Equivalent Concept Research Articles

Improved bounds on quantum uncommon information

Abstract In classical information theory, channel capacity quantifies the maximum number of messages that can be reliably transmitted using shared information. An equivalent concept, termed uncommon information, represents the number of messages required to be exchanged to completely share all information in common. However, this equivalence does not extend to quantum information theory. Specifically, quantum uncommon information is operationally defined as the minimal amount of entanglement required for the quantum communication task of quantum state exchange, where two parties exchange quantum states to share all quantum messages in common. Currently, an analytical closed-form expression for the quantum uncommon information remains undetermined. In this work, by investigating underlying characterization of the quantum uncommon information, we derive improved bounds on it. To obtain these bounds, we develop a subspace exchange strategy that leverages a common subspace of two parties to identify the unnecessary qubits for exchange. We also consider a referee-assisted exchange, wherein a referee aids two parties in efficiently performing the quantum state exchange. Our bounds provide more precise estimations for the quantum uncommon information. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the subspace technique is a versatile tool for characterizing uncommon information not only in the bipartite scenario but also in various multi-partite ones.

Natural Equivalence in Literal Translation: A Case Study of the Bilingual Magazine LINGO

Literal translation is often used to maintain fidelity to the source text when translating into the target language. This study focuses on the application of the concept of natural equivalence in the context of literal translation in the bilingual magazine LINGO. The main objective of this study is to explore the extent to which literal translation is used in LINGO and how natural equivalence can be achieved to improve the quality of translation. The research method involves an in-depth analysis of the original and translated texts of LINGO magazine to assess the use of literal equivalents and their impact on the naturalness of the target language. The study also aims to identify areas where natural equivalence could be better used, and to suggest strategies for overcoming the problems associated with overly literal translation. The implication of these findings is the importance of using natural equivalence in translation to improve the readability and naturalness of the text. Since 53% of translation methods employed are based on literal translation, it is expected that this study provides valuable insights into the application of the concept of natural equivalence in literal translation, and a basis for further research to improve translation practices in bilingual publications.

Solutions of linear control systems on Lie groups

Abstract An explicit solution for linear control systems on Lie groups is presented using the variation of parameters method. This solution is formulated as a series of Lie brackets, and the convergence of these series is analyzed. Additionally, a concept of equivalence between two elements within this class is introduced.

Simplified Procedure for Estimating Seismic Displacement Capacity of Concrete Piles in Wharves

The procedure of estimating the seismic displacement capacity of piles under each performance level in current wharf practices involves monitoring the material strains specified in the design criteria during nonlinear static pushover analysis with a complex numerical model. Thus, a simplified procedure for concrete piles is proposed by developing closed-form formulas for displacement ductility capacity and yield displacement of piles, while the displacement capacity is the product of ductility capacity and yield displacement. The ductility capacity assures that the pile material strain limits specified in the criteria are not exceeded. The basic form of the formula for ductility capacity is established by using the equivalent cantilever concept to model the pile–soil interaction. Then, large quantities of moment–curvature analyses of sections and pushover analyses of concrete piles were conducted to determine the related parameters in the formula by considering numerous influencing factors. The results show that the ductility capacity can be expressed as a function of the curvature ductility capacity of pile sections at the selected performance level and parameter ψ. Based on the outcomes of curvature and pushover analyses, a set of practical formulas are proposed to determine the curvature ductility capacity, which depends on the longitudinal or transverse reinforcement ratios and axial force level, along with ψ, which depends on the aforementioned factors as well as the unsupported length of the pile.

