Formula: see text]ha of arable land was lost during the observed period, the value of arable land loss was almost 622,000[Formula: see text]USD, and the loss in agricultural production was 7.5 million USD (discount rate 3.7%). The model is seen as the main research output and can be used for the assessment of long-term capital-intensive infrastructure projects in developing countries. The analysis identified the river segments that are economically viable for investments in riverbank revetments to preserve the largest area of fertile agricultural land. The results are especially valuable for river channel management, environmental planners and policy-makers, who deal with decisions regarding planning and the protection of bank erosion in areas of particular interest.

Green and Low-Cost Modified Pisha Sandstone Geopolymer Gel Materials for Ecological Restoration: A Phase Review.

Pisha sandstone (PS) is a special interbedded rock in the middle reaches of the Yellow River that experiences severe weathering and is loose and broken. Due to severe multiple erosion events, the Pisha sandstone region is called "the most severe water loss and soil erosion in the world" and "the ecological cancer of the earth". As a special pozzolanic mineral, PS has the potential to be used as precursors for the synthesis of green and low-carbon geopolymer gel materials and applied in ecological restoration. This paper aims to undertake a phase review of the precursors for geopolymer gel materials. The genesis and distribution, physical and chemical characterization, erosion characteristics, and advances in the ecological restoration of PS are all summarized. Furthermore, current advances in the use of PS for the synthesis of geopolymer gel materials in terms of mechanical properties and durability are discussed. The production of Pisha sandstone geopolymer gels through the binder jetting technique and 3D printing techniques is prospected. Meanwhile, the prospects for the resource application of PS in mine rehabilitation and sustainable ecology are discussed. In the future, multifactor-driven comprehensive measures should be further investigated in order to achieve ecological restoration of the Pisha sandstone region and promote high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.

Determining the Relevance of Commonly Used Hydraulic Parameters for Representing the Water Erosive Force in Rock Mass Erosion within Dam Spillways

Spillways are essential control structures in hydroelectric dams for evacuating excess water during periods of high-water flow. These structures are generally excavated within a rock mass, without lining, and they take the form of a flow channel or a plunge pool. Rock mass erosion is an important issue facing engineers when designing unlined spillways. Methods commonly used to analyze this phenomenon are based on the threshold line concept, i.e., the correlation between rock mass resistance and its destruction against the erosive force of water. Multiple indices have been proposed for both rock mass quality and water energy (or erosive force) to assess rock mass erosion. The selection of appropriate indices is critical when evaluating hydraulic erosion. The erosive force of water is often represented by energy dissipation; however, other parameters, including average flow velocity and shear stress at the bottom of the flow channel, may also be relevant. Thus, a critical question is framed: which index best represents the erosive force of water? Here, we develop an approach to assess the applicability of the various indices used to represent the erosive force of water by relying on erosional events at more than 100 study sites. We determine that the most relevant parameters are linked to water pressure, as pressure head and flow velocity better explain the erosive force of the water than shear stress and water dissipation energy.

Detrital signatures of the Ghomaride Culm cycle (Rif Cordillera, N Morocco): New constraints for the northern Gondwana plate tectonics

