Ergatic System Research Articles

Individual and typological features of motor memory in problems of control of ergacy systems in the absence of visual feedback

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of the presence of visual feedback on the quality of user experience with a number of human-computer interfaces, as well as the process of mastering the interfaces. As a result of the work, the features of the generation of control commands by operators of ergatic systems using an oculographic interface, interfaces for controlling hand movements and head movements were assessed. In the absence of visual feedback, users relied on motor memory formed during the learning process, and in the case of head control, on data from the vestibular analyzer. The presence of visual feedback was found to be important for accurate command generation in all cases. However, when controlling the head and eyes, the presence of visual feedback led to a greater deviation from the ideal trajectory and an increase in the distance that the cursor traveled before reaching the goal. Localization of the target position did not have a significant effect on the performance of the operator interface, regardless of the presence of visual feedback. Analysis of typical reactions in all experiments made it possible to identify three types of control, differing for eye and head movements, but not for hand movements in the ergatic system mode. Types 1 and 2 exhibited more errors compared to type 3, and the number of errors varied between them, especially for hand control. The results obtained can be used in the development of promising interfaces for ergatic systems, including the determination of the necessary visual feedback components for this class of technical devices.

Monitoring the State of the Operator of the Ergatic System in UAV Control Tasks

An important aspect of the application of unmanned systems is the reliability and safety of controlling these devices. An innovative approach has been proposed to improve the efficiency of the pilot operator and the reliability of the automated control system. It includes the development of an algorithm for determining the pilot’s condition based on heart rate analysis. This algorithm helps to assess the condition of the pilot and his ability to control the drone. Another important element of the proposed approach is the algorithm for selecting the control mode of the automated control system for unmanned aerial vehicles, which takes into account information about the functional state of the pilot operator. This algorithm allows the system to automatically switch between different operating modes depending on the condition of the pilot, ensuring optimal control and minimizing the risks of human error. An integrated approach to improving the reliability of the unmanned aerial vehicle control system allows not only improving the work of the pilot operator, but also ensuring the safer and more efficient operation of automated systems.

Исследование показателей надёжности многокомпонентной эргатической системы с учётом надёжности человека-оператора

The article substantiates the need to monitor the reliability of the human operator of the ergatic system, and also proposes a software application for assessing the corresponding indicator. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the probability of failure-free operation of ergatic systems depending on the frequency of failures of the human operator.

МОДЕЛЬ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ЭРГАТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО ОБМЕНА

The aim of this article is to create a model that simulates the ergatic system operation for controlling information exchange and evaluates its adequacy to the current system. Since in the modern world there is rapid technology development and the volume of the processed information is increasing, the control over information resources is becoming a key aspect, which determines the article relevance. An analysis of Info Watch’s 2022 information leak statistics is presented to better understand the scale of the problem. The subsystem for monitoring image leaks of the ergatic information exchange control systems is analysed. A model made in the CPN-Tools simulation environment is considered, which will allow examining in detail the presented system operation. This model will give the opportunity to evaluate how effective the information exchange control system is in real conditions. At this stage, it will be possible to gain deeper understanding of how the system works and what measures can be taken to improve its functionality. This article makes an important contribution to the field of information control and data security by proposing a methodology and tools for analysing and improving ergatic information exchange control systems.

Индивидуально – типологические особенности распознавания реальных и модельных сигналов электроэнцефалограммы

An experiment is conducted to identify individual typological features of the user’s recognition of real and model electroencephalogram signals within the framework of tasks related to designing ergatic system simulators. During the experiment, psychological testing of the study participants is carried out. The following diagnosis methods are used: the Eysenck personality questionnaire, diagnostics of the leading perceptual modality, the Spielberg state-trait anxiety inventory, the Corsi block-tapping test for assessing working memory. The key test is passing a test in the original software form developed by the authors to identify the ability to distinguish a real encephalogram from an image generated by the programme. The analysis of correlation dependencies shows that the trial subjects who gave the best results at the training stage improve their performance at the experiment stage without feedback. Trial subjects with a leading auditory perceptual system give worse results at the experiment stage without feedback than subjects with leading visual and kinaesthetic perceptual systems. Trial subjects with a higher level of anxiety give out lower indicators during the experiment at both stages.

