Er Values Research Articles

Study on the effect of acid rain erosion on the adhesion properties of asphalt-aggregate interface

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of acid rain on the adhesion properties of the asphalt-aggregate interface in asphalt mixtures. By employing surface-free energy theory and the sessile drop method to analyse wetting behaviour, the adhesion work and energy indicator ER were calculated. The interface adhesion characteristics were evaluated using the water boiling method and pull-off tests. It was found that acid rain significantly reduces the interface adhesion work, which worsens with increasing erosion cycles and concentrations. The ER value decreases, adhesion becomes poorer and the lower the pH value, the more severe the damage. The acidic environment accelerates the stripping of the asphalt film and weakens the interactive forces. Acid rain increases the polarity between asphalt and aggregates, reducing the adhesion energy and leading to failure. SBS-modified asphalt exhibits better adhesion performance than 70# petroleum asphalt.

Numerical investigation of spindle position effects on steam ejector performance with a nonequilibrium condensation model

AbstractThis research studied the performance of a spindle‐controlled steam ejector using models such as ideal gas and wet steam under various operating conditions based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A wet steam model incorporating nonequilibrium condensation was employed to simulate the complex flow phenomena within the ejector. The structure of the flow, entrainment ratio (Er), and shock wave characteristics of the steam ejector were examined in two different models. Results indicate that the spindle position has a substantial impact on steam ejector performance. For the ideal gas and wet steam models, the optimal spindle position (SP‐5) at a .1 MPa motive pressure achieves the highest entrainment ratios (Er) of 1.01 and 1.042, respectively. However, an ejector with a fixed geometry achieves Er values of only .517 and .549 for the ideal gas and wet steam models, under identical working conditions. This represents a substantial improvement of 89.8% over the fixed‐geometry ejector. The wet steam model consistently predicts 2%–4% higher Er values compared with the ideal gas model across all spindle positions. The study also reveals that increasing the motive pressure from .1 to .3 MPa reduces Er by up to 45.8% at the optimal spindle position, with the shock train length extending to 35% of the mixing chamber at .3 MPa. These findings offer insights for improving the design and optimization of variable‐geometry steam ejectors, potentially increasing efficiency in industrial applications.

Isthmin-1 and spexin as promising novel biomarker candidates for invasive ductal breast carcinoma

IntroductionBreast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Research is focusing on biomarkers linked to breast cancer, particularly two novel proteins: isthmin-1 (ISM-1) and spexin (SPX), which require further investigation. Material and methodsThe study involved 20 healthy controls and 60 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, categorized into three groups: Grade I (n=20), Grade II (n=20), and Grade III (n=20). Levels of ISM-1 and SPX in tissue were analyzed using immunohistochemistry alongside the clinicopathologic data of patients. ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in age, menopausal status, ER, PR, and Cerb-B2 values across grades (p>0.05). Tumor diameters showed a significant increase in Grade I compared to Grade II (p<0.05), while no significant difference was noted between Grade II and Grade III, although diameters were larger in Grade III compared to Grade I (p<0.05). Notably, ISM-1 immunoreactivity decreased, and SPX immunoreactivity increased significantly across all grades compared to normal tissue (p<0.05), with no significant differences between tumor grades for these markers (p>0.05). ConclusionsThis study presents new findings on ISM-1 and SPX expression in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. The decrease in ISM-1 and increase in SPX suggest a need for further research into the relationship between adipokines and tumor development in breast cancer.

Оценка влияния производственных дефектов на характеристики связанной микрополосковой линии

The influence of manufacturing defects on the characteristics of the coupled microstrip line has been evaluated. The results of quasi-static analysis showed that the values of matrices C and L change when the etching time and εr values change, which in turn affects the frequency and time characteristics of transmission lines. Electrodynamic analysis reveals that the linearity of the transmission coefficient changes depending on the shape of the conductors. It is shown that when the shape of the conductors of the coupled transmission lines changes with increasing etching time, the resonances shift towards higher frequencies. Analysis of the obtained matrices C and L revealed that with increasing etching time, the eigenvalues of C and Z decrease, while L increases. This is due to the decrease in the cross-sectional area of the conductor as well as the change in the εr values of the materials. It is found that an increase in the etching time leads to a change in the voltage waveform at the far end of the active conductor. It is also found that the conductor shape with the best performance in terms of noise suppression is shape 3. The structure with rectangular-shaped conductors has the lowest values of linear capacitance, which affects the characteristics of the coupled microstrip line.

