Equation Modeling-Partial Least Research Articles

PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN DAN RISIKO BISNIS TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN DENGAN PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR SEKTOR INDUSTRI DASAR DAN KIMIA YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI

Companies in the basic and chemical industry sector are manufacturing companies that convert raw materials into semi-finished products. This study aims to determine the Influence of Capital Structure, Company Size and Business Risk on Dividend Policy with Profitability as an Intervening Variable in Manufacturing Companies in the Basic and Chemical Industry Sector Listed on the IDX. This research method uses a quantitative method. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study used the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results of the direct influence hypothesis test using the Smart PLS3 3.0 application show that the capital structure has a negative but not significant effect on profitability. The size of the company has a potential but not significant effect on profitability. Business risk has a significant positive effect on profitability. Capital structure has a negative but not significant effect on dividend policy. The size of the company has a positive but not significant effect on the dividend policy. Business risk has a positive but insignificant effect on dividend policy. Profitability has a positive but not significant effect on dividend policy. Capital structure has a negative but insignificant effect on dividend policy through profitability. Company size has a positive but insignificant effect on dividend policy through profitability. Business risk has a positive but insignificant effect on dividends through profitability.

The Relationship between Educational Technology Integration, Classroom Management, and Student-Centred Learning on Teaching Effectiveness and Student Learning Outcomes in Indonesian

This study investigates the relationship between educational technology integration, classroom management, and student-centred learning on teaching effectiveness and student learning outcomes in Indonesian schools. Utilizing a quantitative analysis approach, data were collected from 285 teachers through a structured questionnaire employing a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS 3) to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings indicate that all the examined relationships are both positive and significant. Specifically, integrating educational technology is shown to enhance teaching effectiveness and improve student learning outcomes. Additionally, effective classroom management positively influences teaching effectiveness and fosters a student-centred learning environment, which in turn leads to better student learning outcomes. These results highlight the critical role of technology integration, effective classroom management, and student-centred learning in boosting teaching effectiveness and student achievement in Indonesian schools. The study offers valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders looking to enhance educational practices through the strategic implementation of these components.

Farmers' Intentions for Sustainable Fertilizer Practices: A Study of Shallot Farmers

Sustainable fertilizer practices are needed in the context of resource degradation, climate change and population growth. Farmers' decisions to adopt sustainable agricultural practices are influenced by economic, psycho-social and technological availability aspects. This research aims to explain the factors that influence farmers' decisions to adopt sustainable fertilizer practices. The research model uses the basic Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and adds the socio-cultural dimension of farmers. The research was carried out by taking the case of shallot farmers' decisions regarding the use of fertilizer. The research was carried out using a survey approach of 111 shallot farmers taken using proportional sampling in the shallot production center of Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEMPLS). The research results found that farmers' attitudes towards adopting sustainable fertilizer practices were influenced by factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social influence, while farmers' intentions to adopt sustainable fertilizer practices were influenced by farmers' attitudes and habits. The conclusions of this study have implications for technological development and socio-cultural aspects to scale up sustainable fertilizer practices.

The Moderating Role of Merger on the Switching Intention to Use Islamic Bank: The Case of Indonesia

Objective –Since February 2021, the government decided to merge 3 Islamic banks to increase Islamic bank markets. This policy raises pros and cons in society. This research analyses the mediating role of mergers on the switching intention to use Islamic banks.Design/Methodology –This research is a quantitative study using the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). A total of 108 respondents' data were analyzed. The data was collected through an online survey utilizing social media which was shared directly with respondents in the city of Surabaya. The respondents' criteria were selected using purposive sampling techniques.Results –The moderating effects showed that the merger was a poor moderator of the reality between attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the switching intention to use Islamic banks. However, the direct effects showed a significant relationship between mergers and switching intention. Besides, this study shows that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control have a significant influence on switching intention. Subjective norm is the most dominant factor.Research limitation/implication – This study uses limited variables and was carried out shortly after the merger of Islamic banks. However, this study provides a comprehensive analysis related to the relationship between mergers and switching intention. The implications of this research urge the government as a policymaker to do its best to increase public awareness of Islamic banks. Islamic bank managers must conduct massive socialization by utilizing various existing technologies and media to reach all levels of society to use Islamic banking services.Contribution – This study emphasizes the significance influence of subjective norm and switching intention. Thus, the government and Islamic banks must intensify socialization of Islamic bank to encourage Islamic bank users.Novelty/Originality –This study complements the literature by analysing the impact of Islamic bank mergers with switching intention to use Islamic banks as far as the authors' knowledge of merger research is still limited to analysing the performance of Islamic banks after the merger.

PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL, LIKUIDITAS, DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN PERTUMBUHAN LABA SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PERUSAHAAN RETAIL YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2019-2022

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of Capital Structure, Liquidity, and Leverage on Firm Value with Profit Growth as an Intervening Variable in Retail Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2019-2022. The population in this study consists of all retail companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), totaling 32 companies. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling, resulting in 9 samples. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study utilize the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method. The hypothesis testing results of direct and indirect effects using Smart PLS 3.0 indicate that The Capital Structure does not significantly influence Profit Growth. Liquidity does not significantly influence Profit Growth. Leverage does not significantly influence Profit Growth. Capital Structure has a positive and significant influence on Firm Value. Liquidity does not significantly influence Firm Value. Leverage does not significantly influence Firm Value. The results of indirect effect hypothesis testing show that Capital Structure does not significantly influence Firm Value through Profit Growth. Liquidity does not significantly influence Firm Value through Profit Growth. Leverage does not significantly influence Firm Value through Profit Growth.

The influence of service quality on customer satisfaction in maintaining loyalty at Coco SPBU in Medan City

Nowadays, more and more people use private vehicles, resulting in an increase in the number of vehicles and also fuel consumption. Customer satisfaction is one of the factors that influences customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is an indicator of success in making customers interested in using services or products again. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence service quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty at COCO gas stations in Medan City, North Sumatra. This research is quantitative research. The data analysis method used is Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) Smart PLS software version 4. The population in this study are customers at COCO gas stations in Medan City, North Sumatra. This research uses a questionnaire data collection technique with a sample of 100 respondents, which contains 18 indicator questions that can represent an assessment of gas station services. From this research, the results show that there is a significant influence on physical evidence and power on customer satisfaction, as well as customer satisfaction on customer loyalty.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, HARGA DAN PROMOSI TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN PADA CAFE SEDUH DI BESUKI DENGAN MINAT BELI SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

Cafe is one of the places to relax and chat where visitors can order drinks and food. Cafe has quite a lot of potential in helping the economy in a region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Influence of Product Quality, Price, and Promotion on Purchasing Decisions with Purchase Interest as an intervening variable. The population in this study were consumers of Cafe Seduh in Besuki. The sampling technique was determined by simple random sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study used the Structural Equation ModelPartial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results of the direct influence hypothesis test using the Smart PLS 3.0 application, show that Product Quality has a positive but insignificant effect on Purchase Interest, Price has a negative but insignificant effect on Purchase Interest, Promotion has a significant positive effect on Purchase Interest, Product Quality has a positive but insignificant effect on Purchase Decision, Price has a significant positive effect on Purchase Decision, Promotion has a significant positive effect on Purchase Decision, Purchase Interest has a negative but insignificant effect on Purchase Decision, Product Quality has a negative but insignificant effect on Purchase Decision through Purchase Interest, Price has a significant positive effect on Purchase Decision through Purchase Interest, Promotion has a negative but insignificant effect on Purchase Decision through Purchase Interest.

The Relationship of Drivers to Implementation of Sustainable Procurement in Aceh

Indonesia has implemented sustainable procurement, which aligns with sustainability in development implementation. Sustainable procurement includes economic, social, and environmental aspects. Even though the government has issued several related regulations, the provision of sustainable regulations for implementing construction work tenders has yet to be implemented evenly. This research was conducted to see how sustainable procurement is implemented in Aceh Province, examining the relationship between driving factors and the implementation of sustainable procurement. The research's objective is to describe the relationship between the factors driving sustainable procurement and Aceh's sustainable procurement implementation. Research data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 30 respondents consisting of selection working committee and commitment-making officer at several government agencies in Aceh. Structural Equation Modeling—Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) is used as a method for analyzing data. The findings obtained from this research show that, from several supporting factors that have been identified from previous research, the relationship is positive and significant and has an influence of 93% on the implementation of sustainable procurement, except that knowledge of sustainable procurement has a negative relationship. The limitations of this research are limited to the procurement of government construction work in Aceh and the research respondents are work selection committee personnel and commitment making officers. The originality/value of the research is found in the study of the relationship between driving factors and the implementation of sustainable procurement, especially in Aceh.

