Equine Veterinary Research Articles

Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly serious threat to human and animal health, therefore responsible use of antimicrobials in equine practice is vital. There is a need to have accurate, up to date data on antimicrobial prescribing in equine practice in the UK. To characterise current antimicrobial prescribing practices by equine veterinarians and to describe surveillance, audit processes and identification of AMR. Online cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. An online questionnaire targeting veterinarians who treat horses in the UK and Europe was distributed. The questionnaire collected data on participants' country of origin, practice policies, prescribing practices including use of high priority critical antimicrobials. Four common clinical case-based scenarios were included to further explore prescribing practice. Responses were compared using both descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models. Questionnaires were completed by 264 veterinarians from Europe (n=33/264) and the UK (n=231/264); 87% respondents worked only with horses and 67% worked at premises with hospitalisation facilities. Approximately half of respondents (54.4%) had a written antimicrobial use or stewardship policy within their practice. Over half of respondents did not perform any environmental surveillance (54.2%), audit of clinical infections (53.1%) or audit of infection control (57.1%). Potentiated sulphonamides were cited as the most used antimicrobial, although 44% reported using enrofloxacin in the last year and 66% used 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins. Prophylactic antimicrobials before clean surgery were frequently/always prescribed by 48% respondents and 24% respondents frequently/always prescribed antimicrobials post-operatively in clean surgery. Potential selection bias of respondents, given individuals volunteered to take part in the survey. Compared with a previous similar study conducted in 2009, overall antimicrobial usage appeared to be declining in clinical scenarios and a greater proportion of practices now have stewardship policies. However, the use of high priority critical antimicrobials is still relatively common in equine practice in the UK and Europe.

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 34, Issue 7 p. 338-339 Highlights Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers S. WRIGHT, S. WRIGHT EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author S. WRIGHT, S. WRIGHT EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13664Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue7July 2022Pages 338-339 RelatedInformation

Melanocortin‐1 receptor influence in equine opioid sensitivity

SummaryIndividual variation in opioid sensitivity can have a profound impact on the safety and efficacy of equine veterinary treatments, with the ability to adequately manage equine pain in a clinical setting currently limited. This review aims to explore the overlap between biological mechanisms associated with opioid metabolism and those mechanisms associated with coat colour in horses as has been documented in humans, with particular focus on the melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) gene. In the future, the use of the MC1R coat colour genotype could help to indicate variable opioid sensitivities thereby greatly improving the use of opioids in clinical settings. The MC1R gene has a well‐established role in melanogenesis and pigment switching, but involvement in the pain‐modulating periaqueductal grey (PAG) descending pathway and in immune responses, both of which contain opioid receptors, has also been suggested in humans. However, this relationship between opioid metabolism and the connection to the three known MC1R variants (EE, Ee and Eea) in horses is yet to be explored.

NAD+ precursor concentrations are elevated in the follicular fluid of mares following oral supplementation of nicotinic acid

Niacin deficiency has recently been associated with congenital malformations in humans and embryonic death and resorption in mice (Shi et al. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 377(6):544-552). Mares suffer from high rates of early embryonic loss (Newcombe. Equine Veterinary Education. 12(2):88-101), the aetiology of which remains unknown. Increasing the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) through supplementing NAD+ precursors has resulted in an improvement in oocyte quality in mice (Bertoldo et al. Cell Rep. 2020; 30: 1670-1681). However, little is known regarding the requirement of niacin and NAD+ in reproductive processes in the mare. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral nicotinic acid (NA) supplements, a form of niacin, on the composition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolites in the blood and follicular fluid of mares. Vehicle alone or NA (3 g per os) was administered to 7 mares over a minimum of 3 consecutive days during the oestrous cycle. Blood samples were collected immediately prior tosupplemental feeding and at follicular fluid aspiration. Follicular fluid was collected from the dominant follicle through transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration. Blood and follicular fluid samples were processed and analysed by mass spectrometry. The concentration of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in the follicular fluid of NA-fed mares was greater than that in the corresponding plasma (15.0 ± 6.5 vs. 3.3 ± 0.9 ng/µL; p < 0.05) and in the follicular fluid of vehicle-fed mares (1.5 ± 0.5 ng/µL; p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the concentration of NA, nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinuric acid (NUR) tended to be greater in the follicular fluid of NA supplemented mares (1043.9 ± 953.5, 1641.7 ± 256.1 and 5.5 ± 5.1 ng/µL) than in the corresponding plasma (70.8 ± 15.4, 875.6 ± 361.1 and 0.6 ± 0.2, respectively; p < 0.1). The results show that NA supplementation increased the bioavailability of NAD+ precursors in the follicular fluid of the dominant follicle, which is proposed to better promote the maturation of good quality oocytes, especially in older mares.

