Equal Variances Research Articles

Development of A Learning Model for Blended Collaborative Knowledge Construction in Vocational Education

Vocational Education readies students for specific careers and industries. A robust learning approach is crucial to meet modern workforce demands and foster knowledge exchange. This article introduces the origination of a Learning Model for Blended Collaborative Knowledge Construction in Vocational Education. This model merges methods from blended learning with collaborative strategies for constructing knowledge, fuelling student engagement, skills acquisition, and shared knowledge creation. The research utilizes the Delphi method to accumulate convincing proof for learning models prioritizing blended collaboration in knowledge generation. The sample pool comprises 60 students spanning two Zigong Vocational Training Institute classes, gathered via selective sampling. Data collection involved pre and post-testing of the student’s performance in the experimental and control groups, reinforced by the satisfaction survey from the experimental group. Data analysis employed statistical tools like percentages, means, standard deviations, and the t-test for related samples. The study found that pretest scores and SPSS data analysis showed that the f-test significant value is .702, which exceeds .05. This implies that, under the assumption of equal variance, the mean equivalence t-test findings for the first row of data, as shown in the table above, show that the experimental class averages 81.02 and the control class 81.05. The experimental and control groups' pretest scores are not significantly different, as the computed p-value of .984 is larger than .05. Thus, teaching practice is reasonable. The experimental group's student satisfaction measure averaged 4.27, ranging from 4.10 to 4.43, indicating that students are content with their academics. The control group's student satisfaction measure averaged 2.87, ranging from 2.50 to 3.10, indicating low satisfaction with learning. Students in a vocational education setting were compared using a hybrid collaborative knowledge creation learning model, demonstrating its potential to enhance student satisfaction and outcomes.

Analysis Entrepreneurial Characteristic that Supports Culinary Entrepreneurs to Survive During Covid-19 Pandemic

During COVID-19 pandemic, almost all economic sector in Indonesia fell. Accommodation, food and beverage (culinary) sectors were the third largest industry after the manufacturing and construction industry, which laid off workers. There was one interesting point, in this pandemic storm MSMEs were affected quite badly compared to the economic crisis hit in late 90s. Another interesting point was that some of MSMEs suffered from profit decrease to loss and even bankruptcy. However, some MSMEs could survive. What makes them survive? Through researchers observation, we saw that culinary entrepreneurs as respondents consider some behaviors to be the key to their business survival during the pandemic. Based on theory these behaviors are considered as entrepreneurial characteristics. The research objective of this article is to test confirmation among respondents that entrepreneurial characteristic is the key to survival regarding the demographic and experience factors. This research used a descriptive quantitative method and Levane’s test for equality of variances. As the result respondents showed no differences based on their demographic and experience factors to see that entrepreneurial characteristics is the key of their survival during the pandemic.

288 Awardee Talk: Vaginal Microbiomes of Lactating Dairy Cattle Bred Utilizing Timed Artificial Insemination Or Estrus Expression

