Eriochrome Cyanine Research Articles

Remediation of Dye-Polluted Solutions by a New Tannin-Based Coagulant

Tanfloc is the name of a new tannin-based coagulant with a natural origin. It was tested on several dye-polluted aqueous solutions, namely, those containing triphenylmethane (Eriochrome Cyanine R), indigoid (Carmine Indigo), azoic (Chicago Sky Blue 6B, Palatine Fast Black WAN, or Acid Red 88), or anthraquinonic dyes (Alizarin Violet 3R). Particularly the removals of Alizarin Violet 3R and Palatine Fast Black WAN were studied. According to the classical influence-of-variable method, Tanfloc present a high coagulating activity, as a relatively low dose (200 mg·L -1 ) can remove almost all of the initial dye concentration of Palatine Fast Black WAN (0.03 mmol·L -1 ). pH seems to negatively affect the dye removal process, whereas temperature is not an important factor. In addition, a design of experiments based on the response surface method led to the evaluation of the effective interaction between coagulant dosage and initial dye concentration, so an optimal point was established for Palatine Fast Black WAN with a coagulation capacity (q) equal to 0.61 mmol·g -1 . Freundlich and Langmuir models were applied, and adjusted r 2 correlation factors were above 0.85 in all cases.

Floatation-spectrophotometric Determination of Thorium, Using Complex Formation with Eriochrome Cyanine R.

A novel and sensitive floatation-spectrophotometric method is presented for determination of trace amounts of thorium in water samples. The method is based on the ion-associated formation between thorium, Eriochrome cyanine R and Brij-35 at pH = 4 media. The complex was floated in the interface of the aqueous phase and n-hexane by vigorous shaking. After removing the aqueous phase the floated particles were dissolved in methanol and the absorbance was measured at 607 nm. The influence of different important parameters such as Eriochrome cyanine R and surfactants concentration, pH, volume of n-hexane, standing time and interfering ions were evaluated. Under optimized conditions the calibration graph was linear in the range of 6–230 ng mL−1 of thorium with a correlation coefficient of 0.9985. The limit of detections (LOD), based on signal to noise ratio (S/N) of 3 was 1.7 ng mL−1. The relative standard deviations for determination of 150 and 30 ng ml−1 of thorium were 3.26 and 4.41%, respectively (n = 10). The method showed a good linearity, recoveries, as well as some advantages such as sensitivity, simplicity, affordability and a high feasibility. The method was successfully applied to determine thorium in different water and urine samples.

Spectrophotometric determination of catecholamine using vanadium and eriochrome cyanine r

A highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the analysis of catecholamine drugs; L-dopa and methyldopa, is described. The analysis is based on the reaction of drug molecules with vanadium (V) which is reduced to vanadium (IV) and form complex with eriochrome cyanine R to give products having maximum absorbance (lmax) at 565 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.028-0.84 and 0.099-0.996 mg mL-1 for L-dopa and methyldopa, respectively. The statistical analysis as well as comparison with reported methods demonstrated high precision and accuracy of the proposed method. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.

Spectrophotometric Study of Ternary Complex Forming Systems of Some Lanthanide Metal Ions with Eriochrome Cyanine R in Presence of Cetylpyridinium Bromide for Microdetermination

Study of coordination compounds of lanthanide elements has received a great attention due to growing applications in science and technology. Number of chromogenic reagents form water soluble colored complexes with lanthanides. Eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) a member of triphenylmethane type of dye has been reported to form green colored complexes with lanthanides and has been used for microdetermination of these metal ions. Addition of cationic surfactant, Cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), a cationic surfactant sensitizes the color reactions of Gd(III), Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III) and Lu(III) with ECR. Formation of water soluble, highly colored ternary complexes with a considerable bathochromic shift of about 50 nm in presence of surfactant has been observed. Optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were also evaluated. Stoichiometric ratio 1:3:3 of Ln: ECR: CPB are responsible for the observed rise in molar absorptivity and sensitivity. Beer’s law was obeyed between 0.50 to 13.00 ppm. Effective photometric range and molar absorptivity of these ternary complexes have been calculated. Effect of some common interfering ions on determination of these lanthanide metal ions was studied. A simple, rapid and highly sensitive spectrophotometeric method has been proposed for the determination of metal ions understudy.