The Impact of Tourism Infrastructure and Marketing Strategies on Tourist Arrivals and Local Economic Growth in Bali

This study investigates the effect of tourism infrastructure and marketing strategy on tourist arrivals and local economic growth in Bali. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected from a sample of 290 respondents using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) was employed to analyze the data and test the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that both tourism infrastructure and marketing strategies have a positive and significant impact on tourist arrivals, which, in turn, contributes to local economic growth. The findings highlight the critical role of strategic investments in infrastructure development and marketing efforts in enhancing Bali's appeal as a global tourist destination. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to optimize the benefits of tourism and drive sustainable economic development in Bali.

The Role of Trust in Moderating the Impact of Affiliate and Social Media Marketing on Financial Service Purchase Decisions

This study aims to evaluate the impact of affiliate marketing, social media marketing, brand image, and service quality on purchasing decisions for financial services, with trust acting as a moderating variable to enhance these purchase decisions, particularly in the context of credit fund distribution. A sample of 324 respondents from across Indonesia was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that affiliate marketing and social media marketing both have significant positive effects on purchasing decisions for financial services. Additionally, brand image also significantly and positively influences purchasing decisions. Contrary to expectations, service quality does not show a significant positive impact on purchasing decisions. Crucially, trust is identified as a key moderating factor, particularly enhancing the relationship between brand image and purchase decisions.

Budaya Organisasi, Kecerdasan Emosional dan Motivasi terhadap OCB Dimediasi Kinerja Karyawan PT Angkasa Pura 1

This research aims to determine how the influence of organizational culture, emotional intelligence and motivation on Organizational Citizenship Behavior is mediated by employee performance. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach. data collection techniques using a questionnaire using a 1-5 Likert scale. The sample used in this research was 100 respondents who were employees of PT Angkasa Pura 1 Surakarta. Data analysis in this study used Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). Based on research results, organizational culture does not have a significant influence on the performance of PT Angkasa Pura 1 Surakarta employees, emotional intelligence and motivation have a significant influence on the performance of PT Angkasa Pura 1 Surakarta employees, organizational culture and emotional intelligence have a significant influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, motivation does not have significant influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, employee performance has a significant influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior not through mediated employee performance, emotional intelligence and motivation have a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior through mediated employee performance.

The Influence of Multiple Role Conflict and Work Stress on the Performance of Women Workers with Work Commitment as an Intervening Variable (Study of Central Java BKKBN Employees in Semarang City and Regency Work Area)

This research aims to determine the effect of dual role conflict and work stress on employee performance directly and indirectly through organizational commitment at the Central Java BKKBN agency, Semarang City, and Regency Work Area. The population used in this research is all employees who work in the Central Java BKKBN working area of Semarang City and Regency. Sampling will use purposive sampling, with the sample selection criteria being female married or married employees. Based on this sampling, the research sample size was 80 respondents. The primary data used was obtained through a research questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The research results show that multiple-role conflict has a significant negative effect on organizational commitment, and work stress negatively and significantly impacts organizational commitment. Multiple role conflict has a negative and significant effect on employee performance, work stress has a negative and significant impact on employee performance, and organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The results of the mediation test show that organizational commitment can mediate the impact of multiple role conflicts on employee performance, and organizational commitment can mediate the effect of work stress on employee performance.

PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS DAN PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR MAKANAN DAN MINUMAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI DENGAN STRUKTUR MODAL SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI PERIODE 2019-2022

Food and beverage subsector companies are pillars of a country’s economy, therefore the food and beverage subsector plays an important role in driving the wheels of the Indonesian economy, to boosr productivity and the abilitu og the sector to compete globally, the government is still working hard to ensure the stability and availability of raw materials needed by the food and beverage subsector. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of profitability, and company growth in influencing the company’s value moderated by capital structure. This research is explanatory research. The population in this study were food and beverage subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019-2022. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing using the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results of the direct effect hypothesis test using the Snart PLS 3.0 application show that profitability has a significant positive effect on firm value, campany growth has a insignificant positive effect on firm value, capital structure is able to moderate the effect of profitability on firm value, capital structure is not able to moderate the effect of company growth ob firm value.