The Modal Verb ‘Shall’ in English Translations of Thai Legal Texts: The Plain Legal English Point of View

This study was designed to investigate the translation of laws from Thai into English with a focus on the use of modal ‘shall’ in the translations. As the trend of plain legal English continues to rise in the contemporary legal environment, some legal practitioners – lawyers, judges and legal drafters – have perceived that the use of the modal verb ‘shall’ (or the modal ‘shall’) may seem inappropriate and even to some extent, unclear in legal texts. Observing this phenomenon ultimately led to the formation of this study, and in following this line of argument, the research focuses on the extent to which the modal ‘shall’ is used by translators in the English translated versions of Thai laws, thus raising the research question: in which circumstances and to what extent do translators use the modal ‘shall’ in law translations from Thai into English? The study mainly adopted the concept of translation equivalence, focusing on the source-text and target-text clauses and sentences of the legal language, as an overall theoretical framework. The concept helps to indicate the extent to which the modal ‘shall’ is used in the English translations. As for the data, a total of 17 Thai laws (published by the Office of Council of the State of Thailand) and their corresponding translations were collected and used. The clauses where the modal ‘shall’ is used were then sorted out to create a parallel corpus for the analysis. The findings show that the modal ‘shall’ represents multifaceted denotative meanings of the verb in the Thai-source texts – referring to 1) obligation; 2) declaration of facts; and 3) futurity in Thai laws – which interestingly, deviate from the plain legal English movement. From the perspective of plain legal English, the modal ‘shall’ is only used to serve the language of obligation, often referring to a situation where ‘someone has a duty to do something’.

Static, stress and free vibration analysis of composite conoidal shell using Carrera Unified formulation

This article presents a finite element (FE) model using curved isoparametric elements (Q8) to examine the static, stress and free vibration characteristics of laminated composite conoidal shells (LCCS) with displacements fields based on the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). CUF not only integrates an equivalent thickness concept with user-defined deformation theory order but also can take up curvature effects in strain displacement fields making it suitable for the analysis of thin and moderately thick LCCS. The study investigates the static and free vibration characteristics of thin and moderately thick LCCS under diverse practical boundary and loading conditions.

Historical Overview of Equivalence in Translation Studies

The concept of equivalence has been of specific concern to many Western translation scholars. It was an essential feature of translation theories in the 1960s and 1970s, which sited it within the framework of structural linguistics. This paper will primarily discuss the notion of equivalence in a comprehensive way according to translation scholars since the 1950s. The first part of this paper will review the earlier debate on meaning and equivalence as one of the key linguistics issues in the 1950s. The general view of equivalence at that time attempted to explain how the source text (henceforth ST) and target text (henceforth TT) share some kind of similarity. This is followed by further efforts to explain this term according to the perspectives and approaches of several theorists. The second part focuses on contemporary translation scholars investigating equivalence in broader terms. Contemporary theorists have shifted from looking at differences in each type of equivalence and the effect of meaning to another perspective where equivalence is seen as a relationship between two texts.

Law, Culture and Language: Challenges in Legal Term Translation from the Perspective of Comparative Legal Culture

As a cross-cultural communication activity, legal translation inevitably involves law, culture and language. The accurate translation of legal terms plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange between different legal cultures. Cultural factors, including language, legal systems, legal institutional structures and legal mindsets, have a major impact on legal translation. Failure to capture the discrepancies between different legal cultures causes errors in the translation of legal terms. To achieve optimal translation effects, translators not only need to possess a high level of language proficiency but also have a deep understanding of different legal systems and cultures. From the perspective of comparative legal culture, this paper analyzes how cultural factors influence the translation of legal terminology between Chinese and English and proposes corresponding translation strategies. When there are equivalent concepts in both the source and target legal systems, translators should employ corresponding legal equivalents in the translation. In cases where such equivalents are absent, translators may employ paraphrasing techniques or coin new terms to convey the intended meaning.

Estimation of compression behavior of granular soils considering initial density effect based on equivalent concept

Estimation of compression behavior of granular soils considering initial density effect based on equivalent concept

The Difficulties That Faced Libyan Students in Learning English Vocabulary and Understanding Academic Texts