Hematoxylin shortages: their causes and duration, and other dyes that can replace hemalum in routine hematoxylin and eosin staining

The origins of repeated hematoxylin shortages are outlined. Lack of integration in the hematoxylin trade exacerbates the problems inherent in using a natural product. Separate corporations are engaged in tree growth and harvesting, dye extraction, processing of extracts to yield hematoxylin, and formulation and sale of hematoxylin staining solutions to the end users in biomedical laboratories. Hematoxylin has many uses in biological staining and no single dye can replace it for all applications. Probably, the most satisfactory substitutes for aluminum-hematoxylin (hemalum) are the ferric complexes of celestine blue (CI 51050; mordant blue 14) and eriochrome cyanine R (CI 43820; mordant blue 3, also known as chromoxane cyanine R and solochrome cyanine R). The iron-celestine blue complex is a cationic dye that binds to nucleic acids and other polyanions, such as those of cartilage matrix and mast cell granules. Complexes of iron with eriochrome cyanine R are anionic and give selective nuclear staining similar to that obtained with acidic hemalum solutions. Iron complexes of gallein (CI 45445; mordant violet 25), a hydroxyxanthene dye, can replace iron-hematoxylin in formulations for staining nuclei, myelin, and protozoa.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Scandium (III) with Eriochrome Cyanine R and Cetylpyridinium Chloride – Application to Waters and Synthetic Alloys*

The detailed investigation of a sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the trace amounts of scandium is described. The method is based on the reaction of scandium with eriochrome cyanine R reagent in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride surfactant at pH 4.1, to form a violet-blue ternary chelate which exhibits maximum absorption at 595nm. Beer’s law is obeyed over the range 0.1-3.0 µg25ml, i.e., 0.004-0.12 ppm, with a molar absorptivity of 1.3×105 l.mol-1.cm-1, (r=0.9991), Sandell’s sensitivity index of 0.45 ng.cm-2, a relative error of 0.0-0.4% and a relative standard deviation of ±0.6 to ±6.1 %, depending on the concentration level. The method has been applied successfully to determine, scandium in various samples of water and synthetic alloy.

Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing pyruvate phosphate dikinase increase exudation of organic acids and decrease accumulation of aluminum in the roots

Pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyses the phosphorylation of pyruvate (+ ATP + Pi) yielding phosphoenolpyruvate (+ AMP + PPi). PPDK levels are induced upon drought and salt stress and both cytosolic and plastidic isoforms are found in higher plants. Herein we investigate the role of this enzyme upon aluminum exposure. We generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing either a plastidic (PPDK) or a putative cytosolic (ΔPPDK) Mesembryanthemum crystallinum PPDK under the transcriptional control of the patatin B33 promoter and found that they can ameliorate Al stress. Enhanced root growth in the presence of Al was observed in transgenic lines, while that of wild-type (WT) seedlings was strongly inhibited. Al content in root tips of stressed plants was reduced in the transgenic lines compared with WT, as judged by Eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) staining and atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, all transformants excreted higher levels of citric acid cycle intermediates (citrate and malate) than the WT seedlings did. Interestingly, we found different behavior between the two sets of transformants, based on results of ECR root staining, organic acid exudation and Al accumulation. In general, lines harboring the PPDK construct were more tolerant to Al stress than those expressing the ΔPPDK construct. We conclude that the overexpression of PPDK can serve to protect roots against Al toxicity. Furthermore, we provide the first physiological evidence for a link between Al stress and PPDK in plants and postulate that such approach could be successful under certain edaphic conditions, namely acid soils.