Significantly Improved dielectric performance and Vickers-Hardness in High-Entropy TiO2-based Ceramics

Remarkable dielectric properties and enhanced hardness were achieved in high-entropy TiO2-based ceramics in this work by incorporating multiple pairs of donor-acceptor (D-A) cations (D = Nb5+, A = In3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Ga3+, La3+). The introduction of high-entropy engineering may facilitate the creation of favorable and stable microstructural features as lattice distorted and localized defect cluster, thereby enhancing the dielectric performance, thermal stability and mechanic properties. The composition of [Nb0.5(In0.2Al0.2Fe0.2Ga0.2La0.2)0.5]0.01Ti0.99O2 exhibits remarkably colossal permittivity (εr) value of approximately 18488 and low dielectric loss (tanδ) value of around 0.014 at 1 kHz. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the dielectric permittivity for [Nb0.5(In0.2Al0.2Fe0.2Ga0.2La0.2)0.5]0.01Ti0.99O2 ceramic meets the X9D standard, and the dielectric loss stays below ∼ 0.05 in the temperature range from -55 to 150 °C. Besides, the Vickers-hardness of [Nb0.5(In0.2Al0.2Fe0.2Ga0.2La0.2)0.5]0.01Ti0.99O2 gets increased by over 37% as compared to that of (Nb5+, In3+) co-doped ceramic (INTO). We presented in this work the influence of high-entropy on the dielectric and mechanic properties of TiO2-based ceramics, offering valuable insight into future development of colossal dielectric ceramics.

Crystal structure, bond characteristics, and microwave dielectric properties of novel low-εr LiRE(PO3)4 (RE = Pr, Nd) ceramics

The rapid advancement of Internet of Things poses significant challenges to signal latency. To address this issue, novel low dielectric constant (εr) lightweight LiRE(PO3)4 (RE = Pr, Nd) ceramics were synthesized by solid-state method. Accompanied by densification of the microstructure, the exceptional microwave dielectric properties can be obtained in the LiPr(PO3)4 ceramics sintered at 910 °C, with a low εr value of 5.25, a high-quality factor (Q·f) value of 42,939 GHz and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of −14.17 ppm/°C. Meanwhile, the LiNd(PO3)4 ceramics sintered at 940 °C demonstrate high performance, with εr of 5.23, a Q·f of 65,718 GHz and a τf of −34.28 ppm/°C. The low εr is mainly influenced by the strong covalency and bond susceptibility contribution of [PO4] tetrahedron, and the underestimated εr is subjected to the cation “compression” effect through the bond valence theory. The analysis via Phillips–Van Vechten–Levine (P-V-L) theory indicates that the enhancement of Q·f value in LiNd(PO3)4 ceramics can be attributed to the enhanced total lattice energy and packing fraction value. In addition, the 5 GHz Wi-Fi microstrip patch antennas utilizing LiNd(PO3)4 ceramics were fabricated. The outstanding antenna's performance was tested in the microwave anechoic chamber, with a gain of 6.34 dB and a broad bandwidth of 276 MHz at 5.49 GHz, confirming the promising application prospects of LiNd(PO3)4 ceramics for an indoor Wi-Fi antenna.

Crystal structure, chemical bonds, and microwave dielectric properties of NaZnPO4 ceramic

This study reports the synthesis of NaZnPO4 ceramics using the solid-state reaction method and investigates their microwave dielectric properties for the first time. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of single-phase NaZnPO4 ceramic with a monoclinic structure. Among the samples, the one sintered at 850 °C exhibited the highest relative density of 95.4% and demonstrated excellent microwave dielectric properties, including a εr of 6.4, a Q × f of 49,500 GHz, and a τf of -47.3 ppm/°C. The measured εr values closely aligned with theoretical predictions, suggesting that molecular polarization significantly influences the relative dielectric constant. Furthermore, variations in sintering temperature primarily affected εr and Q × f through changes in relative density. Utilizing the P-V-L theory, we elucidated the relationship between chemical bond parameters and microwave dielectric properties, establishing that the P-O bond plays a dominant role in the dielectric behavior of the ceramics. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy results indicated that P-O bond vibrations predominated the entire spectrum.