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 34, Issue 6 p. 282-283 Highlights Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers S. Wright, S. Wright EVE Editorial Office orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-8571 Search for more papers by this author S. Wright, S. Wright EVE Editorial Office orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-8571 Search for more papers by this author First published: 10 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13648Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue6June 2022Pages 282-283 RelatedInformation

Onchocerca Cervicalis: A Survey into Awareness and Knowledge of The Parasite Amongst UK Equine Veterinarians

The nematode Onchocerca cervicalis is the most common causative agent of equine onchocerciasis; this condition is characterised by pruritus and dermatitis and is a differential diagnosis for insect bite hypersensitivity. Onchocerciasis is currently presumed of minor importance within the UK, however prevalence may increase if macrocyclic lactone use declines amid concerns about anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes. This survey aimed to establish O. cervicalis awareness and knowledge levels amongst UK equine veterinarians and to determine approximate numbers of UK horses affected with unresponsive cases of dermatoses, including insect bite hypersensitivity. An online survey was distributed to UK equine vets between December 2019 and February 2020. Of 88 respondents, 78% were aware of O. cervicalis, however 49% of these answered less than half the questions presented about the parasite's lifecycle correctly. Approximately 25% of insect bite hypersensitivity cases respondents saw were deemed unresponsive to standard treatments, 84% of respondents had not previously considered onchocerciasis as a differential diagnosis in such cases. Findings suggest knowledge of O. cervicalis amongst UK equine vets is lacking, highlighting a need to raise awareness and consideration of the parasite as a differential when investigating equine dermatoses.

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 34, Issue 4 p. 170-171 Research Highlights Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers S. Wright, Corresponding Author S. Wright sue@evj.co.uk EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author S. Wright, Corresponding Author S. Wright sue@evj.co.uk EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13631Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue4April 2022Pages 170-171 RelatedInformation

Development of a Standing Equine Leg CT (slCT)

All horse ridden disciplines result in stresses to both bony and soft tissue structures. Many competitive horses experience extreme forces on the structures of the lower limb whilst executing transitions such as a tight turns or rapid acceleration. Lameness subsequent to distal limb injury is common to both the performance and pleasure horse, resulting in time out of ridden work at best or career ending at worst. In this context, Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging Ltd (a company dedicated to veterinary imaging) and the Institute of Instrumentation for Molecular Imaging (i3M) established a collaboration in order to develop a CT prototype device for the examination of horse limbs. The Standing Equine Leg CT (slCT) is an additional tool for equine veterinarians to fully evaluate and diagnose lameness, fracture and disease in the equine distal limb.

An Investigation into Equine Nutrition Knowledge and Educational Needs of Equine Veterinarians.

This study investigated equine nutrition knowledge and educational needs of licensed veterinarians in the United States who were exclusively or predominately equine practitioners. It found veterinarians regard their peers as an important resource of nutritional knowledge, ranking ahead of all other sources except a PhD equine nutritionist. Interestingly, only 21% of veterinarians felt good about their knowledge level in equine nutrition after graduating from veterinary school. Although veterinarians in this study reported equine nutrition to be an area of weakness, 75% had not pursued continuing education in the field of nutrition within the last year. Additionally, they devoted only 65 minutes per year on average to improving their knowledge of equine nutrition, yet the majority (82.2%) had been providing nutritional advice to clients. This study revealed that time spent practicing veterinary medicine increases (p < .001) a veterinarian's self-perceived knowledge level of equine nutrition, shifting from just below average after graduation from veterinary school to just above average at the time of this study. The majority (70%) of veterinarians in this study believe nutrition is very important in their practice philosophy, and 71% showed interest in taking online continuing education courses; thus, curriculum should be developed and offered in areas of need as identified by this study. These areas include insulin resistance, equine gastric ulcer syndrome, equine metabolic syndrome, performance horses, equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, and arthritis/joint pain, along with how to assess nutritional status during general wellness examinations.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics.

SummaryOrthopaedic disorders are commonly encountered in equine veterinary medicine, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many equine orthopaedic disorders. There are multiple NSAIDs available for use in horses, including both non‐selective and selective NSAIDS, and the body of literature evaluating the efficacy of these medications, their effects on normal and inflamed musculoskeletal tissues, and their side effects is broad. This review aims to summarise the current literature on the use of NSAIDs for equine orthopaedic disorders and examines new and future avenues for the management of inflammation in equine orthopaedics.

