Equivalents In German Research Articles

INTERLINGUAL HOMONYMS IN THE PROFESSIONAL SUBLANGUAGE OF THEATRE

The article comprehensively investigates the phenomenon of internationality of the sublanguage of theatre and establishes intra- and extra-linguistic differences between etymologically related German and Ukrainian theatre terms. As a result of the culturally specific semantic and stylistic evolution in the bosom of a particular national carrier language and national theatre terminology, the semantic structures of theatre terms have been enriched with additional non-international meanings. Comparison of the internal side of the studied vocabulary allows us to divide it into two large groups: complete and partial interlingual homonyms. To complete interlingual terminological homonyms we refer four types of divergence: homopairs that have no formal equivalents in German or Ukrainian theatre language, but have such equivalents in other terminologies or spheres; terminopairs whose members, having a similar internal form, denote different reference spheres in different branches of theatre; homonymous term groups formed as a result of intra-linguistic homonymy or paronymy in German; pairs of complete interlingual homonyms containing the most general common seme, which is realised in different ways in each formal equivalent. Partial interlingual terminological homonyms include formally parallel etymologically related units, at least one of the terminological meanings of which refers to the same referential sphere, while the other(s) do not coincide.

Zu Besonderheiten des Fachbegriffes ublíženie na zdraví aus der Perspektive des Strafrechts in der Slowakei und in Deutschland

Summary The presented article points out the peculiarities of the Slovak criminal term bodily harm (sk. ublíženie na zdraví) from the perspective of its translation into German, based on the following premises: (1) diversity of sources of information, (2) dual nature of language and (3) theory of contextualism (see Preyer & Peter [2005]). Due to the differences between German and Slovak criminal law it is necessary to take into account the expressive and conceptual aspects of the basic term and its position in terminology in order to choose a suitable foreign language equivalent and then compare this information with possible equivalents in German. The selection of the most appropriate equivalent must be preceded by a thorough examination of the above aspects on the basis of multiple information sources (such as professional texts, legislative texts, lexicographic publications, corpora). This procedure ensures a reliable determination of the degree of equivalence of the basic term in relation to a foreign language term and is a prerequisite for the selection of the most suitable foreign language equivalent. With regard to a detailed examination of cotextual/contextual relations, it reveals the relationship of the initial term to the related terms and thus also helps in the appropriate selection of the relevant foreign language equivalents of related terms within the terminological field. This procedure can be applied also to other terms.

RENDERING MEANS OF EXPRESSING POLITENESS IN THE TRANSLATION OF N. V. GOGOL’S POEM DEAD SOULS INTO GERMAN

The article discusses the linguistic means of expressing politeness N. V. Gogol’s poem Dead Souls and the possibilities of their rendering in German translation suggested by F. Löbenstein in 1846. The poem features numerous communicative situations in which speakers strive to achieve their goals using various speech strategies determined by the social status and interpersonal relationships of the interlocutors. The novelty of the research lies in the consideration of the poem’s text of the translation precisely in regard to conveying various shades of polite treatment by Gogol’s contemporary. The introduction provides a brief overview of the scientific works that served as the theoretical basis for this article. They are devoted to politeness in Russian and German linguocultures, fiction and translation. Special attention is paid to addressing the interlocutor, speech etiquette formulas, the request and the apology. Discrepancies between the Russian and German versions resulting from the lack of equivalents in German are revealed. For example, the address barin ʻmasterʼ is translated as gnӓdiger Herr — milostivyy gosudar’ ʻdear sirʼ. In some cases differences in the German text can be considered a translator’s decision influenced by his perception of the plot and a nature of characters, which manifests in, for instance, using a different mood in translation or other means of expressing modality. The article describes some features of etiquette formulas inherent to the Russian-speaking culture of the 19th century and analyzes ways in which the means of expressing politeness are rendered in German translation as well as their appropriateness.

Domesticating vs. foreignizing positions in the translation of proper names from English into Polish and German

In this paper, the author examines corresponding equivalents in Polish and German of English proper names from the novel “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” to find out how the same fictional elements have been translated into two different target languages. Furthermore, he attempts to prove what rules can be established for the use of translation strategies when translating proper names into Polish and German. Thus, the aim of this paper is to study domesticating and foreignizing translation strategies implemented by the translators of the Polish and German editions.

