Eriochrome Cyanine Research Articles

Facile Determination of Aluminum Content in Industrial Brine by Investigating the Effects of Buffer Systems.

The aluminum content of concentrated (27 wt%) sodium chloride solutions could be crucial for large-scale chlor-alkali-based industries applying membrane cell electrolysis. Thus, a facile method which enables a fast and reliable protocol to determine the Al content of these solutions on ppb scale in industrial environments is fundamentally important. It was demonstrated that the increased sensitivity of colorful Al-ECR (eriochrome cyanine R) complex by the use of a cationic surfactant and specific biological buffers could effectively indicate the Al content in an extended pH interval of a concentrated saline medium under industrial conditions. The dependence of the analytical protocol on pH, temperature, time, wavelength, and the salinity of the medium was investigated. It was shown that the absorbance-based measurements of the solution should be performed at least 2-4 h after its preparation. By applying the selected two Good's buffers (HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, MOPS: 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid) and Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), 32.8-38.1 % increase in the sensitivity was achieved for saturated NaCl solutions. Moreover, the limits of detection and quantification (LOD, LOQ) were also lowered by 19.0-29.8 %, and the salinity dependence of the calibration was also reduced.

179 Stem Progenitor Cell Proliferation in the Brainstem After Spinal Cord Injury: A Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention Distant From the Site of Injury

INTRODUCTION: Though there has been an increasing number of clinical trials focused on modulating stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the spinal cord after spinal cord injury (SCI), little is known about the acute response of stem/progenitor cells in supraspinal structures. We hypothesized that the signals stimulating stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the spinal cord after SCI activate similar responses in supraspinal regions because pathways injured in the spinal cord have their targets or sources in the brain. METHODS: We employed a mouse model of SCI, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling of cells in S-phase, and co-labeling of markers of astrocytes, microglia, glial/oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and neuronal lineages to characterize the proliferative response within the brainstem of C57BL/6J mice 96 hours after a thoracic SCI. The extent of SCI and white matter (WM) spared was quantified by labeling of beta amyloid precursor protein and eriochrome cyanine R staining, respectively. RESULTS: Compared to sham-operated mice, there was a significant increase (3-fold; p < 0.01) in BrdU-labeled cells in the ventral-caudal medulla of injured mice. This response was consistent with the extent of SCI and primarily in WM tracts (57%) and the inferior olive (41%; IO). Co-labeling with cell-specific markers indicated that this response is glial (i.e., NG-2+ glial/oligodendrocyte precursor cells and GFAP+ astrocytes) with the largest increase in the number of BrdU-labeled cells occurring in the IO (6-fold increase; p < 0.01). Notably, there were no BrdU-labeled cells that co-labeled with markers of microglia or neuronal lineages. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a stem/progenitor cell response within days of SCI that occurs distant from the injury site, notably in brainstem structures involved in motor learning and coordination. These findings highlight an acute response of glial/oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the brainstem as a potential target for future studies and therapeutic intervention after SCI.

Inheritance of aluminium tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

In acidic soil, aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the foremost restraining factors which inhibit crop performance. Breeding for Al tolerance seems to be a vital approach for enhancing productivity of field crops including sunflower in acidic soil regions. In order to understand the inheritance pattern, tolerant genotypes NDLR-06 and EC601861 were crossed with susceptible genotypes MR-06 and RHA-298. P1, P2, F1, F2 and backcross populations were raised in nutrient solution and classified as tolerant/susceptible by observing root re-growth after staining with eriochrome cyanine R. Dominance nature of Al tolerance over susceptible was confirmed by the responses of F1’s which were similar to the tolerant parents. The segregation ratio for Al tolerance vs. susceptible in the F2 and backcross generations were 3:1 and 1:1, respectively. These outcomes indicated that inheritance of Al tolerance is governed by single dominant gene which can be transferred easily to desirable genotypes via backcross breedingmethod. This is the first report on inheritance of Al tolerance in sunflower.

Photometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminum in Nearly Saturated Rock Salt Solutions Used by Chlor-alkali Industry

The previously widespread mercury cell technology in chlorine production has now been replaced by more environmentally friendly membrane cell electrolysis which is a Best Available Techniques (BAT) technology. However, this requires a much cleaner brine containing contaminants (Al, Ca, Mg, etc.) in the order of ng/g at most. For this reason, it’s very important to detect trace amounts of aluminum in concentrated saline media in the simplest and fastest way. To the best of our knowledge, no one has previously developed a spectrophotometric method capable of detecting aluminum in ionic forms selectively in the order of ng/g in concentrated saline media, without any preconcentration or separation step. Our advanced analytical method provides an opportunity for this. During the analytical procedure, a colored complex ion is formed from the dissolved aluminum content of the sample with eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) ligand in buffered pH medium. The sensitivity of the measurement is increased by adding quaternary ammonium salt. The colored complex ion is formed in 15 minutes, then the absorbance measurement can be performed for 90 minutes. The effect of rock salt interference was eliminated by proper calibration. In our work the dependence of the signal on temperature, pH, time elapsed after the addition of reactants, the dosing sequence, the salinity of the medium was examined, furthermore, we studied which wavelength-absorbance values give the best fit (highest R2 value) and the highest sensitivity in case of linear calibration. Surprisingly, increasing the salinity significantly improves the sensitivity of the measurement.

Selective removal of lanthanum from monazite – (Nd) ores by pH-controlled mixed micelle cloud point extraction

A novel extraction method via cloud point extraction was used for the pH- selective separation of lanthanum ions from a number of real samples. The formation of a binary complex between La(III) with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) is the main idea for the proposed study. The obtained complex could be extracted easily by Triton X-114 at 45 °C. The amount of La(III) was determined before and after separation process using an ICP-OES. The primary factors controlling the extraction of La3+ were extensively examined. To cause the clouding phenomenon and, achieve high extraction efficiency, KNO3 and CTAB must be present. The extraction efficiency was greater than 95% under ideal conditions for the concentrations strating from 0.09 to 60 µg mL−1 and a low detection limit (0.3 μg L- 1) with a preconcentration factor of 100. Moreover, by simply changing the pH of the aqueous phase, La(III) can be extracted with high selectivity from a variety of complicated matrices. The findings showed that at pH 3.5, La3+ completely extracted in the micellar phase but Nd(III) does not separate at all. These results demonstrate the reliability of the new method for selective separation of La(III).

Fluoride analysis in aqueous solutions - a comparison of two colorimetric methods

Fluoride is beneficial for human health only in a narrow concentration range. Over the years, many analytical techniques have been developed to quantify fluoride in a variety of sample matrices. In this research, fluoride concentrations of twenty (20) natural water samples determined by SPADNS (SPA) and Eriochrome Cyanine R (ECR) colorimetric methods were evaluated to ascertain whether these methods can produce comparable fluoride concentrations. According to the paired t test for comparing individual differences, the two datasets are different at 95% confidence level suggesting that the two analytical methods produce statistically different fluoride concentrations for the analysed water samples. The potential interferences of Al3+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ on the fluoride analysis was evaluated using 0.85 mg L-1 fluoride standard solutions spiked with various amount of the above-mentioned metal ions. The highest interference was observed with Al3+ ions, which underestimated the fluoride concentration by 26% and 23% for ECR and SPA methods respectively at 20.0 mg L-1 Al3+ concentrations. The minimum interference was observed for Ca2+ ions which underestimated the fluoride concentration by 8% and 7% for ECR and SPA methods respectively at 100.0 mg L-1 Ca2+ concentrations. Acid distillation resulted in the samples spiked with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the range of 0.50 to 100.0 mg L-1 reaching the theoretical concentration of 0.85 mg L-1. Acid distillation also worked well for the Al3+- fortified samples, except for Al3+ concentration at 20 mgL-1. The efficiency of the acid distillation method was also tested with three (03) natural water samples. The fluoride concentration increased significantly after the acid distillation; however, even after the acid distillation, statistically comparable fluoride concentrations were not observed.