This study examines Libyan students' difficulties in acquiring the English language and comprehending academic writing. The research delineates particular vocabulary-related challenges and their effects on reading comprehension and academic achievement. A quantitative methodology was employed, utilizing a questionnaire administered to 32 students from the English department at Aljufra University. The results demonstrate that students face considerable difficulties in enhancing their vocabulary, employing words correctly, and comprehending phrasal verbs. The challenges are frequently intensified by cultural and linguistic disparities between Arabic and English, impeding students' ability to identify equivalent concepts in both languages. It also reveals that many students rely on traditional learning methods, such as dictionaries, flashcards, and repetition. While these strategies are somewhat effective, they are insufficient for mastering the complexities of academic English. The research highlights the necessity for educational institutions to provide additional support, including targeted vocabulary instruction, workshops, and one-on-one tutoring, to enhance students' academic writing and comprehension skills. Over 60% of the participants expressed the need for more excellent institutional support in academic writing, emphasizing the importance of structured resources to improve their learning outcomes. The results further emphasize the challenges associated with phrasal verbs and complex vocabulary, which remain common obstacles for non-native speakers. Addressing these areas through culturally responsive teaching techniques and providing real-world examples could make learning more relatable for students. The research underlines the importance of a comprehensive approach to vocabulary learning that incorporates both traditional and modern methods. Educators' focused effort to provide vocabulary support, academic assistance, and culturally relevant instruction is essential for improving Libyan students' vocabulary, enhancing their comprehension of scholarly texts, and ultimately enabling their educational success.

Phenotypic Trait of Painting Cracks

ABSTRACT A painting, like human skin, develops cracks on the surface as it dries and ages. The painting cracks, also known as craquelure, are often considered analogous to human fingerprints; these have been regarded as a unique signature reflective of the painting’s characteristics and are important in art authentication. Intriguingly, studies in other fields, such as geology, have observed the presence of distinctive characteristics in soil desiccation cracks. These cracks exhibit self-similarity, forming patterns that suggest broader geological processes at work. In light of this connection, the primary objective of this study is to investigate whether the painting cracks also exhibit a self-similar nature. By delving into this, we seek to shed light on the underlying properties of the painting cracks. This study also aims to investigate whether the characteristic self-similar trait of the cracks can serve as an identifier in relation to the provenances of the paintings. To this end, this study adopts the methodology originally designed to characterize the phenotypic traits of 3D particle geometries in granular materials research. This study develops a 2D equivalent concept, focusing on the phenotypic traits of the individual islands enclosed by cracks within paintings. The results successfully demonstrate that the phenotypic trait of painting cracks exhibits a self-similar nature, which can reveal characteristics associated with the provenances of paintings. The findings will offer valuable insights into the scientific examination of artworks based on painting cracks.

Rainmaking: Observed with social systems theory

AbstractThis article examines contemporary efforts to control climate change through the lens of social systems theory, particularly by drawing comparisons to rain dances and shamanic rituals. It argues that modern climate control strategies bear functional similarities to archaic rituals aimed at influencing weather patterns, despite the absence of direct causality. Using Niklas Luhmann's concepts of autopoietic systems and functional equivalence, the article demonstrates that both historical and contemporary approaches to climate influence rely on blame‐shifting mechanisms and the social production of scapegoats, with failure often attributed not to the rituals or solutions themselves but to noncompliance or impurity among participants. The originality of this article lies in its application of social systems theory to link contemporary climate control strategies with ancient rituals, positioning them as functionally equivalent social phenomena. By drawing comparisons between shamanistic practices, corporate consulting, and global climate governance, the article provides a unique lens for understanding that the primary function of modern climate efforts may be to regulate social behaviour rather than achieving concrete natural environmental outcomes.

Extension of the crack equivalent method applied to mode II fracture of thermoplastic composites bonded joints using the ENF test

Thermoplastic based composites (TPC) have emerged as a new generation of eco-friendly materials with tougher matrices capable of overcoming the major weaknesses of the thermoset counterparts related with poor resistance to delamination and recycling difficulties. Although TPC materials present low surface energy, adhesive bonding is still effective when the requirements for fusion bonding procedures are not met. Recent advances in adhesive technology have unveiled two-part acrylic adhesive specifically designed for low energy surfaces, characteristic of TPC materials. In this work, unidirectional carbon-reinforced polyamide 6 (CF/PA6) bonded joint was characterized under pure mode II loading using end-notched flexure (ENF) test. The experimental fracture tests revealed unstable crack propagation and a data reduction scheme based on the equivalent crack concept was developed to obtain the strain energy release rate distribution along the crack front for the specimen’s length beyond the actuator central loading point. The proposed procedure was successfully validated using a finite element analysis including a cohesive zone modelling and applied to the experimental results. The obtained Resistance-curves showed that this adhesive is capable to provide a significant bonding resistance in pure mode II loading even in low energy surfaces characteristic of TPC materials.