Estudio de la variación fraseológica diatópica del español de España y de Argentina basado en corpus de sentencias: propuestas de traducción al alemán

This article is related to the study of specialized translation, specifically to lexical and phraseological variation in legal translation. In fact, this study arises from the need to delve deeper into the study of Spanish phraseological units using larger corpora, considering the varieties that reflect the convergences and divergences of this language throughout the places where it is spoken. To this end, the paper approaches sentences using a comparative corpus-based approach analysing phraseological units used in Argentine and Spain. The research provides a brief contextualization of the legal systems of the selected countries, and, by using corpus linguistics, the PUs are extracted and compared. The main objective is to detect similarities and differences at the phraseological level in both languages and to provide functional equivalents in German that can be useful for students and translators. The findings show that at the methodological level corpus linguistics is a useful tool for the identification of PUs in specialized texts. Furthermore, the analysis of the examples from the corpus of sentences shows the evidence of lexical variants referring to the same reality both within a single variety of Spanish and between different varieties. This consequently determines the need to further study the PUs of Spanish by using a more extensive corpus, considering the different countries in which Spanish is an official language.

Structured Solutions For Medical History Taking: A Historical Review

Introduction: History taking (HT) is the basis for medical practice. Although its format lacks a standard, many HT Instruments (HTI) were developed, applied, and automated throughout history. Objective: To build a history line about HTI development, its pros and cons. Method: We accessed medline and lilacs database through the bvs search engine, using HT equivalents in english, portuguese, french, spanish, and german. Original papers and reviews about HTI aiming general practice were selected, and their content comprehensively analyzed and discussed, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: From 24904 initial entries about HT since 1900, 105 were selected for analysis. First HTI was identified before the 1st World War, mainly as mental screening tools. Later, other general practices HTI were developed, integrating statistical and branching reasoning. Two advantages were consistently reported about clinician time saving and improvement on information gathering. However, their use did not become widespread, restricted to research scenarios and specific guidelines for clinical intervention. Conclusions: HTI benefits may result from ht systematization, and it is not clear if clinical time-saving results in economic and quality of care improvement. However, the systematization of HT and the use of computational processing power may help medical practice and should not be overlooked. Better comprehension of the diagnostic HT clinical act will help comprehend how HTI may be useful for clinical practice, reasoning and doctor patient relationship

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ КОНЦЕПТЫ ВО ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМАХ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ В НЕМЕЦКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article is devoted to the study of the representation of psychological concepts “attention”, “memory”, “perception”, “fantasy”, “speech”, “thinking”, “ability”, “knowledge”, “mind/mind/understanding”, “soul” in the phraseologisms of the Russian language and their equivalents (correspondences) in German. The material of the study was 88 phraseological units of the Russian language, 31 of which expressed the concept of “speech”, 11 – “attention”, 10 – “mind/mind/understanding” and “soul”, 6 – “thinking”, 5 – “memory”, “perception”, “ability”, 4 – “knowledge”, 1 – “fantasy”. The results of the study showed that the majority (about 60%) of all the phraseological units of the Russian language studied, representing psychological concepts, have equivalents in German, the remaining phraseologisms and idioms can be expressed in German by explaining and describing their meaning. It is noteworthy that for 45% of the phraseological units of the Russian language that verbalize the concept of “speech”, there are no equivalents in German, their meaning is conveyed by explaining the meaning. Unambiguous equivalents in German have most of the phraseologisms of the Russian language, representing the concepts of “thinking” and “memory”. The analysis confirmed the sufficient variety of phraseological representation of psychological concepts in Russian and German and its importance in both cultures. In the future, the studies carried out can be supplemented with a comparative study of the equivalence of phraseological units representing psychological concepts in Russian and English.