Индивидуально – типологические особенности распознавания реальных и модельных сигналов электроэнцефалограммы

An experiment is conducted to identify individual typological features of the user’s recognition of real and model electroencephalogram signals within the framework of tasks related to designing ergatic system simulators. During the experiment, psychological testing of the study participants is carried out. The following diagnosis methods are used: the Eysenck personality questionnaire, diagnostics of the leading perceptual modality, the Spielberg state-trait anxiety inventory, the Corsi block-tapping test for assessing working memory. The key test is passing a test in the original software form developed by the authors to identify the ability to distinguish a real encephalogram from an image generated by the programme. The analysis of correlation dependencies shows that the trial subjects who gave the best results at the training stage improve their performance at the experiment stage without feedback. Trial subjects with a leading auditory perceptual system give worse results at the experiment stage without feedback than subjects with leading visual and kinaesthetic perceptual systems. Trial subjects with a higher level of anxiety give out lower indicators during the experiment at both stages.

Information System for Evaluation of Operator's Preparation for Control Conditions of Ergacy System without Feedback

A description of an information system is presented that provides an assessment of the ability of the «interface-operator» complex to form control commands for an ergatic system in the absence of visual control of the control process

Expert advisory system determining the functional reliability of the human operator based on psychological and psychophysiological indicators

The article is dedicated to the formation of a "generalized portrait" of the condition of the human operator, which is the main component of the ergatic system, based on psychophysiological indicators, and on this basis, providing corrective advice through an expert-advisory system. A formal-constructive model "generalized portrait" is created according to the stratified description of psychological and psychophysiological indicators. Each indicator included in the strats is realized by means of the corresponding software. Each component of the "generalized portrait" is assigned to different scale types (ratio, interval, ordinal, nominative). The theory of fuzzy sets and relations is used to unify different types of scales. The decision and advice functional block of the expert-advisory system makes a decision about the functional reliability based on the fuzzy knowledge based on the current state of the human-operator.

Targeting of Joint Control in the "Man-Machine" System: Modeling and Structuring

The category of target designation is considered as the upper level of joint control of an object in the ergatic system "man-machine". Target designation refers to the initial need that precedes the planning and execution of the controlled movement of some object of the ergatic system. Such management is presented as a variant of situational management, defined by D. S. Pospelov on the basis of a model of actions and responses of a human operator and a machine adopted in engineering psychology. The control automaton of the system is given the properties inherent in the human operator. The anthropomorphism of control actions is used in the construction of the designation of the control automaton on a set of incomplete representations of elementary movements of the depicting point along the trajectory in the space of states of the "man-machine" system. It is shown that the angular points of the trajectory mark complete situations in the state space, the change of which is caused by signals of discrete anthropomorphic control. The change of situations and elementary movements are matched with the elementary goals and intermediate goals in a structured hierarchy of a complete system of target designation goals, arranged in time. Quantitative estimates of the complete system of goals were obtained. The principal possibility of structuring target designation at the entire stage of operation of the vital cycle of the "man-machine" system is shown. The description of the adopted approach to the design of target designation is accompanied by an example of the application of methods of the theory of optimal control and expert opinions and assessments of boatmasters for the organization of anthropomorphic control of the vessel’s movement in conditions of increased danger. The results of the analysis of experimental data are presented, according to which quantitative estimates of the complete systems of goals implemented in the executed movements of ships are given when the main goal is achieved — the entry of the vessel into the lock chamber. The analogous estimates for comparison are made according to the patterns of anthropomorphic management developed for the same main purpose. The results of the discussion of the results of the study are presented. The possibilities of taking into account the parametric, signal and coordinate uncertainties of mathematical models for the coordination of target designation with the planning of anthropomorphic ship movement control are shown.