Abstract Within the cattle industry, implementation of timed artificial insemination (TAI) or estrus detection protocols aid in determining the optimal breeding date. However, previous studies utilizing both breeding strategies have found differences between pregnancy rates, further emphasizing pregnancy establishment as a prominent issue in cattle production systems. Recent research has begun to evaluate the role of the female reproductive microbiome as it pertains to pregnancy establishment in cattle. It has been demonstrated that shifts in the female reproductive bacterial communities may alter pregnancy outcomes in cattle. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate vaginal microbiomes on day of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle bred utilizing either TAI or estrus detection and the impacts on subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Lactating Holstein cows (104 days in milk) were classified into two groups based on breeding protocols: 1) TAI (n = 44), and 2) Heat (n = 9). On day of AI, sterile swabs were inserted into the vagina, rotated eight times, and subsequently stored at -80°C in sterile collection tubes for microbiome analysis. For microbiome analysis, the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was targeted. Statistical analysis for microbiome data were conducted using PROC TTEST in SAS where equality of variances was performed. Pregnancy rates by TAI versus Heat were 56.8% and 33.3%, respectively. The phylum Firmicutes had greater relative abundance in cows bred by Heat (64.1 ± 2.3% vs. 53.9 ± 2.5%, respectively; P < 0.01) compared with phyla Proteobacteria (7.1 ± 0.8% vs. 13.7 ± 1.7%), Fusobacteria (0.9 ± 0.3% vs. 5.8 ± 1.5%), and Actinobacteria (1.8 ± 0.3% vs. 3.2 ± 0.5%) which had a greater relative abundance in cows bred by TAI (P < 0.01). Within Firmicutes, genera Ruminococcus (13.0 ± 1.0% vs. 8.5 ± 0.6%), Blautia (10.3 ± 0.7% vs. 8.0 ± 0.5%), Clostridium (5.8 ± 0.2% vs. 4.9 ± 0.3%), Oscillospira (2.2 ± 0.2% vs. 1.7 ± 0.1%), and Caloramator (2.1 ± 0.1% vs. 1.7 ± 0.1%) were all greater in relative abundance in cows bred by Heat compared with cows bred by TAI (P < 0.05). Interestingly, within Fusobacteria, genera Sneathia (0.6 ± 0.3% vs. 3.5 ± 1.0%) and Fusobacterium (0.2 ± 0.1% vs. 1.5 ± 0.5%) were greater in relative abundance in cows bred by TAI (P < 0.01). Within phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, genera Gallibacterium and Porphyromonas respectively, were both greater in relative abundance in cows bred by TAI (P < 0.05). Collectively these results indicate that the vaginal microbiomes of lactating dairy cows bred via TAI or estrus expression differs. Additionally, a shift in the vaginal microbiome to a prevalence of the phylum Firmicutes on day of AI appears to be negatively impacting pregnancy outcomes.

PSVII-16 A Method to Analyze the Vertical Acceleration of the Peruvian Paso Horse for Animal Breeding Purposes

Abstract The Peruvian Paso Horse (CPP in Spanish) is an equine local breed in Peru. In this kind of horse, the smoothness and harmony of its movement come from the combination of the mechanisms of movement during the “paso llano” and the correct degrees of execution of the overreach with the adornments. The Peruvian Paso horse is internationally recognized for the smoothness of its gait, which is known as "the smoothest riding horse in the world". This characteristic is evaluated in breed competitions. However, at this time, there is no measure available to determine the smoothness of the gait objectively, relying solely on the perception of the judge during the evaluation. The objective of this research is to analyze the vertical acceleration of each animal (ai) during the “paso llano” gait in CPP. Sixty-five stallions and sixteen mares were measured through video recordings using a camera with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 megapixels at 30 frames/s. The animals were pulled by an operator at a “Paso llano” with an approximate speed between 2.5 and 4 m/s. The gait of the horse was recorded by filming on a tripod with a fixed position positioned horizontally at 1.3 meters height and 12 meters from the middle of the line of motion. To identify the reference point for measuring, a 4 x 4 cm tape was attached to the left side of the croup. KINOVEA software version 0.9.5 (https://www.kinovea.org/) was used to analyze the vertical acceleration every 33 ms. The digitized coordinates are passed through the Butterworth filter at a cutoff frequency computed by estimating the autocorrelation of residuals and finding the frequency yielding the residuals that are the least autocorrelated. The filtered dataset corresponding to this cutoff frequency is kept as the result. A graphical representation can be seen in Figure 1. Root-mean-square (RMS) for each horse was calculated as follows: RMS = √(∑ a2i / n), (ai with i = 1 . . . n). To determine normality assumptions, the Anderson-Darling test with P > 0.05 was applied. To determine if there is a difference between sexes, an ANOVA with P < 0.05 was applied. Levene's test was applied to determine the equality of variances. The descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1. The Anderson-Darling test obtained P = 0.969, therefore, the assumptions of the normal distribution are fulfilled. Levene's test obtained a P = 0.035, therefore, the assumptions of equal variance between sexes are not met. ANOVA with heterogeneity correction Welch was P = 0.891. The results show that there is no difference in vertical acceleration between males and females. The estimation of RMS allows an objective analysis of the smoothness of gait in the CPP and can be used as a selection criterion in selection for breeding plans.

