Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Research Articles

A 1.1-1.9 GHz SETI SURVEY OF THEKEPLERFIELD. I. A SEARCH FOR NARROW-BAND EMISSION FROM SELECT TARGETS

We present a targeted search for narrow-band (< 5 Hz) drifting sinusoidal radio emission from 86 stars in the Kepler field hosting confirmed or candidate exoplanets. Radio emission less than 5 Hz in spectral extent is currently known to only arise from artificial sources. The stars searched were chosen based on the properties of their putative exoplanets, including stars hosting candidates with 380 K > T_eq > 230 K, stars with 5 or more detected candidates or stars with a super-Earth (R_p < 3 R_earth) in a > 50 day orbit. Baseband voltage data across the entire band between 1.1 and 1.9 GHz were recorded at the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope between Feb--Apr 2011 and subsequently searched offline. No signals of extraterrestrial origin were found. We estimate that fewer than ~1% of transiting exoplanet systems host technological civilizations that are radio loud in narrow-band emission between 1-2 GHz at an equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of ~1.5 x 10^21 erg s^-1, approximately eight times the peak EIRP of the Arecibo Planetary Radar, and we limit the the number of 1-2 GHz narrow-band-radio-loud Kardashev type II civilizations in the Milky Way to be < 10^-6 M_solar^-1. Here we describe our observations, data reduction procedures and results.

Y-Band On-Chip Dual Half-Width Leaky-Wave Antenna in a Nanoscale CMOS Process

We present a Y-band on-chip half-width leaky-wave antenna for the integrated subterahertz transceiver in a 65-nm digital CMOS process. By utilizing the traveling-wave antenna characteristic, the proposed half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna (MLWA) structure is concurrently matched to the Rx and Tx, relieving aperture size restriction due to the chip area constraint, while obviating the need for an explicit TR switch. The proposed transceiver (TRx) dual antenna achieves more than 30 GHz of bandwidth (BW), <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$+$</tex></formula> 4.9 dBi of maximum antenna gain, and 26.3% of radiation efficiency at 245 GHz in simulation and measures <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$+$</tex></formula> 5 dBm of maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) with the extremely thin antenna substrate less than 6 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula> m.

A 0.38 THz Fully Integrated Transceiver Utilizing a Quadrature Push-Push Harmonic Circuitry in SiGe BiCMOS

A fully integrated transceiver operating at 0.38 terahertz (THz) has been demonstrated in 0.13 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula> m SiGe BiCMOS with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$f _{T} =$</tex></formula> 230 GHz. We present a quadrature push-push harmonic circuitry consisting of the clamping pairs driven by balanced quadrature LO signals coupled through the transformers and the Coplanar Stripline (CPS). Harmonic generation of the clamping circuit is analyzed with a clamped sinusoidal model. Several terahertz circuits such as a quadrupler, a THz subharmonic mixer, and an IQ quadrature generator are implemented with the quadrature push-push circuitry to realize a homodyne FMCW radar. Radar functionality is demonstrated with ranging and detection of a target at 10 cm. The measured Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) of the transmitter is <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex></formula> 11 dBm at 0.38 THz and the receiver noise figure (NF) is between 35–38 dB while dissipating a power of 380 mW.

Integrated sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna for spatial power combining

A Ka-band sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna employing the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique is proposed and used to realise a low-cost transmitter together with spatial power combining architecture in this paper. A single Ka-band sub-harmonically pumped up-converter using SIW band-pass filter is developed, exhibiting a conversion loss of about 7 dB. Based on the designed up-converter and SIW feeding antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (SIW-ALTSA), the integrated up-converter antenna is designed and fabricated. Measured results of equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and radiation patterns are given. Finally, a 2 2 up-converter antenna array is designed and fabricated. Measured result shows the array has a power combining efficiency of above 90 and IM3 EIRP of 16 dBm. In close-range point-to-point communication and radar systems, the demonstrated millimetre-wave sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna array can be considered as a transmitter because of its low cost, high dynamic range and high linearity.

All-Optical 500-Mb/s UWB Transceiver:An Experimental Demonstration

We propose and demonstrate experimentally, for the first time, a prototype for all-optical ultra-wideband (UWB) transceiver at 500 Mb/s. We report 1) UWB pulse optimization that takes into account the transmitter RF front end and the U.S. federal communications commission (FCC) spectral mask, 2) a new approximate match filter receiver using optical signal processing, and 3) modulation at 500 Mb/s. Our previous optimization of UWB pulse shapes was based only on the FCC spectral mask, without taking into account the frequency response of the RF components (amplifier and antenna) in the UWB transmitter. Here, we modify our pulse optimization technique to ensure that the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) from the transmitter meets FCC specifications. For the RF hardware used, we achieve 63.6% efficiency over the FCC mask, which yields an 11.6- and a 5.9-dB improvement over Gaussian monocycle and doublet pulses, respectively. We also introduce simple optical signal processing at the receiver that allows the incoming RF signal to be matched against a square pulse whose duration is adapted to the channel. The exact matched filter would require a new optimized pulse that would include not only hardware frequency response but channel effects that vary with antenna placement as well. The proposed approximation allows a simple variation of the pulse duration: an increase to account for pulse expansion in the channel but an upper limit to combat multipath effects. Finally, we demonstrate the optimized pulse and approximate match filter receiver at 500 M/s. We attain a 10-6bit error rate at a 65-cm separation line of sight (LOS) link with simple on-off keying and no forward error correction.