Understanding the academic use of KM-driven Metaverse technology: insights from medical colleges

Purpose This study delves into the behavioural intentions of educators within medical colleges at Mosul Universities concerning the adoption of Knowledge Management-Driven Metaverse technology (KM-D-MT). Rooted in an adapted Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model, the research aims to enrich the understanding of Metaverse adoption factors, exploring correlations among key constructs such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, perceived value, hedonic motivation and interaction. Furthermore, the study investigates the mediating roles of knowledge generation and knowledge sharing in the relationship between interaction and behavioural intention. Design/methodology/approach The research employs a quantitative approach, gathering 278 responses from educators in medical colleges. Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) is used to analyse the data, rigorously examining the reliability and validity of research instruments. The investigation involves an extensive evaluation of various factors influencing educators’ intentions to adopt KM-D-MT, using a cross-sectional design. Findings The study reveals significant positive impacts of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, perceived value and hedonic motivation on behavioural intention to adopt KM-D-MT. Interaction is identified as a key factor positively influencing knowledge sharing and knowledge generation. Furthermore, knowledge sharing and knowledge generation exhibit positive correlations with behavioural intention. Interaction indirectly impacts behavioural intention through the mediating roles of knowledge generation and knowledge sharing, highlighting the transformative potential of Metaverse technology in reshaping knowledge processes. Practical implications The findings of this study hold practical implications for educators, institutions and policymakers. The adoption of KM-D-MT can enhance educational experiences, facilitate global collaboration and contribute to the continuous professional development of educators in medical colleges. Institutions are encouraged to strengthen technological and organisational infrastructure to support effective Metaverse implementation. Furthermore, promoting positive social norms, providing technical support and offering training programs can contribute to overcoming barriers and fostering a conducive environment for Metaverse adoption in medical education. Originality/value This research significantly contributes to theoretical perspectives by advancing Metaverse research and addressing the call for extensive studies covering theoretical, conceptual and empirical elements. It extends current UTAUT2 frameworks, exploring correlations in the context of medical education and contributes to knowledge management paradigms. The study’s originality lies in its exploration of Metaverse acceptance in higher education institutions, specifically in medical colleges in Iraq, providing valuable insights for further research and practical applications globally.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN, LINGKUNGAN KERJA DAN DISIPILIN KERJA TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA PERANG KAT DESA DENGAN MOTIVASI KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Studi kasus Di Desa jetis, Desa Blimbing, Desa Widoropayung, Kecamatan Besuki, Kabupate

BUMDES is a village business managed by the village government, and is a legal entity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Leadership Style, Work Environment, and Work Discipline on Work Motivation with Job Satisfaction as an intervening variable. This research is an explanatory study. The population in this study were employees of each village apparatus. The sampling technique was determined by simple random sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study used the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results of the direct effect hypothesis test using the Smart PLS 3.0 application, showed that Leadership Style has a significant positive effect on Work Motivation, Work Environment has a significant positive effect on Work Motivation, Work Discipline has a significant positive effect on Work Motivation, Leadership Style has a significant positive effect on Work Satisfaction, Work Environment has a positive but not significant effect on Work Satisfaction, Work Discipline has a positive but not significant effect on Work Satisfaction, Work Motivation has a significant positive effect on Work Satisfaction. The results of the indirect influence hypothesis test show that the variables of Leadership style on Job satisfaction through Work motivation have a significant positive effect, Work environment on Job satisfaction through Work motivation has a significant positive effect, Work discipline on Job satisfaction through Work motivation has a significant positive effect.