Comparative Evaluation of Analytical Techniques Used in Estimating Acetylation of Lignocellulosic Materials

The techniques commonly used in estimating the extent of acetylation are based on the principle of substituting hydroxyl groups with acetyl groups. In this study, three lignocellulosic materials were modified using a solvent-free method of acetylation with NBS (N – bromosuccinimide) as a catalyst. The extent of modification of these materials was estimated using three techniques – weight percent gain (WPG), extent of acetylation (R), and degree of substitution (DS). Six (6) factors were considered in the acetylation of the lignocellulosic materials. Equality of variance – covariance matrices of the techniques across the factors in all the materials were tested with Box’s M test. The performance and response of the techniques to variation of the factors studied were compared statistically using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test. MANOVA results showed no statistical difference in the response of the techniques towards variation of the factors studied in acetylating these materials. However, it also showed that there was a significant difference in the performance of the techniques used in estimating the extent of acetylation. Duncan multiple range test analysis indicated that WPG performed best in estimating the extent of acetylation. Thus, any of the techniques can be used to estimate the extent of acetylation satisfactorily.

Relationship Between Obesity and Medial Longitudinal Arch Bowing.

There have been reports about the association between obesity and the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of foot. The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of various parameters related to the MLA according to obesity classification severity by the World Health Organization using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). WBCT data of the noninvolved side of patients presenting with unilateral foot and ankle problems or healthy candidates from September 2014 to October 2022 were extracted from a single referral hospital. Forty-four cases in each of 5 obesity classes were selected sequentially. Two orthopaedic surgeons measured foot and ankle offset, forefoot arch angle (FAA), hindfoot moment arm, percentage of uncoverage of the middle facet of the subtalar joint, talonavicular angle (TNA), navicular-medial cuneiform angle, medial cuneiform-first metatarsal angle, talus-first metatarsal angle (TMT1A), first tarsometatarsal subluxation (TMT1S), talonavicular coverage angle, navicular floor distance (NFD), and NFD per height. Positive values indicate plantar collapse. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. One-way analysis of variance tests were performed for parametric data with equal variances, and Welch's test for unequal variances. Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for nonparametric data. Post hoc analysis was performed for statistically significant parameters. Correlation analysis between body mass index (BMI) and 12 parameters were performed using Pearson test. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were excellent, except for TMT1S. The TNA and TMT1A showed a statistically significant difference. FAA (r = -0.2), TNA (r = 0.182), TMT1A (r = 0.296), and NFD (r = -0.173) showed a statistically significant correlation with BMI. In nonsymptomatic feet, we found that the talonavicular joint, as measured by the TNA, to be influenced by obesity classification. Obesity and increased BMI was associated with a negative influence on the MLA. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

A Pilot Study of the Effects of Collagen vs. Whey Protein Supplementation on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Healthy Individuals

Introduction: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition characterized by muscle stiffness, pain, and inflammation following intense or unaccustomed exercise. Despite its prevalence, the underlying mechanisms of DOMS remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of collagen supplementation on tissue repair and pain associated with DOMS in exercise-trained individuals. Methods: Fourteen exercise-trained men (n=7) and women (n=7) were enrolled in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial. Participants were assigned to either a whey protein group (n=8) or a collagen protein group (n=6). Each participant consumed 40g of their respective protein supplement daily for four consecutive days. Peak soreness was assessed using self-reported ratings and algometer measurements. Statistical analysis included independent samples t-tests and Levene's test for equality of variances. Results: The analysis revealed no significant difference in peak soreness between the whey protein and collagen protein groups at the 24-hour time point (t(12) = 1.33, p = 0.208). Both groups experienced a decrease in peak soreness over the 24-hour period, but the reduction was not statistically different between the groups. No significant differences were observed in other variables measured. Conclusions: These findings suggest that collagen protein supplementation did not significantly reduce peak soreness associated with DOMS compared to whey protein supplementation in exercise-trained individuals. While collagen supplementation has shown potential benefits in tissue repair and joint health, further research is needed to explore its specific effects on DOMS. Larger studies with different dosages and participant populations are warranted to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of collagen's impact on muscle soreness and tissue repair.