Highly Efficient Self-Assembled Activated Carbon Cloth-Templated Photocatalyst for NADH Regeneration and Photocatalytic Reduction of 4-Nitro Benzyl Alcohol

This manuscript emphasizes how structural assembling can facilitate the generation of solar chemicals and the synthesis of fine chemicals under solar light, which is a challenging task via a photocatalytic pathway. Solar energy utilization for pollution prevention through the reduction of organic chemicals is one of the most challenging tasks. In this field, a metal-based photocatalyst is an optional technique but has some drawbacks, such as low efficiency, a toxic nature, poor yield of photocatalytic products, and it is expensive. A metal-free activated carbon cloth (ACC)–templated photocatalyst is an alternative path to minimize these drawbacks. Herein, we design the synthesis and development of a metal-free self-assembled eriochrome cyanine R (EC-R) based ACC photocatalyst (EC-R@ACC), which has a higher molar extinction coefficient and an appropriate optical band gap in the visible region. The EC-R@ACC photocatalyst functions in a highly effective manner for the photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitro benzyl alcohol (4-NBA) into 4-amino benzyl alcohol (4-ABA) with a yield of 96% in 12 h. The synthesized EC-R@ACC photocatalyst also regenerates reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cofactor with a yield of 76.9% in 2 h. The calculated turnover number (TON) of the EC-R@ACC photocatalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol is 1.769 × 1019 molecules. The present research sets a new benchmark example in the area of organic transformation and artificial photocatalysis.

Highly Selective Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots/Eriochrome Cyanine Composite Photocatalyst for NADH Regeneration and Coupling of Benzylamine in Aerobic Condition under Solar Light

Photocatalysis is an ecofriendly and sustainable pathway for utilizing solar energy to convert organic molecules. In this context, using solar light responsive graphene-based materials for C–N bond activation and coenzyme regeneration (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen; NADH) is one of the utmost important and challenging tasks in this century. Herein, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)-eriochrome cyanine (EC) solar light active highly efficient “NGQDs@EC” composite photocatalyst for the conversion of 4-chloro benzylamine into 4-chloro benzylamine, accompanied by the regeneration of NADH from NAD+, respectively. The NGQDs@EC composite photocatalyst system is utilized in a highly efficient and stereospecific solar light responsive manner, leading to the conversion of imine (98.5%) and NADH regeneration (55%) in comparison to NGQDs. The present research work highlights the improvements in the use of NGQDs@EC composite photocatalyst for stereospecific NADH regeneration and conversion of imine under solar light.

Exercise combined with administration of adipose-derived stem cells ameliorates neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.

Experimental studies have shown that exercise and human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) play positive roles in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, whether ADSCs and/or exercise have a positive effect on SCI-induced neuropathic pain is still unclear. Thus, there is a need to explore the effects of exercise combined with administration of ADSCs on neuropathic pain after SCI. In this study, a thoracic 11 (T11) SCI contusion model was established in adult C57BL/6 mice. Exercise was initiated from 7 days post-injury and continued to 28 days post-injury, and approximately 1 × 105 ADSCs were transplanted into the T11 spinal cord lesion site immediately after SCI. Motor function and neuropathic pain-related behaviors were assessed weekly using the Basso Mouse Scale, von Frey filament test, Hargreaves method, and cold plate test. Histological studies (Eriochrome cyanine staining and immunohistochemistry) were performed at the end of the experiment (28 days post-injury). Exercise combined with administration of ADSCs partially improved early motor function (7, 14, and 21 days post-injury), mechanical allodynia, mechanical hypoalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and thermal hypoalgesia. Administration of ADSCs reduced white and gray matter loss at the lesion site. In addition, fewer microglia and astrocytes (as identified by expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively) were present in the lumbar dorsal horn in the SCI + ADSCs and SCI + exercise + ADSCs groups compared with the sham group. Our findings suggest that exercise combined with administration of ADSCs is beneficial for the early recovery of motor function and could partially ameliorate SCI-induced neuropathic pain.