Efficiency of operation of a quarry excavator as an ergatic system

Efficiency of operation of a quarry excavator as an ergatic system

Determination of Complex Aircraft - Operator Control System Properties

The automatization of particularly fast maneuvering aircraft has greatly reduced the sphere of man's scope by freeing him from routine operator work and moving it to the highest hierarchical level of the system. This forces aerospace manufacturers and users to address questions of a kind in a new way: how to design an ergatic system (ergatic system), how to optimize the coordination or human operator's entry into the "machine part", that has a distinctive feature of artificial intelligence. In this article, the properties of the ergatic system are investigated in order to determine the stability of the system in the longitudinal steady-state equilibrium flight mode at 22 965 ft, Mach 0.8, VTAS = 250 m/s. The Control System Toolbox, which is focused on solving tasks related to the analysis and synthesis of linear time - invariant dynamic systems, was used to solve the example. The basic prerequisite for the use of individual toolbox modules is knowledge mathematical models of controlled processes described in the state space, by means of transfer functions in s - area, z - area, time area, in the form of poles, zeros and amplification.

Determination of Complex Aircraft - Operator Control System Properties

The automatization of particularly fast maneuvering aircraft has greatly reduced the sphere of man's scope by freeing him from routine operator work and moving it to the highest hierarchical level of the system. This forces aerospace manufacturers and users to address questions of a kind in a new way: how to design an ergatic system (ergatic system), how to optimize the coordination or human operator's entry into the "machine part", that has a distinctive feature of artificial intelligence. In this article, the properties of the ergatic system are investigated in order to determine the stability of the system in the longitudinal steady-state equilibrium flight mode at 22 965 ft, Mach 0.8, VTAS = 250 m/s. The Control System Toolbox, which is focused on solving tasks related to the analysis and synthesis of linear time - invariant dynamic systems, was used to solve the example. The basic prerequisite for the use of individual toolbox modules is knowledge mathematical models of controlled processes described in the state space, by means of transfer functions in s - area, z - area, time area, in the form of poles, zeros and amplification.

Synergetic Model of Situational Awareness of a Human Operator in Ergatic Control Systems of Mobile Objects

At present, researches of ergatic control systems for moving objects, in which an important role is assigned to the human operator, are of particular relevance. The effectiveness of the functioning of such systems largely depends on the state of the human operator and, first of all, on his situational awareness. Insufficient or inadequate awareness of the operator about the situation in such systems is one of the main factors of accidents associated with human error. Therefore, the task of creating models of professional activity of a human operator, including models of his situational awareness, is urgent. It is shown that situational awareness is based on mental models of a human operator. Their adequacy depends on many subjective characteristics (factors) peculiar to a person, for example, his intelligence, mental state, accumulated experience. Mathematical formalization will reduce the subjective component in the formation of situational awareness. It is noted that important properties of situational awareness of the human operator are associativity and ranking of information depending on the context of the problem being solved. Therefore, situational awareness provides perception of the current situation and allows you to make the right decisions in response to certain threats. The levels of implementation of situational awareness in a human operator are given. A feature of the first level is the need for joint processing of a large amount of heterogeneous information in order to identify significant facts and critical information about external objects. The task of the second level is to form a holistic picture of the situation, which is based on existing knowledge and previous experience. The third, highest level of understanding of the situation is based on the ability of a person to predict the actions of moving objects and the consequences of these actions. It is proposed to form a model of situational awareness based on Haken’s synergetic approach. Like most other intelligent systems, the synergetic Haken’s model includes learning and recognition processes. A description of the process of recognizing a critical situation using a trained synergetic model is given. The value of the attention parameter, which characterizes the importance of a specific characteristic of the state of the controlled object in the ergatic system, is noted. The associative properties of the synergetic model and its ability to rank the initial information in the process of threat analysis during helicopter control are investigated.