Assessment of the aortic tunica media histological changes in relation with the cause of death.

The authors set out to evaluate the correlations between three of the main morphological aortic parameters (elastic fibers - FE, collagen fibers - FCOL, and smooth muscle fibers - FM) and the cause of death. Study groups included 25 cases died of a vascular disease (V_P), 37 cases died of a non-vascular disease (NV_P) and 28 cases died of a violent/suspect non-pathological cause of death (V_Dth), the latter group representing also the control group. Four aortic cross-sections (base, arch, thoracic, and abdominal regions) were collected during autopsy from the selected cases, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and first of all photographed together with a calibrating ruler. Then, they were embedded in paraffin, sectioned off at 4 μm and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Orcein. The obtained histological slides were transformed into virtual slides. Fibrillary components amounts were using a custom-made software, developed in MATLAB (MathWorks, USA). Statistical tools used were Pearson's correlation test, t-test (two-sample assuming equal variances) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The amounts of the three fibrillary components of the aortic tunica media had a synchronous variation in all aortic regions in each of the three groups, excepting FCOL in the group of patients died from vascular pathology, which presented only a trend of synchronous variation along the aorta. FE had their lowest values and FCOL had their highest values in patients died from vascular pathology. FCOL had always higher levels than FE in people died from any pathological condition, vascular or non-vascular. FM had always at least two times lower level than that of the other types of fibers, regardless of whether the person died due to a pathological condition or not. The different pathological conditions causing death are influencing the fibrillary composition of aortic tunica media. Further studies are required to reveal other changes in the morphology of aortic wall in particular and vascular wall in general that could be related with different pathological conditions affecting the entire organism.

Accounting for Within-Species Variation in Continuous Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Network

Within-species trait variation may be the result of genetic variation, environmental variation, or measurement error, for example. In phylogenetic comparative studies, failing to account for within-species variation has many adverse effects, such as increased error in testing hypotheses about evolutionary correlations, biased estimates of evolutionary rates, and inaccurate inference of the mode of evolution. These adverse effects were demonstrated in studies that considered a tree-like underlying phylogeny. Comparative methods on phylogenetic networks are still in their infancy. The impact of within-species variation on network-based methods has not been studied. Here, we introduce a phylogenetic linear model in which the phylogeny can be a network to account for within-species variation in the continuous response trait assuming equal within-species variances across species. We show how inference based on the individual values can be reduced to a problem using species-level summaries, even when the within-species variance is estimated. Our method performs well under various simulation settings and is robust when within-species variances are unequal across species. When phenotypic (within-species) correlations differ from evolutionary (between-species) correlations, estimates of evolutionary coefficients are pulled towards the phenotypic coefficients for all methods we tested. Also, evolutionary rates are either underestimated or overestimated, depending on the mismatch between phenotypic and evolutionary relationships. We applied our method to morphological and geographical data from Polemonium. We find a strong negative correlation of leaflet size with elevation, despite a positive correlation within species. Our method can explore the role of gene flow in trait evolution by comparing the fit of a network to that of a tree. We find marginal evidence for leaflet size being affected by gene flow and support for previous observations on the challenges of using individual continuous traits to infer inheritance weights at reticulations. Our method is freely available in the Julia package PhyloNetworks.