Synthesis of dye-sensitized TiO2/Ag doped nano-composites using UV photoreduction process for phenol degradation: A comparative study

This study investigates a comparison between the photocatalytic action of two nanocomposites (TiO2 and TiO2(Ag) doped) on the degradation of phenol from water. The nanocomposites were synthesized by the UV photo-reduction process to get a silver metal loading of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% (w/w). In addition to this, Eriochrome Cyanine Red (ECR) and Eosin Yellow (EY) both anionic dyes were used for sensitization of Ag-doped TiO2 photo-catalyst such as TiO2(Ag)ECR and TiO2(Ag)EY. The TiO2(Ag-1.0)EY photo-catalyst indicated higher absorbance compared to the TiO2(Ag-1.0)ECR in the 400–700 nm range (visible range). The degradation of phenol was tested by varying the pH, silver loading and catalyst dosage. The maximum degradation of phenol was 98% in 180 min at pH 7 in presence of 1% (w/w) silver loading with 0.5 gL-1 dosage of photo-catalyst TiO2(Ag-1.0)EY. At this condition, the reduction in the phenol concentration was noticed from 20 mg/L to 0.4 mg/L.

Development of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device for magnesium determination in saliva samples

In this work, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was developed for magnesium determination in saliva samples. The idea was to develop a fast and simple method for biological magnesium quantification targeting saliva as an easy to collect and non-invasive alternative to blood or urine samples. The μPAD approach was chosen due to its advantages, namely ideally suited to conduct on-location determinations, and not requiring trained operators or specialized laboratory equipment. The developed μPAD was based on the colorimetric reaction between eriochrome cyanine and magnesium to form an intense orange/reddish colour product. The colour intensity was determined by image processing after digital scanning, made within 10 to 90 min after sample loading. Under optimal conditions, the dynamic concentration range was 82–247 μM, with detection and quantification limits of 62 μM and 81 μM, respectively. The device is stable for up to 3 months when stored in vacuum or in a modified nitrogen atmosphere. An accuracy assessment was made by comparing the results obtained using the developed μPAD with those from atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The relative difference between the two sets of results was below 5%.

Voluntary exercise ameliorates neuropathic pain by suppressing calcitonin gene-related peptide and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 overexpression in the lumbar dorsal horns in response to injury to the cervical spinal cord

BackgroundNeuropathic pain (NP) is a frequent finding in patients diagnosed with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). To improve our understanding of the maladaptive changes taking place in the lumbar spinal cord that can lead to the development of NP and to find alternative options to treat this condition, we aimed to investigate the effects of voluntary exercise on NP after SCI and to elucidate its potential mechanisms. MethodsA rat model of post-SCI NP induced by compression of the posterior or lateral cervical spinal cord was used to evaluate the effects of voluntary exercise by measuring the bilateral withdrawal of the hind paws using the Von Frey filament and Hargreaves tests. The place escape/avoid paradigm was used to evaluate supraspinal pain processing and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were used to examine disturbances in proprioception. Locomotor function was evaluated using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring. Pathologic findings in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate the morphological changes after SCI. The lesion size within the cervical spinal cord was evaluated by staining with Eriochrome cyanine R. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) in the lumbar dorsal horns. ResultsAll injured rats developed mechanical hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and thermal hyperalgesia in the contralateral hind paws at 1 week post-injury. Rats that underwent lateral compression injury developed NP in the ipsilateral hind paws 1 week later than rats with a posterior compression injury. Our findings revealed that voluntary exercise ameliorated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and significantly improved proprioception as measured by SEP, but had no impact on mechanical hypoalgesia or motor recovery and provided no significant neuroprotection after recovery from an acute SCI. SCI-induced NP was accompanied by increased expression of CGRP and Iba-1 in the lumbar dorsal horn. These responses were reduced in rats that underwent voluntary exercise. ConclusionsVoluntary exercise ameliorates NP that develops in rats after compression injury. Increased expression of CGRP and Iba-1 in the lumbar dorsal horns of rats exhibiting symptoms of NP suggests that microglial activation might play a crucial role in its development. Collectively, voluntary exercise may be a promising therapeutic modality to treat NP that develops clinically in response to SCI.