Factor analysis of the parameters of the ergatic natural-production system of the carting out of timber assortments

ABSTRACT Factor analysis of 35 factors in 162 experiments was conducted for carting out timber from the forest to a forest products mill using the method of identifying stable patterns. The sampling power of the total correlation matrix was 352 = 1225 values of the correlation index for the identified stable patterns. According to the identified patterns of rank-size distributions and binary relations, the number of pre-selected factors decreased from 35 to 24 in summer (68.57%) and to 25 in winter (71.43%) using the proposed method of factor analysis. Basically, factors with a correlation index of less than 0.3 were excluded. Structural indicators become a system parameter of the set of regularities of binary relations, which decrease with an increase in the “permissible” correlation index. In total there are 1190 pairs of binary relations. According to the research results, among the influencing variables, the factor “type of snow and ice cover” was in first place, “number of the month in the year” was in second place, and “time of operation of the logging truck” was in third place. Among the dependent indicators in comparison with the general correlation matrix and the matrix of strong connections, the first and second places were: “the height of the snow cover (off the road)”; the given eastern longitude. The factor “the wheel formula of the logging truck” was in third place.

Методика построения алгоритмической логико-вероятностной модели надёжности функционирования корабельной ядерной энергетической установки

A shipboard nuclear power plant is a complex ergatic system that includes jointly interacting non-ergatic (technical) and ergatic (biological) elements. It is obvious that the reliability of the operation of the power plant will depend on the reliability indicators of all elements. Therefore, this article proposes a method for modeling the reliability of the functioning of a ship's nuclear power plant. It is based on the synthesis of technologies for the development of logical and probabilistic models of reliability of complex organizational and technical systems and methods for formalizing the processes of functioning of complex ergatic systems using probabilistic and algorithmic models of human operator activity.

Evaluating the State of a Complex Ergatic System Using the Example of a System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements

Evaluating the State of a Complex Ergatic System Using the Example of a System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements

ПРИНЦИПИ ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ ЛЮДИНО-МАШИННОЇ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ У ЦИФРОВОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ

Modern society life is inextricably linked with the digital environment. A consequence is the transformation of ergatic systems into digital ones. The result is the emergence of new types of man-machine interaction. The essential feature of such interaction is to minimise human involvement in the ergatic system functioning. According to this, the issues of organising the safe and effective functioning of digital ergatic systems have priority importance. In this regard, the aim was to study the features of man-machine interaction in an actual digital ergatic system. We chose an ergatic system for research. The main elements of the system were students (70 people of the first-year study) and teachers (5 people) of the Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics, as well as the digital system “Personal training systems the Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics” (PTS). This digital system is an adapted model of the Moodle digital system. The study found out that the key components that determine the safety and efficiency of the digital ergatic system are the operator's digital mindset, digital tools and digital devices. The study of these components in the system made it possible to establish that it had a balanced state. It is substantiated the optimal form of man-machine interaction in the system. It is mixed learning. It is shown that the tendency to minimise the human role in a digital ergatic system does not always have the expected positive result, which determines the need for further research on this issue. In addition, we analysed the difficulties arising in the design of digital systems. The main reason for this is a lack of developers awareness of the ergonomic and cognitive aspects of man-machine interaction. It is shown that the development of critical thinking and intuition in students is closely related to the individual trajectory of learning. For this, it is essential to update interdisciplinary knowledge. In this case, it is necessary to familiarise students with current concepts and system-forming principles, which are the basis of human factors engineering. It was substantiated that the application of current concepts and system-forming principles in training will allow optimising man-machine interaction. The positive results will be evidence even at the stage of designing digital systems

Choice of the Fractal Method For Visualization of Input Data While Designing Support Systems for Decision-Making by Navigator

Introduction. The constant increase in the amount and intensity of traffic requires organization and precise management.Problem Statement. In the present-day conditions, when the number of vessels engaged on internal and external routes has been growing, without the vessel driver/navigator all alone are not physically able to assess the navigation situation and to make the right decision how to operate his vessel. The need to develop and to implement algorithms that help address the issue of navigation safety is an important task, especially when it comes to the management of groups of vessels. The main approaches that allow generalizing the information flows to ensure continuous and safe navigation are the formation of a structured system of processing and evaluation of input factors and related output parameters. This enables controlling the ergatic system of vessel, given a significant number of factors.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to create new approaches to controlling the vessel ergatic system for making an optimal and timely decision.Materials and Methods. Fractal methods for representation of the primary information and applied computer programs of mathematical simulation have been used.Results. The proposed model of information processing as part of the vessel ergatic system is designed to comp­rehensively ensure the safety of vessels, while providing control and optimization of both operational and organizational parameters and diagnostic functions, with the ability to predict and to prevent failures of the vessel engineering system.Conclusions. The applicability of general algorithms for the processing of information and its structuring according to the degree of impact has been shown. The application of these approaches solves the problem of overloading the navigator with excessive navigational information and reduces decision-making time. The developedalgorithm allows creating an automatic control system for groups of vessels in real conditions of difficult navigation environment.