Characterisation of and risk factors for extended-spectrum\xa0\u03b2-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in an equine hospital with a special reference to an outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307:CTX-M-1

BackgroundExtended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) are important causative agents for infections in humans and animals. At the Equine Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Helsinki, the first infections caused by ESBL-E were observed at the end of 2011 leading to enhanced infection surveillance. Contact patients were screened for ESBL-E by culturing infection sites and rectal screening. This study was focused on describing the epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of ESBL-E from equine patients of the EVTH during 2011–2014, and analysing putative risk factors for being positive for ESBL-E during an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307.ResultsThe number of ESBL-E isolations increased through 2012–2013 culminating in an outbreak of multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae ST307:blaCTX-M-1:blaTEM:blaSHV during 04–08/2013. During 10/2011–05/2014, altogether 139 ESBL-E isolates were found from 96 horses. Of these, 26 were from infection-site specimens and 113 from rectal-screening swabs. A total of 118 ESBL-E isolates from horses were available for further study, the most numerous being K. pneumoniae (n = 44), Escherichia coli (n = 31) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 31). Hospital environmental specimens (N = 47) yielded six isolates of ESBL-E. Two identical E. cloacae isolates originating from an operating theatre and a recovery room had identical or highly similar PFGE fingerprint profiles as five horse isolates. In the multivariable analysis, mare–foal pairs (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.57–14.19, P = 0.006), length of hospitalisation (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.28–2.06, P < 0.001) and passing of a nasogastric tube (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.03–7.95, P = 0.044) were associated with being positive for ESBL-E during the K. pneumoniae outbreak.ConclusionsThe occurrence of an outbreak caused by a pathogenic ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 strain highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance of ESBL-E in veterinary hospitals. Limiting the length of hospitalisation for equine patients may reduce the risk of spread of ESBL-E. It is also important to acknowledge the importance of nasogastric tubing as a potential source of acquiring ESBL-E. As ESBL-E were also found in stomach drench pumps used with nasogastric tubes, veterinary practices should pay close attention to appropriate equipment cleaning procedures and disinfection practices.

Pain severity scores for common equine disorders as provided by horse owners and equine veterinarians.

Understanding factors influencing assessment of pain in horses will facilitate communication between veterinarians and horse owners. To compare estimates of pain experienced by horses as provided by veterinarians and horse owners and to determine factors associated with individuals who perceive horses to be experiencing extreme pain or minimal pain. Cross-sectional study. Internet-based questionnaires for horse owners and veterinarians included items related to recognition of pain in horses, estimated degree of pain experienced by horses, and demographic information. Variables associated with perception of a high or low degree of pain were investigated using logistic regression analyses. Final data sets included responses from 553 horse owners and 263 veterinarians. Pain scores varied widely and differences in median scores from horse owners and veterinarians were small. Horse owners providing high pain ratings were more likely to have <10 horses (odds ratio [OR]=2.0, 95% CI=1.1-3.5) and to not have a college degree (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.0-2.2). Those providing low pain ratings were less likely to own <10 horses (OR=0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.4-0.9). Veterinarians providing high pain ratings were more likely to be employed in a mixed animal practice (OR=2.8, 95% CI=1.3-5.9) and to lack board-certification in a veterinary specialty (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.1-4.2). Veterinarians providing low pain ratings were more likely to be male (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.3-4.2). The respondent population may be biased because of the method of questionnaire distribution and associated sampling bias. Respondents were primarily from the United States. Assessments of the degree of pain horses are experiencing vary widely among horse owners and equine veterinarians.

Issue Information

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 34, Issue 3 p. 113-113 Issue InformationFree Access Issue Information First published: 06 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13321AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue3March 2022Pages 113-113 RelatedInformation

A survey of veterinarians' practices, recommendations and perceptions associated with the prevention of tetanus in horses in Australia.

Identify veterinarians' practices, recommendations and perceptions when preventing tetanus in horses in Australia. Graduated members of Equine Veterinarians Australia participated in an online survey about the prevention of tetanus in horses in Australia. Of 77 respondents (response rate ~ 8%), 50 (65%) reported that they had attended collectively 145-152 cases of tetanus in horses in Australia (1.1 cases of tetanus observed/10 veterinarian-years since qualification). The estimated case fatality rate (CFR) was at least 79%. Puncture wounds were most frequently suspected as the entry point (32%; n=47). Five respondents (7%) reported cases of localised tetanus. Three respondents reported generalised tetanus within 2 weeks of tetanus antitoxin (TAT) administration. Respondents did not report any cases of tetanus in horses which had been vaccinated according to manufacturer's recommendations. All respondents recommended vaccination, but over 50% (N=45) stated 'lack of veterinary recommendation' as often or sometimes a reason why clients did not vaccinate horses. Opinions varied on the use of TAT for peri-exposure prophylaxis; 67% of respondents dosed TAT independent of body weight, with the rest dosing according to body weight. Cases of Theiler's disease related to the use of TAT were not reported in Australia by respondents. The caseload of equine tetanus appears relatively low among equine veterinarians in Australia. Consistent with the literature, estimated CFR was high. Respondents' recommendations and perceptions about tetanus vaccination were generally consistent but varied regarding TAT usage. Evidence for TAT usage is limited and we recommend studies of TAT efficacy in horses.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Restorations of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibula (2006-2017).