Selective Extraction of Zirconium from Various Samples and Subsequent Spectrophotometric Determination with Eriochrome Cyanine R Reagent

A sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of zirconium(IV) in various samples has been developed. In this method trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) is used for the extraction of zirconium. The colour of the complex is developed in the organic phase by the addition of eriochrome cyanine R reagent (ECR) and ethanol as a diluent. The calibration plot is linear in the concentration range 0.08–10 μg ml-1 with a molar absorptivity (ε) of 2.0x104 l.mol-1 cm-1 at 564 nm The stoichiometric composition of the chelate is 1:2 ( Zr : ECR ). The extraction of zirconium (IV) was carried out in the presence of various ions to ascertain the tolerance limit of individual ions. The proposed method was successfully used for the determination of zirconium in various samples such as, natural waters and ores .

Selective oxidation of serotonin and norepinephrine over eriochrome cyanine R film modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel ECR-modified electrode is fabricated by electrodeposition of Eriochrome Cyanine R (ECR) at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in double-distilled water. The characterization of the ECR film modified electrode is carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared spectra (IR), spectroelectrochemistry and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that a slightly heterogeneous film formed on the surface of the modified electrode, and the calculated surface concentration of ECR is 2 × 10 −10 mol/cm −2. The ECR film modified GC electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE). Furthermore, the modified electrode can separately detect 5-HT and NE, even in the presence of 200-fold concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) and 25-fold concentration of uric acid (UA). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the peak currents of 5-HT and NE recorded in pH 7 solution are linearly dependent on their concentrations in the range of 0.05–5 μM and 2–50 μM, respectively. The limits of detection are 0.05 and 1.5 μM for 5-HT and NE, respectively. The ECR film modified electrode can be stored stable for at least 1 week in 0.05 M PBS (pH 7) at 4 °C in a refrigerator. Owing to its excellent selectivity and sensitivity, the modified electrode could provide a promising tool for the simultaneous determination of 5-HT and NE in complex biosamples.

Multiexponential T 2 and magnetization transfer MRI of demyelination and remyelination in murine spinal cord

Identification of remyelination is important in the evaluation of potential treatments of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Local injection of lysolecithin into the brain or spinal cord provides a murine model of demyelination with spontaneous remyelination. The aim of this study was to determine if quantitative, multicomponent T 2 (qT 2) analysis and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), both indicative of myelin content, could detect changes in myelination, particularly remyelination, of the cervical spinal cord in mice treated with lysolecithin. We found that the myelin water fraction and geometric mean T 2 value of the intra/extracellular water significantly decreased at 14 days then returned to control levels by 28 days after injury, corresponding to clearance of myelin debris and remyelination which was shown by eriochrome cyanine and oil red O staining of histological sections. The MTR was significantly decreased 14 days after lysolecithin injection, and remained low over the time course studied. Evidence of demyelination shown by both qT 2 and MTR lagged behind the histological evidence of demyelination. Myelin water fraction increased with remyelination, however MTR remained lower after 28 days. The difference between qT 2 and MTR may identify early remyelination.

Determination of aluminium using high performance chelation ion chromatography

The suitability of high performance chelation ion chromatography (HPCIC) using postcolumn reaction for the separation and determination of dissolved aluminium in complex samples was investigated. Use of a chelating ion-exchanger allowed for differentiation between kinetically labile and kinetically stable species of aluminium. Separation through a combination of chelation and cation-exchange was achieved using a 200 x 4.0 mm id column packed with particles of silica functionalised with iminodiacetic acid, with nitric acid-potassium chloride eluents. A temperature anomaly causing a five-fold increase in column efficiency for aluminium is believed to be a result of localised temperature effects in the particular type of instrument used. Postcolumn reagents investigated for the photometric detection included Tiron, Pyrocatechol Violet, Chrome Azurol S, and Eriochrome Cyanine R. The lowest detection limit (2.7 microg/L for a 100 microL sample volume) was achieved using 0.25 mM Eriochrome Cyanine R in 0.2 M hexamine (pH 6.1) with 1 mM cetyltrimethylpyridium bromide (CTAB). The optimised HPCIC system was applied successfully to the quantification of labile aluminium in paper mill process water.