On the Impact of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) on Macrocell Downlink of UMTS and CDMA-450 Systems

Results of the analytical analysis to assess the effect of the ultra-wideband (UWB) emissions on the [universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and code division multiple access systems (CDMA-450)] are presented. The (UMTS and CDMA- 450 systems) normalized range and normalized capacity degradation are evaluated. A free-space propagation model is used to calculate the UWB signal power that interferes with both mobile systems. It is shown that, for the case of a single UWB transmitter, the UMTS can easily tolerate UWB interference when the UWB equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is -92.5 dBm/MHz or less for a distance between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile of 1 m or higher. Also, it is shown that, for the case of multi-UWB transmitters, the UMTS can easily tolerate the UWB interference when the UWB EIRP is -94.5 dBm/MHz. For the single UWB transmitter case, the CDMA-450 downlink can tolerate UWB interference when the UWB power density is in the order of -106 dBm/MHz. For the case of multi-UWB transmitters, the power density that can be tolerated by the downlink of the CDMA- 450 system is in the order of -108 dBm/MHz.

Antenna Characterization Method for Front-End Design of Pulse-Based Ultrawideband Transceivers

A general method is presented for the modeling of arbitrary ultrawideband (UWB) antennas directly in RF circuit simulators in order to enable simulations of circuit performance with the antennas included. The antenna modeling approach is based on <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> -parameter measurements, which are conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber. Analytic expressions are derived to establish the relationship between the equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and the circuit model of an antenna. Since the Federal Communications Commission uses the EIRP to assess compliance with their regulations, it is important to be able to accurately simulate its value. In addition, a procedure to model multipath channels in the circuit domain is presented. The impact of antenna characterization on transmitter design is illustrated by a finite impulse response type UWB pulse generator design example. Utilizing this antenna characterization method, it is possible to simulate the EIRP from an UWB transmitter and also evaluate the performance of a receiver design for an arbitrary multipath channel prior to fabrication.

Downlink beamforming subject to the equivalent isotropic radiated power constraint in WLAN OFDM systems

Range extension by means of downlink beamforming in a wireless local area network (WLAN) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system is addressed. A maximum ratio (MR) combining beamformer scaled according to the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) constraint adopted in the European regulations, is compared to the conventional total power (TP) restricted solution in typical propagation conditions. It is shown that the EIRP-scaled MR beamformer demonstrates significant performance degradation compared to the TP case. A joint optimization problem for the beamforming weights over all the sub-carriers subject to the EIRP constraint is formulated based on maximization of the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over all the working sub-carriers at the receiver. A two-stage sub-optimal solution is proposed that exploits optimization over groups of non-adjacent sub-carriers and normalization to maintain the overall EIRP constraint. Its efficiency is illustrated by means of comparison with the EIRP-scaled MR beamformer and another sub-optimal algorithm based on the conventional grouping of highly correlated sub-carriers in the IEEE 802.11 environment.

Effect of random antenna-position errors on a least-squares direct data domain approach for space-time adaptive processing

The equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) degradation due to random position errors for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is presented, based on the relationship between the EIRP degradation and the standard deviation or the uniform bound of the probability distribution of location of the antenna elements. We simulate a direct data domain least-squares (D3LS) approach for STAP. In this simulation, two situations are considered. In the first case, the antenna elements at every time instance are assumed to have different spatial positions from the previous time instance. For the other case, the antennas are assumed to be randomly located, but are assumed to be fixed in a coherent processing interval (CPI). It is demonstrated that whether the locations of the antenna are fixed or vary within a CPI with identical random errors, the output signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) are almost the same. When the antenna elements are moved randomly, the output SINR is less than the unperturbed case. We can develop a bound on the EIRP degradation due to the D3LS approach to STAP based on the random position errors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 388–393, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20832

Allowable tolerances in the position of antenna elements in an array amenable to adaptive processing

AbstractThe equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) degradation due to random position errors in the location of the antenna elements in an array is derived through the expected value and standard deviation of the EIRP. The expressions are derived for a linear and a semicircular array (SCA). The minimum tolerance of the array elements is presented by means of the relationship between the EIRP degradation and a standard deviation or the uniform bound of the probability distribution. Using this tolerance, the output signal to interference and noise ratio (OSINR) is examined in the framework of adaptive processing using the direct data‐domain least‐squares (D3LS) approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 215–221, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20423