Rapid adsorption of acid dyes using Cu(II) thiourea modified cellulose complex.

In the present work, the acid dyes namely, eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) and 2-(4-Sulfo phenyl azo)-1,8 dihydroxy-3,6 naphthalene disulfonic acid, trisodium salt (SPADNS) were effectively adsorbed by Cu(II)-thiourea modified cotton fibers (Cu(II)/Tu-MC) complex. FTIR, SEM, XPS analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and potentiometric titration were utilized for characterization. The impact of the fundamental adsorption parameters was systematically investigated. The results reveal that the adsorption of ECR and SPADNS acid dyes occurs via a metal-coordination mechanism. Furthermore, the adsorption process follows the 2nd order kinetic model and Langmuir model adsorption isotherm. The Cu(II)/Tu-MC shows high adsorption capacities of 0.27 and 0.22mmol/g for ECR and SPADNS, respectively. These findings indicate that the cationization of cellulose fibers with metal ions is a promising and efficient strategy toward enhancing the adsorption of acid dyes.

Trihydroxyethyl Rutin Provides Neuroprotection in Rats With Cervical Spinal Cord Hemi-Contusion.

Objective: To investigate the neuroprotective effects of trihydroxyethyl rutin in rats with cervical spinal cord hemi-contusion.Methods: Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to hemi-contusion at a stroke depth of 1.2 mm, and then intraperitoneally injected with 50 or 100 mg/kg trihydroxyethyl rutin per day for 12 weeks (T50 and T100 groups, respectively). Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and behavior were continuously monitored. At 12 weeks post-injury, immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess changes in cervical spinal cord microvascular morphology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed to examine end-stage injury in the cervical spinal cord, and Eriochrome cyanine-stained slices of spinal cord tissue were evaluated for injury.Results: There were no significant differences in biomechanical parameters among the spinal cord injury, T50 and T100 rat groups. At 3 days-post-injury, there was a significant decrease in grip strength. At 12 weeks post-injury, grip strength recovery was significantly better in the T50 and T100 groups than in the injury group. Compared with the injury group, the total limb placement frequency was significantly higher in the T50 group at 2, 4, 6, 10, and 12 weeks post-injury and in the T100 group at 2, 6, 8, and 10 weeks post-injury. Ipsilateral SEPs and MEPs were dynamic, increasing in latency and decreasing in amplitude in the injury compared with sham group. MRI scanning demonstrated that the coronal, sagittal, and transversal lesion areas were smaller in the T50 and T100 groups than in the injury group. Microvascular density showed a greater reduction in the injury group compared with the T50 and T100 groups. Eriochrome cyanine staining showed that the ipsilateral side, residual parenchyma, and gray matter areas were larger in the T50 and T100 groups than in the injury group.Conclusion: Trihydroxyethyl rutin exhibits robust neuroprotective effects, improving limb motor function and nerve electrophysiological parameters after spinal cord injury, maintaining microvascular density, and reducing the area of injury and degree of demyelination.