Determination of Aluminum Fractionation in Soil Extracts by Using Eriochrome Cyanine R Modified Anion-Exchange Resin as Solid Phase Extraction Cartridge Coupled with ICP-AES

By using Eriochrome Cyanine R modified anion-exchange resin as solid phase extraction cartridge coupled with ICP-AES, a novel method for the determination of Al fractionation in soil extracts has been developed. The proposed method possesses the following distinct advantages: (1) Good selectivity. The Eriochrome Cyanine R modified resin shows good recognizing ability for Al fractions. The total monomeric Ala can be adsorbed on the modified resin in the pH range of 6 ∼ 10 by column procedure, and the organic monomeric Alo can be determined by batch procedure rapidly while no adsorption of inorganic monomeric Ali was found in 30 min at least. Thus Ali can be obtained by subtraction between Ala and Alo. Major matrix's interference (Fe, Mn and organic substances) in soil extracts can be avoided. (2) Simple manipulation. The modified resin is very easy to prepare just simply by impregnating the resin with a solution containing Eriochrome Cyanine R. This method has been applied to the determination of five fractions of Al in soil extracts with the experimental results being in agreement with those obtained by Driscoll's method. In addition, Calcon, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, Tiron, Solochrome Violet RS, Pyrocatechol Violet, Xylenol orange, Ferron and Alizarin Red S are also modified to anion-exchange resin as solid-phase extractants. Their conditions to pre-concentrate and determine Al fractionation are investigated, and the adsorptive characteristics of various chelating reagents have been discussed and compared.

Validated flow-injection method for rapid aluminium determination in anti-perspirants

A flow-injection (FI) method for the rapid determination of aluminium in anti-perspirants has been developed. The method is based on the spectrophotometric detection at 535 nm of the complex formed between Al ions and the chromogenic reagent eriochrome cyanine R. Both the batch and FI methods were validated by checking the parameters included in the ISO-3543-1 regulation. Variables involved in the FI method were optimized by using appropriate statistical tools. The method does not exhibit interference from other substances present in anti-perspirants and it shows a high precision with a R.S.D. value ( n = 6) of 0.9%. Moreover, the accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparison with a back complexometric titration method, which is currently used for routine analysis in pharmaceutical laboratories. The Student's t-test showed that the results obtained by both methods were not significantly different for a significance level of 95%. A response time of 12 s and a sample analysis time, by performing triplicate injections, of 60 s were achieved. The analytical figures of merit make the method highly appropriate to substitute the time-consuming complexometric method for this kind of analysis.

Evaluation of Copper(II) Eriochrome Cyanine R (ECR) Complex Immobilized in Anion Exchange Membrane as a Potential Nitric Oxide Optical Sensor

The immobilization of the copper(ii) complex of Eriochrome cyanine R (Cu(ECR)2) in anion exchange membranes was investigated in the development of an optical sensor for nitric oxide (NO) gas. The change in the absorbance spectrum of Cu(ECR)2 membranes was monitored at 445 nm on exposure to NO gas and a steady-state response was obtained following a 400 s exposure time. This response was highly linear (r2 = 0.996) up to 6 ppm NO and the detection limit was calculated to be 0.848 ppm (~28.28 μM in solution). This response was 4.7 times more sensitive to changing NO gas concentrations (0–6 ppm) compared with that of Cu(ECR)2 immobilized in silicone rubber films. This response was fully reversible by resubmersion of the membranes in copper(ii) solution following NO exposure and this reversibility was extremely reproducible (0.81%, relative standard deviation, n = 3). These anion exchange membranes were more selective to NO gas rather than O2 (80:1), NO2 (3:1), and CO (7:1) and these gases were shown not to interfere with the reaction of Cu-ECR membranes with NO itself.