Ta doping effect on microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of CoNb2O6‐based ceramics and mechanism study

AbstractAs communication technology continues to evolve, 5G technology is becoming more mature, and 6G technology is steadily advancing. Microwave equipment is moving toward high frequency, miniaturization, low loss and high temperature stability, and microwave dielectric ceramics have been deeply applied in this field. To elevate the Q × f value of CoNb2O6 system, Ta5+ was introduced into CoNb2O6, and CoNb2‐xTaxO6 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) ceramics were prepared by the traditional solid‐phase method. By X‐ray diffraction, it was observed that at x = 0.8, in addition to a single niobium ferrite phase, information of tantalate phase also appeared. Raman spectral detection and group theory analysis indicate that Ag(2) and Ag(3) modes are the dominant Raman vibrations at ≈873 cm−1. Furthermore, the polarization rate affects the εr value, and the bond energy of Nb/Ta‐O and the recovery force characterized by the average deformation of the [Nb/TaO6] octahedron are the key elements influencing the temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency (τf). The internal strain, ordered induced size, and chemical bonding valence of ionic valence states are the key factors that can increase the Q × f value. Moreover, the introduction of ions with lower electronegativity leads to an enhanced electronic compensation of oxygen vacancies, which also reduces the dielectric loss. This paper enriches the theory related to low dielectric loss and shows that CoNb1.8Ta0.2O6 (εr = 21.4832, Q × f = 100723 GHz, τf = ‐61.38 ppm/°C) ceramics with superior microwave dielectric properties are expected to be used in wireless communication devices.

Enhanced Energy Storage Properties of Four-Layer Composite Films via Strategic Macrointerface Modulation.

Dielectric capacitors play a crucial role in the field of energy storage; however, the low discharged energy density (Ue) of existing commercial dielectrics limits their future applications. Currently, further improvement in the Ue of dielectrics is constrained by the challenge of simultaneously achieving high permittivity (εr) and high breakdown electric field strength (Eb). To address this issue, we designed a series of four-layer poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based composite films comprising three functional layers: a sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) plus PVDF composite (NBT&PVDF) layer to achieve high εr values and a pure PVDF layer and a boron nitride (BN) plus PVDF composite (BN&PVDF) layer to achieve high Eb values. This design synergistically enhanced the εr and Eb values of the composite films by exploiting low-loss macrointerface polarization via adjustment of the functional layer stacking order, as supported by simulation analyses. Ultimately, the composite film with a topmost layer of pure PVDF, followed by an NBT&PVDF layer, another pure PVDF layer, and a BN&PVDF layer achieved an enhanced Ue value of 26.42 J·cm-3 and excellent efficiency of 80.03% at an ultrahigh Eb value of 770 MV·m-1. This approach offers an innovative pathway for developing advanced energy storage composite dielectrics via macrointerface manipulation.

Microwave dielectric properties of LiM(PO3)3 (M = Mg2+, Zn2+) ceramics

Microwave dielectric ceramics with low dielectric permittivity εr combined with low ceramic sintering temperatures have raised considerable research interest recently due to their potential application in LTCC technology for 5G wireless communications. Here in this study, ceramic processing, crystal structure, and microwave dielectric properties of LiM(PO3)3 (M = Mg2+, Zn2+) ceramics were comprehensively investigated. Optimized LTCC compatible ceramic sintering processes were developed at 725 °C and 625 °C for 10 h, respectively, leading to high relative densities of 96.27 % and 94.09 %. Low microwave εr values of 5.74 and 6.30 and Q × f values of 16,660 GHz and 9629 GHz (at 14 GHz) were obtained, where such values were found to be affected by the grain microstructure. LiMg(PO3)3 exhibited a small τf of −11 ppm/°C, while LiZn(PO3)3 showed −58 ppm/°C. Complementary impedance spectroscopy measurements indicated modest Li+-ion conductivity with a higher value of 2.92·10−7 (Ωcm)−1 at 560 K (287 °C) in LiZn(PO3)3. Both ceramics were found to be dielectrically homogeneous without any perceptible contributions from the grain boundaries.