Background:Caries of the infundibula of equine cheek teeth can lead to significant dental disease including increased attritional wear, pulpar and apical disease, secondary sinusitis, and dental fracture. Restorations of cavities of equine cheek teeth infundibula have been performed since 1889. Recent advances in dental materials, instrumentation, and techniques have facilitated the use of dental restoration techniques by equine veterinary practitioners. No studies to date have demonstrated the safety or efficacy of restorations of equine cheek teeth infundibula.Objectives:To assess the long-term results of restorations of equine cheek teeth affected by infundibular caries, to report on the safety of the procedure, and to give guidelines for future restorative therapies.Study Design:Retrospective analysis of results of clinical and oroscopic examination of horses that underwent infundibular restoration procedures between 2006 and 2017.Methods:A total of 223 infundibula in 185 maxillary cheek teeth in 92 horses were restored using a variety of dental materials including glass ionomer cement, flowable and compactible resin composites. The time between restoration and re-examination was recorded along with findings of clinical signs in the interim, restorative material loss, and any further pathological changes of the teeth including caries progression, fracture, or apical disease. Follow-up examinations were performed over two study periods 2006–2012 and in 2017.Results:Over the full study period, 99% of treated horses available for follow-up examinations had no adverse clinical signs or developed any abnormalities of restored teeth observable on oroscopic examination. Of horses re-examined, 83% of restorations were shown to have minimal or no loss of the restoration material, with occlusal surface wear visibly comparable to other adjacent maxillary teeth. Statistical analysis showed success of the procedure was related to the restorative material used, the restoration technique, and the caries grade present at the time of restoration (grade 3 is more successful than grade 2).Main Limitations:There are no case controls in this study and therefore it is not clear if restoration of equine infundibula is a consistently beneficial procedure, or at which grade of caries progression restorations should be performed for optimum benefit. The procedures were not re-examined at consistent regular times creating some difficulties in standardizing results. Re-examinations of treated horses did not consistently include radiography or computed tomography and therefore some apical changes may have occurred in treated teeth without visual oroscopic or external clinical signs.Conclusion:Restoration of equine infundibula using materials developed for human dentistry including flowable resin composites is a safe and long-lasting procedure and appears to prevent the development of further pathological changes including apical infection and dental fracture.

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 58-59 Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers S. Wright, S. Wright EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author S. Wright, S. Wright EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 January 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13613Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue2February 2022Pages 58-59 RelatedInformation

The application of cannabidiol in the treatment and health prevention of horses

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the cannabinoids found in Cannabis sativa L. The action of CBD in the body is similar to that of neurotransmitters, thanks to which it regulates most of the biochemical processes taking place in the body. Research on CBD properties in equine veterinary medicine has begun relatively recently. It has recently been proven to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, stabilize the nervous system, and have a calming effect. Human studies suggest that, due to its effects on the endocannabinoid system, CBD will have a number of positive effects on equine homeostasis. Current research is focused on determining appropriate CBD doses for desirable therapeutic or heeling effects. The results of studies carried out so far have confirmed the effectiveness of CBD, which may lead to further research on the use of CBD in the treatment and health prevention of horses.

Evaluation of stallion sperm concentration by two different methods and its influence on sperm motility assessment