Localization of Casparian Bands and Crystal Cells in Relation to Aluminum Distribution in the Primary Root of Eddo under Aluminum Treatment

The primary roots of eddo (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum Hubbard & Rehde) were treated with aluminum, and the localization of Casparian bands and crystal cells in relation to aluminum was investigated. The calcium oxalate crystal idioblasts (crystal cells) were localized at the peripheral parts of cortex between about 0.5 mm and 6 mm from the tip of primary roots. The crystal cells were arranged in tubular form, which is referred to as ‘tubular arrangement of crystal cells’. The Casparian band was apparently detected in the endodermis at 3 mm from the root tip of primary roots treated with aluminum, under a fluoresence microscope with berberin hemi-sulfate. Aluminum was significantly stained with eriochrome cyanine in the root apical region of eddo after aluminum treatment. Not only in the periphery part of stele, but also the external part of the tubular arrangement of crystal cells was significantly stained. In addition, marked accumulation of aluminum stained with lumogallion was observed inside the crystal cells by z-staking observation with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results suggested that Casparian bands in endodermis and the tubular arrangement of crystal cells obstructed the influx of aluminum into the inside of stele.

Selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of sub-micro-molar amounts of aluminium ion

A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for determination of trace and ultra-trace amounts of Al 3+ ion in tap and wastewater sample has been described. Using the eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) in the presence of N, N-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) as cationic surfactant spectrophotometric determination of Al 3+ ion has been carried out. The Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 4–400 ng mL −1 of Al 3+ ion with the detection limits of 0.14 ng mL −1, while the molar absorptivity of complexes is 1.19 × 10 5 L mol −1 cm −1. The influence of type and amount of surfactant, pH, and amount of ligand on sensitivity of spectrophotometric method were optimized. The method has been successfully applied for Al 3+ ion determination in real sample.

Histochemistry of Staining Methods for Normal and Degenerating Myelin in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

This review summarizes the function, structure, and chemistry of the myelin sheaths of axons: discusses the mechanisms of several staining techniques using inorganic compounds, dyes, and antibodies; and provides technical instructions for 13 staining methods for normal and degenerating myelin. Myelin has alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers. The former contain the hydrocarbon tails of lipid molecules and hydrophobic segments of transmembrane proteins; the latter contain the anionic heads of polar lipids and also basic proteins. Aqueous fixatives allow some myelin lipids to be retained in paraffin sections. Stains for normal myelin include histochemical reactions that detect choline-containing phospholipids (Baker's chromation-acid hematein) or double bonds (unsaturation) in the fatty acid components of lipids (osmium tetroxide or palladium chloride reduction; the pseudoplamal reaction and DAB fluorescence, for oxidized double bonds). Traditional fat stains (Sudan dyes) stain normal myelin less intensely than fat or degenerated myelin. Dyes of the luxol fast blue group have colored anions balanced by hydrophobic organic cations. Applied from an organic solvent and differentiated in an aqueous alkali, these dyes are retained in myelin, which is more hydrophilic than fat but more hydrophobic than cytoplasm or collagen. Dye-metal complexes, notably those of ferric iron with hematein (“iron-hematoxylin”) or eriochrome cyanine R (also called chromoxane cyanine R, solochrome cyanine R, and Mordant blue 3), are excellent myelin stains for paraffin sections. They probably attach to basic proteins and resist extraction from a relatively hydrophobic environment. Immunohistochemical methods can detect characteristic proteins and lipids of myelin, some of which are different in the central and peripheral nervous systems.When an axon is disconnected from its neuronal cell body, or if the cell body dies, both the axon and its myelin sheath degenerate. Myelin degenerates also in autoimmune and toxic diseases. The hydrophobic products of degeneration contain crystals of cholesterol esters, brightly visible in frozen sections viewed with crossed polars. Hydrophobic lipids of degenerated and phagocytosed myelin take up fat stains (Sudan dyes, Nile red) but they are not colored by the myelin stains used on paraffin sections. Degenerating myelin fragments are selectively blackened in Marchi's reaction, which is with an aqueous solution containing osmium tetroxide and a hydrophilic oxidant (K2Cr207 or KClO3). (The J Histotechnol 30:87, 2007)Submitted March 21, 2007; accepted with revisions April 11, 2007