Measuring economic resilience of manufacturing organization leveraging integrated data envelopment analysis (DEA)-machine learning approach

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the economic resilience of manufacturing firms through a combination of output-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) and machine learning techniques. The research draws on economic resilience factors identified in the literature and focuses on three categories: economic-related factors (financial flexibility, microeconomic market, macroeconomic stability), production-related factors (restoration of production, backup inventories, resource pooling/sharing), and management-related factors (diversification of activities, good governance (management), relocation). Using DEA, a mathematical approach, the study computes and analyzes the contributions of various components to economic resilience. The results of DEA normalization indicate that the highest weighted criteria are financial flexibility, good governance (management), and resource pooling (sharing). To gain a deeper understanding of the data structure, the K-means algorithm is employed for clustering and analysis. K-means clustering is a popular exploratory data analysis technique that aims to group samples into clusters of equal variances by minimizing inertia or the sum of squares within each cluster. The combination of these techniques with sensitivity analysis provides a novel analytical approach for policy formulation and decision-making. The findings have implications for practitioners and domain experts, offering valuable insights into enhancing economic resilience in the manufacturing sector.

Dental Students' Perception and Self-Perceived Confidence Level in Key Dental Procedures for General Practice and the Impact of Competency Implementation on Their Confidence Level, Part I (Prosthodontics and Conservative Dentistry).

Evaluating the level of dental students' competence is crucial for validating their preparedness for graduation. Confidence has a significant role in achieving competence. There are limited studies that assess the level of self-perceived confidence among final-year dental students regarding their ability to conduct key dental procedures. This study aims to assess the self-perceived confidence level of final-year dental students in performing essential dental procedures across various dental disciplines and to assess the effect of implementing competencies in the curriculum on the self-perceived confidence level of students by comparing two cohorts of final-year students in two different years 2016 (Traditional Cohort) and 2019 (Competencies Cohort). An questionnaire was answered by two cohorts of final-year dental students: one group in 2016 before the implementation of the competency-based assessment system (group 1, n = 153), and the other in 2019 after the implementation of this system (group 2, n = 199), the same questionnaire was used for both cohorts. The results from the two groups were compared regarding the degree of self-perceived confidence in conducting key dental procedures. The data were analysed using SPSS statistics and Levene's Test for Equality of Variances and t-test for Equality of Means calculated. Group 1 showed a significantly higher means of self-perceived confidence levels than group 2 in the ability to conduct seven out of the 20 prosthodontics procedures studied: providing patients with Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) removable partial dentures (RPD) (3.77 vs. 3.56), providing the patient with Acrylic RPD (3.70 vs. 3.23), treatment planning for partially edentulous patients (3.83 vs. 3.34), giving OHIs for denture patients (4.17 vs. 3.95), dealing with CD postinsertion complaints (3.97 vs. 3.76), giving postinsertion instructions for removable prostheses cases (4.12 vs. 3.82), and providing patients with immediate dentures (2.67 vs. 2.32). The same applies to 6 out of 16 conservative dentistry procedures: placing anterior composite (4.41 vs. 4.12), placing posterior composite (4.43 vs. 3.88), placing posterior amalgam (4.29 vs. 4.02), placing matrix band for Class II restorations (4.24 vs. 3.71), placing a prefabricated post (3.34 vs. 2.88), and placing fiber post (3.45 vs. 3.34). On the other hand, group 2 shows higher means of self-perceived confidence than group 1 in only two conservative dentistry procedures: onlay restorations (2.18 vs. 2.76) and inlay restorations (2.22 vs. 2.75). No significant differences in means of self-perceived confidence were found between the two groups in the remaining 21 procedures studied. This study has shown that final-year dental students have high self-perceived confidence levels in doing simple dental procedures yet less confidence in more complex ones. Although, students' self-perceived confidence decreases after the introduction of a competency-based assessment system. Competency implementation and execution criteria may differ between schools which may have an impact on final outcomes. Hence, there is a need for regular evaluation of competencies being assessed to maintain a curriculum that is up to date.