Received: 2020-12-18 | Accepted: 2021-05-03 | Available online: 2021-12-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.293-296 The aim of this study was to compare two methods for determining the concentration of sperm in stallion ejaculate and to evaluate the influence of different levels of concentration on the determination of sperm motility using an objective method. The total number of evaluated samples was 123. For the experiment, 14 stallions of different breeds housed in the Tlumačov Provincial Stud Farm were used. Sperm concentration was assessed by the hemocytometric method using a Bürker chamber and the automatic method using the Sperm Class Analyzer®. The SCA system was used to evaluate sperm motility. The samples were divided into 6 groups with sperm concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300·10 6 sperm ml -1 . The results were statistically evaluated by Tukey’s HSD test. There were statistically significant differences in the determination of sperm concentrations between the hemocytometric method and the SCA system in samples with concentration exceeding 100·10 6 sperm ml -1 . Sperm motility increased in samples with higher concentration, however the effect of sperm concentration on motility parameters has not been statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that samples with sperm concentration higher than 100·10 6 sperm ml -1 reduce the accuracy of the SCA system evaluation and these samples need to be diluted to concentration ≤100·10 6 sperm ml -1 for more accurate evaluation. Keywords:  sperm concentration, sperm motility, hemocytometer, SCA References Amann, R.P. (1989) Can the Fertility Potential of a Seminal Sample Be Predicted Accurately. Journal of Andrology, 10(2), 89–98. Amann, R.P. and Waberski, D. (2014) Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): Capabilities and potential developments. Theriogenology, 81(1), 5–17. Aurich, J.E. (2012) Artificial Insemination in Horses – More than a Century of Practise and Research. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 32(8), 458–463. Broekhuijse, M.L.W.J. (2011) Additional value of computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) compared to conventional motility assessments in pig artificial insemination. Theriogenology, 76(8), 1473–1486. Didion, B.A. (2008) Computer-assisted semen analysis and its utility for profiling boar semen samples. Theriogenology, 70(8), 1374–1376. Heckenbichler, S. et al. (2011) Quality and fertility of cooled-shipped stallion semen at the time of insemination. Theriogenology, 75(5), 849–856. Jequier, A.M. and Ukombe, E.B. (1983) Errors Inherent in the Performance of a Routine Semen Analysis. British Journal of Urology, 55(4), 434–436. Kenneth, A. et al. (1990) The influence of chamber characteristics on the reliability of sperm concentration and movement measurements obtained by manual and videomicrographic analysis. Fertility and sterility, 53(5), 882–887. Knuth, U.A. and Nieschlag, E. (1988) Comparison of computerized semen analysis with the conventional procedure in 322 patients. Fertility and sterility, 49(5), 881–885. Kuster, Ch. (2005) Sperm concentration determination between hemacytometric and CASA systems: Why they can be different. Theriogenology, 64(3), 614–617. Lannou, D.L. et al. (1992) Effects of chamber depth on the motion pattern of human spermatozoa in semen or in capacitating medium. Human Reproduction, 7(10), 1417–142. Lu, J.C. et al. (2013) Computer-aided sperm analysis: past, present and future. Andrologia, 45(1), 1–10. Malmgren, L. (1997) Assessing the quality of raw semen: a review. Theriogenology, 46(3), 523–530. Mortimer, D. et al. (1995) Workshop Report: Clinical CASA – the Qest for Consensus. Reproduction, fertility and developement, 7(5), 951–959. Mortimer, S.T. et al. (2015) The future of computer-aided sperm analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 17(2), 545–553. Prathalingam et al. (2006) The Precision and Accuracy of Six Different Methods to Determine Sperm Concentration. Journal of Andrology, 27(2), 257–262. Rečková, Z. and Filipčík, R. (2020) An Analysis of Selected Aspects of Sperm Quality in Fresh and Cooled-Storage Stallion Semen. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 10(3), 405–408. Sokol, R.Z. et al. (2000). Comparison of two methods for the measurement of sperm concentration. Fertility and sterility, 73(3), 591–594. Spiropoulos, J. (2001). Computerized semen analysis (CASA): Effect of semen concentration and chambre depth on measurements. Archives of Andrology, 46(1), 37–42. Varner, D.D. (2008) Developments in stallion semen evaluation. Theriogenology, 70(3), 448–462. Verstegen, J. et al. (2002) Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary practice. Theriogenology, 57(1), 149–l79. Věžník, Z. (2004) Repetitorium of spermatology and andrology and methods of spermatoanalysis. Brno: Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine. WHO. (1999) WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Equine squamous gastric disease and delayed gastric emptying – the chicken or the egg?

Equine Veterinary EducationEarly View Clinical Commentary Equine squamous gastric disease and delayed gastric emptying – the chicken or the egg? M. Hewetson, M. Hewetson orcid.org/0000-0001-6518-0864 Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UKSearch for more papers by this authorC. J. McGuire, C. J. McGuire Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UKSearch for more papers by this author M. Hewetson, M. Hewetson orcid.org/0000-0001-6518-0864 Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UKSearch for more papers by this authorC. J. McGuire, C. J. McGuire Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13597 *Corresponding author email: mhewetson@rvc.ac.uk Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 33, Issue 12 p. 618-619 Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers S. Wright, S. Wright EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author S. Wright, S. Wright EVE Editorial OfficeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13587Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue12December 2021Pages 618-619 RelatedInformation