Radiochromic Fricke gels with eriochrome cyanine R for radiotherapy dosimetry

The chelator eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) in aqueous solutions forms metal complexes with Fe(III) ions with 1:1 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry. Because ECR absorbs light in the visible spectrum at different wavelengths for its free and complexed forms, this ligand may behave as a dose marker in a Fricke gel (FG) dosimeter. This is the first investigation of the influence of the organic ligand ECR in Fricke gels produced with a polyvinyl alcohol matrix cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (FGECR). The concentrations of sulfuric acid, ECR, and Fe(II) ions were varied in the FG synthesis in order to optimize the detector sensitivity to ionizing radiation. For comparison sake, FG synthesized with xylenol orange (FGXO) was also produced. The formation of the Fe(III)-ECR complex after irradiation has two absorption bands in the visible region. The absorbance intensities vary linearly with the absorbed dose in the range of 0.0–40.0 Gy. The FGECR and FGXO showed similar properties: sensitivity of (0.072 ± 0.001) Gy-1 and (0.079 ± 0.001) Gy-1; and diffusion of (0.192 ± 0.006) mm2 h-1 and (0.184 ± 0.022) mm2 h-1, respectively. FGECR has some advantages for application in radiotherapy, as it presented sensitivity for low doses, whose minimum detectable dose was 0.67 Gy, with maximum optical absorption at low energy wavelengths, ideal for measuring radiation dose by optical tomography, and it has a high saturation dose. Therefore, FGECR has the potential for dosimetric studies in radiotherapy, including flash radiotherapy, which deposits high doses in extremely short times.

PH-controlled mixed micelle cloud point extraction for selective removal of trace levels of iron from titanium concentrates

Removal of trace iron contaminations from valuable concentrates such as titanium is necessary to obtain highly-pure metals. In this regard, a new green mixed-micelle cloud point extraction is proposed to preferentially remove trace concentrations of iron from various geological samples. The developed procedure is based on the formation of a ternary complex of Fe(III) with eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) that is simply extracted by Triton X-114 in the existence of KNO3 at 35 °C. The concentration of Fe(III) in the surfactant-rich phase was detected by ICP-OES. The main parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of Fe(III) were investigated systematically. The presence of KNO3 and CTAB is crucial to induce the clouding phenomena, consequently, achieving high extraction efficiency. At the optimum conditions, the extraction efficiency of Fe(III) was higher than 98.50% in the concentration range of 0.03–80 mg L−1, accompanied by an enrichment factor of 100. Interestingly, Fe(III) can be selectively extracted from complex matrices by a simple modulation of the aqueous phase pH. Fe(III) is completely extracted in the micellar phase at pH 1.0, where no separation of Ti(IV) is observable. These findings reflect the validity of the developed method for preferential removal of trace concentrations of iron from different metal concentrates.

Solid Phase Spectrophotometric Determination of Cationic Surfactants Using Silica-Titania Xerogel–Pyrocatechol Violet Dye System

The influence of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the interaction of triphenylmethane dyes (pyrocatechol violet, eriochrome cyanine R, and chrome azurol S) with silica-titania xerogels has been studied. For all the studied triphenylmethane dyes (TPMD) the formation of colored complexes of CPC and TPMD with titanium(IV) embedded in silica-titania xerogels has been observed using solid phase spectrophotometry. Maximal absorbance increase has been observed for pyrocatechol violet (PV) complexes. The procedure for CPC determination has been proposed using silica-titania xerogel – PV system (analytical range 0.01–0.56 mM, limit of detection 3.6 μM). The recovery test of the proposed solid phase spectrophotometric CPC determination procedure has been used for the procedure validation. The procedure has been applied for the determination of CPC in treated waste water, and cationic surfactants in terms of CPC in working solutions of disinfectants Alaminol and Catamine AB.

Genetic diversity of VIR Raphanus sativus L. collections on aluminum tolerance.