Design and Fabrication of a C-Band Patch Antenna with Low Loss BaM4Si5O17 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics.

Single-phase BaM4Si5O17 (M = Yb, Er, Y, Ho) ceramics have been investigated for their crystal structures, microwave dielectric properties, flexural strength, and potential applications in dielectric antennas. Rietveld refinement and TEM analysis revealed that the BaM4Si5O17 ceramics exhibit a monoclinic structure (space groups: P21/m). The εr of the BaM4Si5O17 ceramics was dominated by ionic polarizability and ρrel. The Q × f values were considerably larger at BaM4Si5O17 (M = Yb and Y) ceramics with the high Utotal and low intrinsic dielectric loss. The τf values were controlled by the MO6 octahedron distortion and -VBa. The flexural strength was mainly dominated by pores and average grain size and reached the maximum value (156 MPa) at BaY4Si5O17 ceramic with small average gain sizes and high relative density. Additionally, a patch antenna was fabricated using high-performance BaY4Si5O17 ceramic characterized by a εr value of 9.02, a Q × f value of 60620 at 12.30 GHz, and a τf value of -37.65 ppm/°C. This design achieved a high simulated radiation efficiency of 82.70% and a gain of 5.60 dBi at 6.97 GHz. indicating potential applications of BaY4Si5O17 ceramic because of its low dielectric loss and high flexural strength.

Microwave dielectric properties of novel Mg3Ga2TiO8 ceramic

Mg3Ga2TiO8 ceramics were prepared using a solid-phase method. The ceramics sintered at 1440 °C exhibited excellent microwave dielectric properties (εr = 12.07, Q × f = 89,270 GHz, and τf = −40.7 ppm/°C). The typical spinel structure of the Mg3Ga2TiO8 ceramic was confirmed through Rietveld refinement and Raman spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated local lattice distortion in the Mg3Ga2TiO8 ceramics, with a Vickers hardness of 12.53 GPa. The values of εr and Q × f for the Mg3Ga2TiO8 ceramics were affected by the relative density. The theoretical εr obtained from the C-M equation was lower than the measured εr, plausibly due to underestimation of the polarizability of the Ti ions. According to the P-V-L theory, Ti2-O1 has the highest fi value, contributing 29.92 % to εr. The contribution rate of the Ga2-O1 bond to U was 35.76 %, with the greatest impact on Q × f.

Characteristics and risk assessments of mercury pollution in a county region undergoing industrialization in northeastern China: a case study in Gongzhuling

Mercury pollution in emerging industrial zones and surrounding areas, especially in industrial concentration areas, has attracted much attention. So as to clarify the characteristics of Hg in the environment in China’s small and medium-sized industrial emerging and surrounding areas, central urban area of Gongzhuling, a traditional agricultural town with a high degree of industrialization in northeast Changchun industrial base, is taken as the scope. Geological accumulation trin (Igeo) was used to study the degree of soil mercury contamination in Gongzhuling area, latent Er (ecological risk) trin was used to appraise the Er of soil Hg in the study area, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of mercury in soil using human exposure risk assessment model. The results showed that 34% of soil samples had higher Hg content than the background value of the province’s soil (0.04 mg kg−1). The Igeo results showed that Hg pollution rate of soil in study area was 9% (index &amp;gt;0). In conclusion, the level of soil Hg pollution in Gongzhuling area was low, and the pollution area is mainly concentrated in the northwestern part of the study range. The highest and lowest Er values of soil Hg from the study sample were 2.23 and 214.83, and 24% of the samples had Er &amp;gt; 40, that means they pose a moderate or higher potential ecological risk, and most of these points are located in the northeast of the study range. The main route of human exposure to Hg is oral ingestion. The HQ (non-carcinogenic risk index) and HI (total non-carcinogenic risk value) of soil mercury were both much less than 1, it indicates that the present level of soil Hg in the study range does not pose a threat to local adult health for the time being. This study provides reference for other urban pollution risk assessment, and further defines the direction of future work.