Compilation and Dissemination of Lithuanian Paremias: Contemporary Resources

The Collection of Lithuanian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases built by the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius presents a thorough view of the corpus of traditional paremias. A larger part of the Collection consists of archival data, another one – of paremias collected from written sources.Archival data – that is paremias mostly from the Lithuanian Folklore Archive (LTR), Lithuanian Scientific Society’s Archive (LMD). These texts are mainly samples of the spoken language and dialects. The oldest archive collections are from the 19th century. Another large part of Lithuanian paremias compilation consists of texts collected from written sources. It is worth to mention, that we have around 1500 proverbs from the period of the 16th to the 18th centuries.The collection is accessible through three resources: they are the Card Index, the publication “Lithuanian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases” (LPP), and The Electronic Compilation of Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases (eLPP).The Card Index was the first organized and systematized resource of Lithuanian paremias and served as the base for LPP and eLPP. The Card Index was created in 1970–1990 following the initiative of professor Kazys Grigas, who was also the author of the system of it. There are around 50 000 proverb types and more than 200 000 variant texts in the Card Index.At the end of the 20th century, LPP was started to be compiled. There have been three volumes published until now (Vol. 1 – 2000, Vol. 2 – 2008, Vol. 3 – 2019). LPP presents carefully sorted data without duplicates, copies, and fakes, and it has some additional data: Lithuanian paremias equivalents (in Latvian, Polish, German, English, Latin, and Russian) and type titles’ translations into English, German, and Russian.In 1998, eLPP was started and in 2018, after receiving funding from the Lithuanian Research Council (LMTLT), the database was updated. Now, the database also has an English version. eLPP includes the Card Index’ data and LPP data as well, with an exception of paremias variants. Due to the recently observed rising need to find an explanation of a saying, the category “Interpretation” has been introduced. The newly programmed search engine now contains functions of a simple search, advanced search, and selection lists. The database address is http://archyvas.llti.lt/elpp/lt, an email for comments and questions is patarles@llti.lt.

К вопросу об этнокультурной специфике русских производных с формантом -ушк- / -юшк- и их соответствиях в немецком языке в свете когнитивно-дискурсивного анализа

К вопросу об этнокультурной специфике русских производных с формантом -ушк- / -юшк- и их соответствиях в немецком языке в свете когнитивно-дискурсивного анализа

Topic shifts in contrast: Ways to change the subject in French and German

We investigate discourse markers signaling topic shifts in French and German. With a parallel corpus study, we analyze c.8,000 occurrences of three English DMs and their equivalents in French and German. We thus identify a series of (typical and less typical) topic shifters in French and in German.

Quantity Superlatives in Germanic, or “Life on the Fault Line Between Adjective and Determiner”

This paper concerns the superlative forms of the wordsmany,much,few, andlittle, and their equivalents in German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dalecarlian, Icelandic, and Faroese. It demon-strates that every possible relationship between definiteness marking and interpretation is attested. It also demonstrates that different kinds of agreement mismatches are found under relative and proportional readings. One consistent pattern is that under a relative interpretation, quantity superlatives with adverbial morphology show neuter singular agreement even if the target noun is plural. In contrast, under a proportional interpretation, quantity superlatives always agree in number. This evidence is taken to show that quantity superlatives are not structurally analogous to quality superlatives such astalleston either a relative or a proportional reading; however, depending on their interpretation, quantity superlatives depart from a plain attributive structure in different ways. On relative readings, they can have a structure akin to that of pseudo-partitives (as intwo liters of milk), while on proportional readings, they tend to have a quantificational structure, sometimes involving a true partitive (as insome of the children). Furthermore, I suggest that the agreement features of a quantity superlative depend on the domain from which the target is drawn (the Target-Domain Hypothesis).

Relacje semantyczne w polskich i niemieckich terminach wielowyrazowych z zakresu prawa

The tendency to use multi-word terms is different in the Polish and German languages for specific purposes. The studies of both languages indicate high productivity of syntagmatic derivation in Polish terminology, whereas in German terminology the preferred word formation process is composition. For both the multi-word terms and compound terms not only the structural relations between the components are significant, but also the semantic relationships between the head and the modifier of the term. In Polish and German literature a number of attempts have been made to classify the semantic relationships of multi-word and compound terms. The purpose of this article is to present the selected semantic relationships between Polish legal terms and to show similarities and differences between Polish terms and their equivalents in German.

ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЧНІ ПАРАЛЕЛІ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВ

The article focuses on issues associated with German and Ukrainian comparative phraseology. It provides comparative analyses of phraseological units in the German language with respect to their equivalents in the Ukraine language. The importance of phraseology is examined when forming communicative competencies in multicultural educational processes. Practically oriented research of contrastive phraseology includes three aspects: compilation of bilingual (multilingual) dictionaries (lexicography), translation and teaching of a foreign language. In this article we consider the phraseological parallels of the German and Ukrainian languages, focusing on the third aspect, namely the study of phraseology as one of the components of the study of a foreign language. In the study of the material of the German and Ukrainian languages in terms of their comparison (translation), the following groups of phraseological units can be distinguished: phraseological units with phraseological equivalents in German and Ukrainian languages – full equivalents that coincide in meaning, lexical composition, figurativeness, grammatical structure and stylistic coloring. In such units, the lexical and grammatical meaning fully coincide. Phraseological units with partial phraseological equivalents in the German and Ukrainian languages. The third group includes the phraseological units of the German language, which have no phraseological equivalents in the Ukrainian language. The transfer of the value of similar phraseological units is carried out in the following ways: Literal translation. This applies primarily to idioms denoting realities and which are absent in other languages. Descriptive translation. The phraseological meaning is transmitted using ordinary words or phrases of a non-phrasal nature. In a descriptive translation, phraseological units lose their figurativeness, and only the general phraseological meaning (that is, the figurative meaning) is transmitted. The analysis showed that most of the phraseological units of the German and Ukrainian languages are either equivalent, partially equivalent, or similar language units. The second most productive group of phraseological units refers to language units that are not equivalent in both languages. Comparison of the studied units of both languages belongs to the most important problems of general lexicography and phraseography. When studying the phraseology of a foreign language, a very important role is played by the native language. It is advisable to build on comparative (contrastive) phraseology. Comparison of German and Ukrainian phraseological units makes it possible to investigate the inter-lingual and foreign-language aspects of the phraseology of these languages. The knowledge gained in comparative phraseology is necessary in translation, as well as in teaching German.

Zur Übersetzung juristischer Termini in deutschen und polnischen Klageanträg

The present paper aimed at suggesting Polish and German equivalents of legal terms used in the petitions of suits in both languages. First the methods of translating legal terms given in the literature were presented. According to them came the catalogue of the mentioned Polish and German legal terms with the argumentation for the choice of the suggested equivalents both in Polish and German. The assumed principle was, that in the case of two different legal systems, one should, if possible, avoid translating legal terms of the source language with the parallel legal terms of the target language. The discussed legal terms and their equivalents were juxtaposed in a table as a summary.

Instrumentalsätze im Deutschen und Polnischen

The author's object of analysis are instrumental clauses in Polish, which are mostly reduced to participial constructions, and their translational equivalents in German. The corpus of sentences containing such subordinate clauses has been taken from Th. Mann's novel "Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull". The syndetic structure of instrumental clauses in German is marked by the complementizers indem, damit, dass, dadurch dass. It depends on the translator's creativity to overcome the difficulties arising from the polyfunctional use of these complementizers, especially indem.

Lingüística de corpus y fraseología contrastiva (alemán-español): Las combinaciones usuales de estructura [PREP + S]. El caso de entre lágrimas y unter Tränen

En el presente artículo analizamos la fijación externa e interna que presenta el binomio [entre + S] con artículo cero en español, y sus equivalentes en alemán en las combinaciones usuales entre lágrimas y unter Tränen. Los datos son extraídos del corpus DeReKo (Das Deutsche Referenzkorpus) y del Sketch Engine, deTenTen 13 y eseuTenTen11. En primer lugar, presentamos los objetivos del proyecto en el que este trabajo está enmarcado. En un segundo punto exponemos las diferentes aplicaciones de la lingüística de corpus en el ámbito de la fraseología. Por último, en base a los corpus consultados comentamos convergencias o divergencias más notables de las combinaciones usuales objeto de estudio.