Test determination of aluminum, beryllium, and cationic surfactants using phenolcarboxylic acids of the triphenylmethane series immobilized on cloths from synthetic and natural fibers

We consider the use of cloth matrices from viscose and cotton fibers bearing phenolcarboxylic acids of the triphenylmethane series immobilized by adsorption in chemical test methods of analysis. Chrome Azurol S, Sulfochrome, and Eriochrome Cyanine R were used for immobilization. It was found that the reagents are weakly retained on cellulose matrices. The degree of retention varied from 10 to 60%. It was observed that the reagent complexes of metal ions exhibited enhanced adsorbability on the matrices. Cloths with immobilized Chrome Azurol S were used in the test determination of 0.0005–0.5 mg/L beryllium and 0.0005–1.0 mg/L aluminum. When the reaction products were preconcentrated on the cloth from 100 mL of a test solution, the detection limit was 0.0001 mg/L. Procedures were developed for determining 0.1–100 mg/L aluminum and 0.02–0.6 mg/L beryllium in solutions using cloth test strips encapsulated into a polymeric film. It was demonstrated that Sulfochrome and Eriochrome Cyanine R immobilized on cloths can be used to determine 0.01–1 and 1–1000 mg/L cationic surfactants.

Fluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Albumin in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid with Eriochrome Cyanine R

A fluorimetric method using eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) was applied to determine trace amounts of albumin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The ECR-albumin adduct showed intense fluorescence and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 2.5-100 microg/ml of human serum albumin (r=0.999). The sensitivity was high enough to determine trace amounts of albumin in BALF. In the present study, the results obtained by the ECR method were compared with those of an EIA, and a good linear correlation was observed between the two methods (r=0.946). The ECR method is simpler and more rapid than EIA. The concentrations of albumin in BALF samples were determined by the ECR method. The albumin level in BALF of healthy nonsmokers (n=9) was lower than that of healthy smokers (n=9) (42.9+/-20.7 and 48.3+/-15.7 microg/ml, respectively). On the other hand, the albumin level of BALF samples obtained from patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis was increased versus in healthy subjects. The determination of albumin in BALF samples by the ECR method is useful for investigating lung diseases.

Rapid determination of aluminum by UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with application of suitable adsorbents

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can be used as a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of low amounts of aluminum. In this analytical technique, the analyte in samples are extracted onto a solid sorbent matrix loaded with a colorimetric reagent and then quantified directly on the adsorbent surface. Alternatively, colored aluminum complexes formed in solution can also be immobilized onto adsorbent surface and be measured by DRS technique. Octadecyl silica disk, methyltrioctylammonium chloride–naphthalene and MCM-41 were examined as adsorbents. Eriochrome cyanine R and quinalizarin were used as coloring reagents. Optimal sorption conditions were found for each system of analyte–reagent–adsorbent. The concentration of analyte is determined using the appropriate form of the Kubelka–Munk function. We obtained for each of the aluminium–reagent–adsorbent system a calibration curve by plotting the absorbance versus the log 10 2[Al 3+] μg ml −1. The linear dynamic range extends over two orders of magnitude within 0.01–15 μg ml −1 with little differences in the range and in the correlation coefficients among the adsorbents. We consider that for a rapid determination of aluminum a spot-test-DRS combination with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10 −2 μg ml −1 is the more facile and preferred technique.