Novel single-phase Li2SiO3 microwave dielectric ceramic with low permittivity

Novel low-permittivity lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) ceramics were synthesized to explore the relationships between crystal structure parameters and dielectric properties. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement indicated that the Li2SiO3 ceramics formed a single orthorhombic structure with a Cmc21 space group. Optimal microwave dielectric properties of εr = 6.20 ± 0.02, Q×f = 30,550 ± 250 GHz (f0 = 15.5 GHz), and τf = −40.95 ± 0.56 ppm/℃ were achieved through sintering at 1025 ℃. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that the values of εr and Q×f were negatively correlated with the Raman shift and full width at half maximum of the strongest peak at 982 cm−1, respectively. Meanwhile, the Phillips–Vechten–Levine theory revealed that the εr values and the Q×f values were closely related to the average bond ionicity and the lattice energy of the Si-O bonds, respectively. Moreover, the increase in τf values depended on the increase in oxygen bond valence and the distortion of the [LiO4] tetrahedron. These results on the Li2SiO3 ceramics could provide some theoretical information for developing high-performance microwave dielectric ceramics.

Effect of Mn2+ substitution on the dielectric properties of NaMg(PO3)3 ceramics at microwave and terahertz frequencies

In this study, NaMg1-xMnx(PO3)3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.0625) ceramics with low dielectric constant were prepared via the solid-state reaction method. The effects of Mn2+ substitution on the microstructure and dielectric properties (at microwave and terahertz frequencies) of the NaMg(PO3)3 ceramics were studied by means of the Rietveld refinement, morphology, and ionic polarizability analysis. It is obtained that the NaMg0.0975Mn0.025(PO3)3 ceramic sintered at 880 °C for 4 h exhibited optimal dielectric properties at microwave frequencies, where εr = 4.585, Q × f = 48,313 GHz (@17.228 GHz), and τf = −40.83 ppm/°C. The Q × f and τf values were changed by 74.2 % and 27.8 %, as compared to the values of 27,728 GHz and −56.52 ppm/°C for the pure NaMg(PO3)3 ceramic, respectively. For terahertz frequencies (0.2–1.0 THz), the εr values were decreased to 3.79–3.98, and the tanδ values were between 0.0203 and 0.1152. All the experimental results indicate that this system exhibits great potentials both at microwave and terahertz frequencies.

Low-loss and low-temperature sintering of SrNb2V2O11 with a large positive τf value as an effective temperature compensator

Novel SrNb2V2O11 microwave dielectric was synthesized and proposed as a temperature compensator for Low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC)/Ultra-low-temperature cofired ceramics (ULTCC) applications. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns matched well with the SrNb2V2O11 phase, exhibiting a monoclinic structure and Cc space group over the entire experiment. The presence of the Nb-rich second phase at 850 °C was attributed to the melting of the samples. The microwave dielectric properties were highly correlated with the chemical bond parameters, which were intensively investigated using the P-V-L theory. The specimen sintered at 820 °C reveals dielectric properties, combining an εr of 74.5, Q × f of 13,000 GHz, and τf of 517 ppm/°C. The large positive τf can make the ceramic an effective temperature compensator for LTCC applications. Moreover, the medium-high εr value can also act as a practical material for dielectric resonators used in the base stations, where a stable environment and limited temperature changes are crucial.

La3+ doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics: Investigation of its microstructural and dielectric properties against varying sintering durations

This article reports the relationship between microstructure and dielectric properties of the title material were prepared through combination of solid-state and sol–gel methods and then sintered by varying durations. XRD indicates Im-3 space group with a body centred cubic structure, and Rietveld refinement analysis showed good fits for all samples, with R-factors below 10 % and GoF less than 2. The XPS analysis revealed the existence of Ca 2p, La 3d, Cu 2p, Ti 2p, O 1s, and C 1s retained their correct oxidation states. SEM results show grain sizes of 1.10 (±0.25) μm, 1.24 (±0.10) μm, and 1.75 (±0.31) μm for 8, 12, and 16 h of sintering, respectively. EDS analysis confirms the presence of Ca, Cu, Ti, La, and O, indicating the purity of the ceramics. As the sintering duration increases, grain enlargement consistently leads to higher εr values with very low tanδ. At a low frequency of 50 Hz, εr increases with sintering duration, reaching values of 5.65 × 103, 5.90 × 103 and 9.94 × 103. Meanwhile, tanδ remains significantly low (<0.1) at 1 kHz. The Nyquist plots demonstrate deviation from Debye type relaxation with NTCR behaviour. The frequency-dependent AC conductivity follows Jonscher’s power law, with activation energy values of 0.44 eV, 0.46 eV, and 0.49 eV for ceramics sintered for 8, 12, and 16 h, respectively.