Positional transfer accuracy of titanium base implant abutment provided by two different scan body designs: an invitro study

BackgroundThe variabilities in design and material of scan bodies have a major role in the positional transfer accuracy of implants. The purpose of this invitro study was to compare the 3D transfer accuracy (trueness and precision) of titanium base (TB) abutment position provided by 2 different scan bodies: one-piece scan body (SB) in comparison to two-piece healing abutment and scan peg (HA-SP).MethodsA maxillary model with a dummy implant in the 2nd premolar (Proactive Tapered Implant; Neoss) was 3D printed and TB (Ti Neolink Mono; Neoss) was tightened on the implant and scanned by using a laboratory scanner (inEos X5; Dentsply Sirona) (reference scan). An SB (Elos Medtech) and an HA-SP (Neoss) were subsequently connected to the implant and were scanned 10 times each by using the same scanner (test scans). All the scans were exported as STL files and imported into CAD software where the TBs were formed. Test scans were superimposed on reference scans for transfer accuracy analysis using 3D metrology software (GOM Inspect; GOM GmbH) in terms of angular deviation in vertical and horizontal directions, linear deviation in each XYZ axis of TBs and total linear deviation in all axes. Statistical analysis was done using independent sample t test. When Levene’s test for equality of variances was significant, Welch’s t-test was used. (P value < 0.05)ResultsSignificant differences were found amongst the tested groups in both angular and linear deviation in terms of trueness with less deviation values for the SB group (P < 0.001). For the precision, significant differences were found amongst the tested groups in angular deviation in vertical direction with less deviation value for the SB group compared to HA-SP group (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the tested groups regarding the angular deviation in horizontal direction (P = 1.000). Moreover, significant differences were found amongst the tested groups in linear deviations with less linear deviations in XYZ axes for SB compared to HA-SP group (P = 0.020, < 0.001, = 0.010 respectively).ConclusionsSB showed less angular and linear deviation values in the 3D positional transfer of TB than HA-SP indicating higher degree of accuracy of SB.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif “Guru 3D” pada Mata Pelajaran Animasi 3 Dimensi

This study aims to analyze, develop, and test the effectiveness of interactive learning media in 3D Animation subjects. This research uses research and development methods using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). This research was conducted at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sleman Yogyakarta. The subjects in this study were class XI students of Multimedia SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sleman. This research design uses data collection techniques using questionnaires to analyze product needs, using validity tests to test the feasibility of the developed products and using Quasy experiment pretest-posttest to test effectiveness. This research uses validators of design experts, material experts, linguists and media experts to validate interactive learning media to be developed. The validity results that have been given by experts in the product validity test show an average percentage of 96% which shows very good and valid qualification. Analysis of research data was carried out by using the validity of questionnaires and T-tests to compare achievement results in classes before being applied to experimental and control classes. The significant difference is evidenced by the results of the T-test calculation which explains that equal variances assumed sig values. (2-tailled) of 0.012 &lt; 0.05, so the data shows significant. These results show the effectiveness of the "3D Teacher" learning media in improving learning in 3D Animation subjects at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sleman

[formula omitted] statistic for steady-state evoked potentials; a generalized version of [formula omitted] statistic

IntroductionSteady-state evoked potentials (ssEP) provide objective tools for studying brain function in different experimental conditions. Frequency components of brain response to repetitive stimuli have been analyzed using Tcirc2 statistic; however, Tcirc2 statistic is limited to comparisons between two means. Here, we present a generalized version of Tcirc2 statistic which enables us to compare multiple means of Fourier estimates corresponding to multiple conditions within participant(s) or multiple groups of participants. MethodsFrequency components of brain response are extracted from ssEP data using Fourier transform. Discrete Fourier measurements at frequency of interest are represented on the complex plane for statistical analyses. We present a new statistic called Fcirc statistic to compare three or more clusters of Fourier estimates whether they have equal or unequal variances or/and numbers of samples. Fcirc statistic derives from Welch’s test but for multiple comparisons. ResultsWe demonstrate the validity of Fcirc statistic using simulated and empirical clusters of Fourier estimates with equal and unequal variances and numbers of samples. Type-I error remains 0.05 for all the conditions. Furthermore, we illustrate that the probability of achieving a significant difference among multiple means when the true means are unequal depends on the total length of ssEP data but is independent of the duration chosen for performing Fourier transform on a fixed length of ssEP data. ConclusionFcirc statistic is useful for multiple intra- and inter-participant and group comparisons of brain response at any frequency component extracted from ssEP data whether the group means have equal or unequal variances.