Collocations and Term Variation in Mechanical Engineering Discourse

Terminological collocations1 are one of the most typical and very frequent units of representation of concepts in many disciplines. Although traditionally considered to be unwelcome in terminology, synonymy is amply present in specialized languages. Consequently, the same phenomenon is reflected in terminological collocations. This paper aims to investigate synonymous collocations extracted from mechanical engineering texts in terms of the most frequent and relevant types of denominative variation in the selected English collocations as well as of their equivalents in German and Croatian. The analysis of variations in terminological collocations gives insight into the (non)substitutability of collocation constituents as one of the major characteristics of collocations. Extracted collocations are analysed within a two-tier framework structured at a paradigmatic and a syntagmatic level, which allows for the identification of the three types of term variation: morphological, syntagmatic and semantic. Focusing on the collocations with the structure noun + noun and adjective + noun the results show that constituents of both syntactic structures allow substitution. The denominative variants are prevalent in adjective + noun collocations in which synonymous lexical elements functioning as collocates do not entail a concept change (admissible load ↔ allowable load). Lexeme substitutions are also annotated in noun + noun collocations expressing a slightly different dimension or facet of the concept (face gear vs. crown gear vs. crown wheel). The majority of German equivalents are nominal compounds that outnumber their morphological variants offering multiple equivalences.

Bilingual and Monolingual Idiom Processing Is Cut from the Same Cloth: The Role of the L1 in Literal and Figurative Meaning Activation.

The present study examines non-native (L2) and native (L1) listeners' access to figurative idiomatic meaning and literal constituent meaning in two cross-modal priming experiments. Proficient German learners of English (L2) and native speakers of American English (L1) responded to English target words preceded by English idioms embedded in non-biasing prime sentences in a lexical decision task. English idioms differed in levels of translatability: Lexical level idioms had word-for-word translation equivalents in German, while post-lexical level idioms had matching idiomatic concepts in German but could not be translated word for word. Target words either related to the figurative meaning of the idiom or related to the literal meaning of the final constituent word of the idiom (e.g., to pull someone's leg, literal target: walk, figurative target: joke). Both L1 and L2 listeners showed facilitatory priming for literally- and figuratively-related target words compared to unrelated control target words, with only marginal differences between the listener groups. No effect of translatability was found; that is, the existence of word-for-word translation equivalents in German neither facilitated nor hindered meaning activation for German L2 listeners. The results are interpreted in the context of L1 and L2 models of idiom processing as well as further relevant translation studies.

From Noun to Evaluative Adjective: Conversion or Debonding? DutchTopand Its Equivalents in German

In this study, we address the ways in which nouns can give rise to new adjectives in Dutch and German. More specifically, the focus is on words with an evaluative meaning that can be used in a wide range of morphological and syntactic constructions in recent (and informal) language. For example, the German nounHammer‘hammer’ can be used inHammervorstellung‘very good performance’ orhammer film‘fantastic film’. In the literature, two distinct hypotheses can be found to account for the adjectival uses of such evaluative nouns. The debonding hypothesis states that the intensifying bound morpheme has developed into a free morpheme. The conversion hypothesis suggests that the new adjectival uses are the result of a syntactic reanalysis of an N as an A that takes place in the predicative position. In our case study, we analyze the synchronic bound and free uses of Dutchtop, and we compare them with Germantopandspitze. We conclude that the emergence of the adjectival uses of these morphemes points toward an interaction between both processes involved, conversion and debonding.

Pragmatic potential of Russian discursive units: a constructional approach

Because different languages often lack semantic equivalents, translationmay require looking for other cross-linguistic correlations on the level of theutterance. To find a functional equivalent that is adequate to the translation of agiven context, the search should focus on pragmatic correspondences rather thansemantic equivalents. The present article examines this phenomenon on the basisof the Russian near-synonymous discursive units with focus-sensitive semanticsimenno (just/precisely) and kak raz (just/precisely). They are important elements ofcommunication but have far not been fully described. Using relevant lexicographicinformation, text corpora, including parallel corpora, and works of fiction, we aregoing to show that synonymy of these discursive units is not as complete as itappears at first glance. We will analyze their semantic and pragmatic properties,usage peculiarities as well as systemic and translational equivalents in English, German and Swedish.