An active broadband‐transmitting patch antenna for GSM‐1800 and UMTS

AbstractThis paper presents an active broadband‐transmitting patch antenna, which works in the 1650–2300‐MHz band to provide GSM‐1800 and UMTS services. An increase of the reflection bandwidth of the referenced passive antenna has been achieved due to the resistively equalized broadband‐amplifying active antenna. An increase in equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 11–12 dB compared to the passive antenna, with a ripple lower than ±0.5 dB, has also been achieved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 350–354, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20139

Degradation Analysis of User Terminal EIRP and G/T due to Station-Keeping Variation of Stratospheric Platform

Wireless communication systems using airship have been proposed in worldwide. The airship will be located at the stratosphere about 20 ~ 23 km above the sea level. The position of airship will vary within the station keeping range with time due to the drag of the wind in the stratosphere. When the earth station antenna has a high gain without the tracking function, the antenna performance may be degraded by a small variation of the airship. This means that variation of airship location could result in serious degradation of the system performance. In this paper, degradation in earth station’s Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and Gain to noise Temperature ratio (G/T) due to the stratospheric platform movements has been derived by calculating the deviation angle of the main beam directions between the earth station and the platform antenna. In this case, the antenna of the earth station has been assumed circular and/or patch array antennas.

Near-field and far-field prediction of quasi-optical grid arrays

Field profiles, equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP), beamwidth, and sidelobe levels of a quasi-optical power-combining grid amplifier structure are obtained using a whole-field electromagnetic analysis of a finite structure. This is efficiently obtained using a mixed spectral- and spatial-domain method-of-moments technique. It is seen that edge effects can have a significant effect on system performance.

The European system for digital multi-programme television by satellite

The general concepts of the system for digital television transmission by satellite developed within the European DVB (digital video broadcasting) project and standardised by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) are described. The system, named DVB-S, is intended to provide DTH (direct-to-home) multi-programme TV services in the BSS (broadcasting satellite service) and FSS (fixed satellite service) bands and is addressed to consumer IRDs (integrated receiver decoders), as well as collective antenna systems (SMATV, satellite master antenna TV) and cable television head-end stations, with a likelihood of remodulation. The exploitation of the multiplex flexibility allows the use of the transmission capacity for a variety of TV service configurations. The use of flexible and advanced error protection techniques, based on the concatenation of Reed-Solomon and convolutional codes (with Viterbi decoding), allows optimum adaptation to different satellite transponder characteristics, i.e. bandwidth and power, providing high service quality and availability with small receiving antennas. For example, in climatic zone E (in Europe) on a 33 MHz transponder a data-rate of 38.1 Mbit/s can be transmitted, adequate to provide five standard definition TV programmes (SDTV) or, alternatively three to four enhanced definition programmes (EDTV), while ensuring 99.90% service availability (in the average year) with 50-cm receiving antenna within the 51 dBW EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) service area contour. >

Dual FET active patch elements for spatial power combiners

A novel dual-FET active patch antenna element and arrays for quasi-optical power combining are described. The circuit uses two FET's that symmetrically load a split patch antenna. The configuration of the devices decreases H-plane cross-polarization dramatically. The power combining was achieved by injection locking through mutual coupling. An equivalent isotropic radiation power of 0.88 W for a 2-element dual-FET patch antenna array has been obtained. For a 2/spl times/2 array, an equivalent isotropic radiated power of 2.99 W was achieved. The circuit is planar and amenable to monolithic circuits. >

Multimode operation of antenna integrated microwave quantumwell-diode oscillator

Theoretical and experimental results for QW-diode oscillators integrated with a rectangular microstrip antenna, forming an active antenna, are reported. Multimode operation is demonstrated for the active antenna, with an equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 0.73 mW for the antenna TM01 mode, at 810 MHz. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Variable-data-rate systems applicable to fading satellite channels

To maintain communication over fading satellite channels, either the transmission rate and system bandwidth have to be reduced or the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the satellite has to be increased. In the letter methods are proposed for changing the transmission rate without changing the filters, and the performance of these methods is evaluated.

Performance of a communications system monitor

The paper gives details of the performance and accuracy of the communications system monitor (CSM) which is used in conjunction with the Australian National Satellite System (AUSSAT). The equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP), frequency and carrier/noise ratio of all carriers are routinely monitored by the CSM as well as a range of baseband parameters for FM/TV and FDM/FM signals. The CSM capability to measure a number of satellite parameters and obtain remote antenna patterns is described. Details are provided of the accuracy of the CSM as determined during extensive factory testing. The results show that the CSM is a very accurate system for the monitoring of both satellite traffic and satellite transponder parameters. Procedures used for setting up carriers for the testing of the CSM are also included. The results presented are those obtained during extensive factory testing of the system. Following installation of the CSM additional carrier types and measurements have been incorporated in the system.

Statistical analysis of EIRP degradation in antenna arrays

Expressions are given for the expected value, variance, and worst-case degradation of the equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of an antenna array subject to random errors in the excitation coefficients. These expressions apply to passive as well as active arrays fed with several amplifiers. An example is presented that demonstrates the applicability of the analysis to active arrays.