Analytical Approach to the Design of Joint Motion Control of the Egratic System " Skipper-Ship"

The article deals with the problem of designing a joint control of the movement of a water transport object — the ergatic system " ship-to-ship" . Joint motion control is presented in mathematical form on the basis of the model of actions and responses of the human operator and the machine, adopted in engineering psychology for the " human-machine" systems. The model is formalized by composing mathematical models of the plane motion of the ship and the movements of the controls of the propellers (propellers) and rudders of the ship. For the ship’s human-machine interface, it is proposed to use a new type of apparatus, with the help of which the control actions on the control body from the boatmaster and the control automaton of the ergatic system are combined.For the mathematical description of virtual signals of discrete control in solving problems of target designation and planning, a method for constructing a set of incomplete representations of elementary movements in the state space of the " skipper-ship" system is proposed. The numerical estimates of pairwise different representations of elementary movements and discrete control signals that implement transitions from one elementary movement to another by influencing the propellers and rudders of the ship using the ship’s human-machine interface controls are obtained.In order to unify the anthropomorphic control of ship movement at the target designation and planning levels, it is proposed to use templates from several discrete control signals, based on the experience of navigation and solving mathematical programming problems. The solution of the practical problem of optimal anthropomorphic control of the vessel movement from the mooring wall to the lock chamber is obtained, which provides for the implementation of a sequence of ten discrete control signals and two control templates. A method is proposed for estimating the influence of signal, parametric, and coordinate uncertainties on the position of the image point in the state space of the " su-driver-ship" system relative to the nominal trajectory of the program motion. The regions of interval representations of uncertainties in the subspace of the ship’s " time-position-speed" states are obtained. The procedure for correcting the a priori description of nominal anthropomorphic control is considered on the basis of control patterns and analysis of rectangles of uncertainty in the subspace of states of the " skipper-ship" system.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF UNDERWATER DEMINING OF AN EXPLOSIVE HAZARDOUS OBJECT

The process of developing a mathematical model of the process of demining an explosive object located at depth is considered. Based on the above, the aim of the work is to develop a mathematical model of the emergency response process associated with the underwater location of an explosive object, as a process of functioning of the system "PNS - special means of underwater demining - diver-sapper", which should be the basis for -technical recommendations for improving the efficiency of underwater demining by divers. To solve this goal should solve the following main tasks: to determine the initial and boundary conditions for the functioning of the mathematical model; describe the process of underwater demining in the form of a multifactor model; to present options for the use of forces and means of underwater demining in the form of one-factor models; to determine the order of analysis of weighting factors in the obtained models. This task shows the feasibility of considering such a process in the form of a complex ergatic system "diver-sapper - special means of underwater demining - underwater location of an explosive object". simulation experiment, which will take into account the nonlinear influence of the components of the system, as well as their relationship with each other, on the effectiveness of underwater demining. It is shown that the mathematical model of underwater demining by a diver-sapper is a system of three analytical dependences. The first is a functional that describes the process of underwater demining in the form of a three-factor polynomial model. The second allows us to present this functionality as a set of one-factor models. The third provides the definition of weights in solving a multifactor problem. It is noted that such a model allows to proceed to the substantiation of operational and technical recommendations, which will take into account the impact (in that case nonlinear) not only directly of each individual indicator, but also the effects of interaction between them. Key words: emergency situation, underwater demining, multifactor assessment, operational and technical recommendations.