ADEQUACY AND EQUIVALENCE IN FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSLATION: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

This study explores the concept of equivalence in the translation of financial and economic texts between English and Uzbek. Equivalence is a central issue in translation theory, and its correct application is crucial for accurate and contextually relevanttranslation of economic information. The study examines various types and levels of equivalence, including formal, dynamic, pragmatic, contextual, and functional equivalence. It also investigates the challenges posed by non-equivalent lexical items and the role of the translator’s linguistic and cultural competence in finding appropriate solutions. The analysis of parallel texts reveals that full functional equivalence is achieved when financial terms have the same meaning and function in both languages, while partial and imperfect equivalence require additional clarification and interpretation. The study also compares source-oriented and target-oriented translation approaches, highlighting the importance of conveying the meaning and intent of the source text in a way that is natural and culturally appropriate for the target audience. The findings suggest that successful translation in the field of finance and economics depends on ensuring linguistic consistency, pragmatic accuracy, and compliance with international standards. The study emphasizes the need for translators to have specialized knowledge of the field and to develop a comprehensive understanding of equivalence issues to improve communication between experts in finance and economics.

The Crack Growth Resistance of Polymeric Cellular Materials Studied With a Quasi‐Brittle Approach

ABSTRACTThis research delves into the fracture analysis of cellular thermosetting polymers using Mode I fracture tests with a compact tension geometry subjected to both monotonic and cyclic loadings. The equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics concept effectively described crack initiation and propagation. Numerical simulations estimated the equivalent linear elastic crack length aligning with experimental measurements. Resistance curves revealed a transient regime followed by a self‐similar regime with relatively constant fracture energy, typical of quasi‐brittle materials. Finally, the fracture energy evolution correlated with macroscopic density evolution exhibiting a linear relationship relaying the influence of microstructure to a second order.

Weak interface-induced repeated kinking of a central crack in a brittle multilayered plate under remote shear loading

Understanding the repeated kinking pattern of cracks is essential for controlling the complex fracture trajectories in multilayered composites. While previous studies have explored many aspects of fractures in layered materials, the conditions governing the repeated kinking behavior under basic loading modes remain largely unrevealed. This research elucidates the continual kinking condition for a central crack in a brittle, multilayered plate with closely-parallel weak interfaces under remote shear stresses. Using the strain energy release rate (SERR) ratio criterion, we analytically derived a closed-form solution to the condition through the equivalent crack concept. The solution specifies a value domain for the intersection angle and fracture toughness ratio of weak interfaces, where the load-guided direction competes closely with the weak interface-guided direction to shape the crack trajectory into a repeated kinking pattern. Our theoretical results, validated by a series of finite element (FE) simulations, clarify how closely-parallel weak interfaces induce repeated crack kinking in multilayered materials under remote shear loading. This research paves the way for the deeper understanding of intricate crack trajectories under mixed loads in various practical applications.

Decomposition and equivalence of general nonlinear dynamical control systems

Projection and equivalence concepts have been widely studied in the literature. In the present paper two nonlinear systems with the same number of inputs, but not the same number of state variables, are considered. Under mild assumptions, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a submersion such that the higher dimensional system projects locally onto the other one. The solution to this problem has relevant applications, for instance in robotics. It includes as a special case the equivalence of nonlinear systems with no particular structure.