Radish and small radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are popular and widely cultivated root vegetables in the world, which occupy an important place in human nutrition. Edaphic stressors have a significant impact on their productivity and quality. The main factor determining the phytotoxicity of acidic soils is the increased concentration of mobile aluminum ions in the soil solution. The accumulation of aluminum in root tissues disrupts the processes of cell division, initiation and growth of the lateral roots, the supply of plants with minerals and water. The study of intraspecific variation in aluminum resistance of R. sativus is an important stage for the breeding of these crops. The purpose of this work was to study the genetic diversity of R. sativus crops including 109 accessions of small radish and radish of various ecological and geographical origin, belonging to 23 types, 14 varieties of European, Chinese and Japanese subspecies on aluminum tolerance. In the absence of a rapid assessment methodology specialized for the species studied, a method is used to assess the aluminum resistance of cereals using an eriochrome cyanine R dye, which is based on the recovery or absence of restoration of mitotic activity of the seedlings roots subjected to shock exposure to aluminum. The effect of various concentrations on the vital activity of plants was revealed: a 66-mM concentration of AlCl3 · 6Н2О had a weak toxic effect on R. sativus accessions slowing down root growth; 83 mM contributed to a large differentiation of the small radish accessions and to a lesser extent for radish; 99 mM inhibited further root growth in 13.0 % of small radish accessions and in 7.3 % of radish and had a highly damaging effect. AlCl3 · 6Н2О at a concentration of 99 mM allowed us to identify the most tolerant small radish and radish accessions that originate from countries with a wide distribution of acidic soils. In a result, it was possible to determine the intraspecific variability of small radish and radish plants in the early stages of vegetation and to identify genotypes that are contrasting in their resistance to aluminum. We recommend the AlCl3 · 6Н2О concentration of 83 mM for screening the aluminum resistance of small radish and 99 mM for radish. The modified method that we developed is proposed as a rapid diagnosis of aluminum tolerance for the screening of a wide range of R. sativus genotypes and a subsequent study of contrasting forms during a longer cultivation of plants in hydroponic culture (including elemental analysis of roots and shoots, contrasting in resistance of accessions) as well as reactions of plants in soil conditions.

Sonochemical synthesis and characterization of silver tungstate nanostructures as visible-light-driven photocatalyst for waste-water treatment

Highly active nanostructured silver tungstate for visible-light-driven photocatalysis is fabricated via an effortless and quick sonochemical pathway. Role of capping agent kind, concentration of tungsten source and time of sonication as efficacious variables has been explored for fabrication of silver tungstate through sonochemical pathway. The outcomes denoted successful fabrication of homogeneous silver tungstate nanoparticles with fine size in optimal circumstance (30 min of sonication, usage of SDBS and 0.01 mol of tungsten source). As-fabricated photocatalyst, the nanostructured silver tungstate has been identified with the aid of multiple techniques. The created silver tungstate micro/nanostructures employed to degrade diverse contaminants beneath visible light. Degradation yield of 94.23% for Acid red 14 and 96.31% for eriochrome cyanine R and 100% for Rhodamine B has been obtained with the help of the nanostructured silver tungstate (created in optimal circumstance) within 60 min. Further, nanostructured silver tungstate could completely destruct 2-naphthol within 15 min. No considerable decrement in performance was seeable within re-utilized experiments. The easy, effortless and quick fabrication of highly active nanostructured silver tungstate for visible-light-driven photocatalysis through sonochemical pathway may contribute efficient in environmental remediation.

Certification procedures used by the Biological Stain Commission for eriochrome cyanine R (C.I. 43820, Mordant blue 3)

ABSTRACTEriochrome cyanine R (C.I. 43820, Mordant blue 3), also known as chromoxane cyanine R and solochrome cyanine R, has been used as a biological stain since 1957. In conjunction with ferric ions, it provides selective blue coloration of the nuclei of cells in methods procedurally similar to commonly used progressive or regressive hemalum (aluminum-hematoxylin) stains. Eriochrome cyanine R also is used to stain the myelin sheaths of axons in nerve tissue; the results are visually similar to those in sections stained with luxol fast blue MBS (C.I. 74180, solvent blue 38) with selective blue coloration of myelin and erythrocytes. Eriochrome cyanine R is an article of commerce with many uses in industrial coloration and analytical chemistry; it can be used instead of either hematoxylin or luxol fast blue MBS, especially in the event of a shortage of either of the latter compounds. The Biological Stain Commission (BSC) will certify batches of eriochrome cyanine R that meet the criteria set out in this document. The criteria include satisfactory UV/visible spectra at pH 4 and pH 12 − 13, a dye content not less than 40% and not greater than 52% (calculated as the color acid; equivalent to 46 − 59% of the trisodium salt), and satisfactory performance in three staining methods: regressive for nuclei, progressive for nuclei and regressive for myelin.