PENGARUH FIRM SIZE, GROWTH PPORTUNITY, DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP FIRM VALUE MELALUI CASH HOLDING SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR PERKEBUNAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2019-2022

Technological advances have fundamentally changed the business landscape and revolutionized entrepreneurial practices. In order to expand the business they own, entrepreneurs must not only pay attention to assets and profits, but also company values ​​must be built. Currently, firm size is no longer measured based on profits or assets, but also on company value. The aim of this research is to see the influence of Firm size, Growth opportunity, and Leverage on Firm value through Cash holding. This research is quantitative research. The population in this research is 32 plantation sub-sector companies registered on the IDX in 2019-2022. The samples were selected using the purposive sampling method and a sample of 8 companies was obtained. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were carried out using the structural equation model-Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the direct influence hypothesis test using the Smart PLS 3.9 application, show that Firm size has a significant negative effect on Cash holding, Growth opportunity has a positive but not significant effect on Cash holding, Leverage has a negative but not significant effect on Cash holding, Firm size has a significant negative effect on Firm value, Growth opportunity has a negative but not significant effect on Firm value, Leverage has a positive but not significant effect on Firm value, Cash holding has a significant negative effect on Firm value. The results of the indirect influence hypothesis test show that the variable Firm size on Firm value through Cash holding has a positive but not significant effect, Growth opportunity on Firm value through Cash holding has a negative but not significant effect, Leverage on Firm value through Cash holding has a positive but not significant effect.

Loyalitas Pelanggan Skintific Solo Raya: Pengaruh Brand Image, Promosi dan Kepuasan Pelanggan

This research aims to analyze the mediating role of customer satisfaction on the influence of brand image and promotion on customer loyalty among users of skintific skincare products in Solo Raya. The population in this study were all users of skintific skincare products in Solo Raya who had used skintific products for at least the last 6 months and the total sample in this study was 96 respondents. The variables used in this research are brand image, promotion, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The data used in this research is primary data. The data collection method used was a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) and the SmartPLS 4.0 program. The results of this research show that brand image and promotion have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, brand image has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, promotion has no significant effect on customer loyalty, customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, customer satisfaction is able to mediate The influence of brand image on customer loyalty and customer satisfaction are not able to mediate the influence of promotions on customer loyalty.

PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN, HARGA DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN MELALUI KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Studi Kasus Pada CV. Pacific Andre Anton di Situbondo)

Increasing business competition certainly requires the right marketing strategy, so that business can run effectively and efficiently. Offering high-quality products and communicating with consumers appropriately are two examples of consumer behavior in the target market that business people must know. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of marketing communication, price, and product quality on consumer satisfaction through purchasing decisions. This research is explanatory research. The population in this study were consumers of CV. Pacific Andre Anton in Situbondo. The sampling technique was determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study used the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results of the direct effect hypothesis test with the Smart PLS 3.0 application, show that marketing communication has a significant effect on purchasing decisions. Price also has a significant effect on purchasing decisions, then product quality has no significant effect on purchasing decisions, marketing communication has a significant effect on customer satisfaction, price does not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, product quality has no significant effect on customer satisfaction, and purchasing decisions have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The results of the indirect effect hypothesis test show that the variable marketing communication on customer satisfaction through purchasing decisions has a significant positive effect, price on customer satisfaction through purchasing decisions has a positive but insignificant effect, product quality on customer satisfaction through purchasing decisions has a negative but insignificant effect.

Analysis of the Effect of Risk Management and Compliance Practices on Financial Performance and Corporate Reputation in the Financial Industry in Indonesia

This study examines the impact of risk management and compliance practices on the financial performance and corporate reputation of financial institutions in Indonesia. Utilizing a quantitative approach, data were collected from 160 financial institutions through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS 3). The results indicate that both risk management and compliance practices significantly enhance financial performance and corporate reputation. Specifically, risk management practices have a stronger positive impact on both outcomes compared to compliance practices. These findings underscore the necessity for financial institutions to integrate comprehensive risk management and compliance strategies into their operations to achieve financial stability and bolster their reputation. The study provides valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers, highlighting the critical role of these practices in fostering long-term sustainability and success in the financial industry.

The Role of Housing Policy and Access to Health Services in Reducing Economic Inequality and Improving Welfare in Indonesia

This study investigates the role of housing policy and access to health services in reducing economic inequality and improving welfare in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from respondents through a structured questionnaire employing a Likert scale. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS 3). The findings reveal that all hypothesized relationships are positive and significant. Specifically, access to health services significantly enhances welfare and reduces economic inequality. Similarly, housing policy significantly improves welfare and reduces economic inequality. These results underscore the critical impact of robust housing policies and accessible health services on achieving greater economic equity and enhanced overall welfare. The study provides essential insights for policymakers to design effective interventions aimed at fostering a more equitable and prosperous society in Indonesia.