Effect of modified Ca-Al adsorbents on heavy metal fixation during co-combustion of coal and coconut shells: Experiments and simulations

As an alternative fuel, bio-waste coconut shells have shown promise in reducing pollution during the co-combustion process. In this study, a novel metal-mineral adsorbent, Ca-Al (Ca5Al6O14), was prepared and physically (ultrasonic) and chemically (ethylene glycol) modified to enhance its adsorption properties. Thermal adsorption experiments investigated the effect of the adsorbents on the fixation of six heavy metals (HMs): Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. XRD, SEM, BET, and XPS were used to analyze the adsorbents and the adsorption mechanism was investigated by combining lattice oxygen concentration and Factsage simulation calculations. The ecological risk assessment of heavy metals was used to comprehensively evaluate the fixation effects of the three Ca-Al adsorbents at different additive levels. The results showed that the modification significantly changed the morphological characteristics and oxygen activity of the Ca-Al adsorbents, increased the lattice oxygen and chemisorbed oxygen concentration, and laid the foundation for promoting the chemisorption process in the fixation of heavy metals. In combination with the Er (environmental risk factors), adding all three adsorbents reduced Ri (Risk index). Among them, Ca-Al (EG) at 3% had the best effect on Ri. 3% Ca–Al (EG) reduced the Er value of Ni by 49.02%. 5% Ca–Al (EG) reduced the Er value of Cr by 86.01%. 5% Ca–Al (UM) had the best effect on Mn, with a reduction of 46.13%. The addition of 10% Ca–Al (UM) reduced Er of Ni by 50.43%. Considering the practical application in coal-fired power plants, Ca-Al(EG), which exhibits a higher fixation rate at small additions, is more suitable.

One Turán Type Problem on Uniform Hypergraphs

Let n,m,p,r∈N with p≥n≥r. For a hypergraph, if each edge has r vertices, then the hypergraph is called an r-graph. Define er(n,m;p) to be the maximum number of edges of an r-graph with p vertices in which every subgraph of n vertices has at most m edges. Researching this function constitutes a Turán type problem. In this paper, on the one hand, for fixed p, we present some results about the exact values of er(n,m;p) for small m compared to n; on the other hand, for sufficient large p, we use the combinatorial technique of double counting to give an upper bound of e(n,m;p) and obtain a lower bound of er(n,m;p) by applying the lower bound of the independent set of a hypergraph.

Soil quality and heavy metal contamination in an open dumpsite in Navrongo, Ghana.

The increasing proximity of the Dudumbia dumpsite, an open dumpsite in Navrongo, Ghana, to human settlements necessitates an investigation of the soil quality to safeguard the environment from heavy metal toxicity. This study examined the impact of waste dumping activities on the physicochemical properties of the soil, as well as the level of heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Hg, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contamination and associated risks. Various contamination and risk assessment tools were used, including the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk (Er), and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The study found significant improvements in notable soil attributes such as phosphorus (P), organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and effective cation exchange capacity, with percentage increases ranging from 50.8 to 2078.3%. Igeo values ranged from 2.07 to 6.20, indicating contamination levels from moderate to extreme. The PLI and PERI values were 16.241 and 1810, respectively. The Er values for the heavy metals ranged from 36 to 607, indicating ecological risk levels from low to very high, with Cd and Hg posing very high risks. These results suggest that while the dumpsite soil shows improvements in some characteristics favourable for plant cultivation, waste dumping significantly contributes to heavy metal contamination. The soil at the dumpsite is deteriorated and poses significant health risks, particularly due to Cd and Hg. Therefore, remediation efforts should prioritise mitigating the risks posed by Cd and Hg.