The Carboniferous detrital suites of the Ghomaride Subdomain (Rif Cordillera, N Morocco) has been undertaken in order to obtain paleogeographic and paleotectonic constraints. Microconglomerate and sandstone samples from eight sections belonging to four sectors were petrographically studied. This northern Gondwana domain was part of the Paleo-Mesomediterranean Plate, located between the Iberian-French Plates and the African Paleo-Atlas-Saharian Domain, which outlines a gap of knowledge since these domains are now part of the Alpine peri-Mediterranean chains. Part of this data-lacking is related to the sandstone detrital modes that have never studied in this area, allowing to obtain information about provenance derived from growing orogens, as well as orogenic processes, and tectonic, climatic and/or erosional events. The study has revealed that the sandstones are litharenites to feldsphatic litharenites, evolving upward to lithic arkoses, and has evidenced a quartzolithic petrofacies with a transitional recycled orogen provenance. The metamorphiclastic detritus displays a low to middle-upper metamorphic rank upwardly referred to a subducted terrane. Serpentinite-like detritus indicates a metamorphosed oceanic crust being dismantled. A supply from the Rheic Ocean seems improbable since it was very far and beyond the Iberian Plate. Therefore, closer oceanic sutures should be proposed, probably separating the Paleo-Mesomediterranean Plate from the Iberian-French Plate and from the Paleo-Atlas-Saharian Domain. The sin-sedimentary volcanic activity (felsic to mafic) reinforces the idea of subductions. A correlation with other Culm successions of the western Paleotethys has allowed the performing of a paleogeographic-paleotectonic model during the Paleotethysian tectonic phase, in which the studied sandstones were deposited in a foredeep connected northward with limestone platforms and with a crystalline emerged domain (hinterland-orogenic front: Iberia-French Plate and part of the Paleo-Mesomediterranean Plate) and transitioning southward to an oceanic branch of the western Paleotethys, and finally with the Paleo-Atlas-Saharian band acting as passive margin in the foreland.

Modeling of Burial History, Source Rock Maturity, and Hydrocarbon Generation of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale of the Permian Shanxi Formation, Southeastern Ordos Basin.

The Ordos Basin is characterized by abundant natural gas resources, and the marine-continental transitional shale gas of the Permian Shanxi Formation has great exploration and development potential. However, few systematic studies have focused on the burial history, thermal maturity, and hydrocarbon generation of the shale, which limits the understanding of shale gas enrichment and resource evaluation. To reveal the shale gas resource potential, we focused on the Shanxi Formation shale in the southeastern Ordos Basin. Net erosion was estimated, and then one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) geological models were constructed using PetroMod to simulate the burial-thermal history and hydrocarbons generated in the Shanxi Formation shale, and finally, the gas generation intensity was evaluated. The results show that four periods of uplift and erosion events have occurred in the study area since the Mesozoic, of which the erosion in the Late Cretaceous was the most severe. The burial center gradually shifted from east to northwest in the study area, and the basin reached the maximum burial depth in the Late Cretaceous and then gradually changed to a monoclinal tilted east to west after uplift and erosion. The Shanxi Formation shale reached the hydrocarbon generation threshold at 233 Ma (Ro = 0.5%), reached the oil generation peak at 200 Ma (Ro = 1.0%), and entered the high maturity stage rapidly (Ro = 1.3%). Currently, the average maturity is approximately 2.48%, which is in the overmature stage. The center of shale maturity was in the southern part of the study area before the Late Jurassic and shifted northeast in the late Early Cretaceous. Cumulative gas generated to date is 44.0 × 1012 m3, and the center of gas generation was in the middle-eastern region of the study area before the Early-Middle Jurassic and shifted northwest in the Early Cretaceous. This study provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the exploration and development of marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin.

Strength and Erosion Resistance of Spinifex Fibre Reinforced Mudbrick

This study assesses the usability of natural materials available in Australia’s remote communities for making fibre-reinforced mudbricks. The present construction cost for housing in remote areas is too high to maintain the level of housing required for the remote Australian population. As this includes mostly First Nations communities, more culturally appropriate housing materials and construction methods are being considered. This study looks at mudbricks made from laterite soil reinforced by spinifex fibre, both available in abundance in remote communities. Hence, this material is more acceptable to communities as it is more sustainable, and the construction methods are more suited for First Nations engagement. Various mixes were tested for compressive strength and erosion resistance. Results suggest that spinifex can significantly improve compressive strength and reduce erosion effects; however, spinifex showed adverse effects at the early stage of the spray test. The results satisfy the minimum strength and erosion resistance requirements for construction and suggest that spinifex-reinforced mudbricks could potentially be considered as an alternative material in remote housing.

The effect of erosion on hydraulic machine performance

The effect of erosion on hydraulic machine performance