A viscoelastic harvester-absorber for energy generation and vibration control

Abstract A vibration energy harvester harnesses the oscillatory movement and
converts it into electrical energy. On the other hand, a (dynamic) vibration absorber
dissipates the mechanical energy of a host structure (primary system). The proposal for
a harvester-absorber device (HAD), comprinsing a piezoelectric element (conventional
harvester) bonded with a viscoelastic layer and a steel constrained layer, is based on the
dual purpose of generating energy and at the same time reducing the vibratory response
of the primary system. Introducing a viscoelastic dissipative layer in a conventional
harvester, also offers the advantage of simultaneously reducing wear on the piezoelectric
element, thereby extending its lifespan and preventing fatigue-related breakage. The
paper presents a model of a harvester-absorber built from a bimorph piezoelectric
beam, a layer of viscoelastic material (E-A-R C1002-01PSA) and a beam of steel, which
acts as a constrained layer. A lumped parameter model is proposed for the theoretical
description of the HAD which is successfully used to experimentally determine its
parameters. After that, and using the equivalent stiffness concept, the HAD was
coupled to a free-free beam with two masses at its ends to study its perfomance over a
real host structure. The inertance of the composite system and voltage/force frequency
response function of the HAD were obtained and compared with experimental results.
The accuracy of the results justifies and validate the model which has the advantage
of simplicity and can contribute to reducing wear and increasing the lifespan of brittle
piezoelectric structures.

Tensile fracture prediction of 3D-printed V-notched PLA specimens: Application of VIMC-MEMC in conjunction with brittle fracture criteria

This study investigates the fracture behavior of additively manufactured round-tip V-notched diagonally loaded square plate (RV-DLSP) specimens with different notch opening angles and tip radii produced from the Polylactic acid (PLA) with [0/90/45/-45]s raster orientation using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. PLA is known for its ductile behavior, making it a suitable material for various engineering applications. Also, the layer-wise manufacturing process in FDM technique makes the PLA specimens be actually anisotropic. To take the nonlinearity and anisotropy of PLA simultaneously into consideration in prediction of the fracture loads of RV-DLSP specimens, the present study employs the Virtual Isotropic Material Concept (VIMC) and modified Equivalent Material Concept (MEMC) in a two-level strategy of simplifying PLA to an isotropic linear elastic virtual material. Then, the mean stress (MS) and maximum tangential stress (MTS) criteria are utilized to estimate the fracture loads. The theoretical estimations reveal that the VIMC-MEMC-RV-MS criterion is the most accurate model, demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting the fracture behavior of RV-DLSP specimens. Additionally, the VIMC-MEMC-RV-MTS criterion shows commendable accuracy, particularly for the specimens with 30 (deg.) notch opening angle. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the fracture surfaces provides further insights into the fracture mechanisms of RV-DLSP specimens. Notably, distinct fracture patterns are observed based on variations in the notch geometry. Specimens with smaller notch tip radii exhibit fiber cleavage, while those with larger radii display greater fiber interpenetration. These SEM observations are consistent with the fracture load data, which indicates higher fracture loads with increasing the notch opening angle and tip radius. By integrating VIMC and MEMC with the two fracture criteria, accurate predictions of the notch fracture toughness can be achieved, facilitating the design and optimization of 3D-printed PLA components against fracture.

A new approach for risk assessment of pulmonary toxicants: a preliminary study using didecyldimethylammonium chloride.

Current human risk assessments often rely on animal toxicity data to establish point of departure (POD) values, followed by the application of uncertainty factors. Consequently, there is growing interest in alternative toxicity testing methods that reduce reliance on animal models. In this study, we propose a novel approach for inhalation toxicity risk assessment that integrates in silico and in vitro methods. Human primary alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to aerosolized didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) to assess cytotoxicity. This was followed by transcriptome analysis and biological pathway investigation, utilizing adverse outcome pathway (AOP), to calculate the POD. Additionally, human DDAC exposure was simulated using a multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model to predict exposure levels in the human alveolar region via inhalation. The results from in silico and in vitro studies were then compared, and a comprehensive risk assessment was performed. The POD for AOP 452 key events-oxidative stress, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and autophagy-was found to range between 19.0 and 23.89ng/cm2, according to benchmark dose calculation tools. The estimated human exposure to DDAC in the alveolar region under actual exposure conditions was 0.164ng/cm2/day, resulting in a margin of exposure (MOE) ranging from 121 to 145, suggesting caution regarding DDAC inhalation exposure. This study presents a novel risk assessment method that compares estimated human inhalation exposure values to in vitro results, applying the human equivalent concentration concept. Our findings demonstrate the potential for conducting human risk assessments using both in silico and in vitro methods as alternatives to traditional in vivo studies.