Robust power spectral density estimation via a performance-weighted blend of order statistics

Loud transients introduce bias to background spectrum estimates based on the sample mean, like the Welch Overlapped Segment Averaging (WOSA) [1967]. The Schwock and Abadi [2021] Welch Percentile (SAWP) estimator avoids the loud transient bias by replacing the averaging of the WOSA with a scaled order statistic (OS) of the sample power spectrum. While the scaling ensures the SAWP is unbiased regardless of which OS is chosen, the 80th percentile minimizes the variance of the SAWP estimator in a scenario without loud transients. However, the 80th percentile SAWP is still vulnerable to bias and increased variance from more frequent loud transients. Also, the rate of occurrence of loud transients may change with time, requiring the SAWP to adapt which percentile is used. To approach this challenge, this talk proposes a Universal SAWP estimator which is a weighted sum across different fixed percentile SAWP estimators. At each iteration, the Universal SAWP updates the blend weights to promote the percentile with the lowest sample variance over recent observations. In computer simulations, the Universal SAWP quickly assigns higher weights to the lowest variance estimators as the occurrence of loud transients increases. Overall, the Universal SAWP achieves equal or lower variance as the best fixed percentile SAWP estimator. [Work supported by ONR Code 321US.]

The Effect of Animated Video in Stimulating Sexual Understanding of 5-6 Years Old Children in Gowa Regency

understanding of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten in Gowa Regency. This study used purposive sampling method with a sample of 60 children. 30 children from Nurul Fadhilah Kindergarten as the experimental group and 30 children from Pertiwi Tamarunang Kindergarten as the control group. The data analysis method in this research is prerequisite test and independent sample t-test. From the results of the t-test based on the assumption of equal variance, there is a difference in the level of sexual understanding of 5 to 6 year olds in the experimental group that is treated and the control group and not treated. The research hypothesis states that there is an effect of animated videos in stimulating the sexual understanding of children aged 6 to 6 years in kindergarten in Gowa Regency which can be proven from the results of the independent sample t-test. If there is a difference in the average sexual understanding of children in Nurul Fadhilah Kindergarten and Pertiwi Tamarunang Kindergarten, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.

Effects of violating the assumptions of equal variance and independent and identically distributed random variables: A case using {B}ayesian statistical modeling

Effects of violating the assumptions of equal variance and independent and identically distributed random variables: A case using {B}ayesian statistical modeling

The Effectiveness of Islamic Counseling Services in the Meaningfulness of Life of Orphans

This study aims to determine the meaning of life of orphaned and orphaned students at school and the effectiveness of Islamic counseling services through Islamic counseling services. The method of this research uses quantitative. The population in this study were all students of Ikhlasiyah Guppi Muslimin class XI-1, which amounted to 31 people. The sample in this study were orphaned and orphaned students of Ikhlasiyah Guppi Muslimin using a stratified random sampling technique in determining the sample so as not to overlap with other groups with a sample size of 5 people. This study measured both variables using the meaningfulness of life scale with self-concept. This study uses experimental research with the experimental type (pretest-posttest design). The data collection tool used in this study is a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used is a paired sample T-test. Paired sample T-test is a method to see if a group's improvement is significant after being given a service or treatment. SPSS results through the paired sample T-test test show that in the equal variances assumed column, the Sig (2-tailed) value is 0.001 &lt;0.05, which means that assertive training through Islamic counseling services increases the meaningfulness of life in orphans and orphans.

Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Medication Refill Protocol.

Primary care clinicians spend significant time managing nonvisit activities, including processing of requests for prescription renewal. Delays in processing refills may lead to patient dissatisfaction and impact provider productivity. Having nonclinicians process refills can be more efficient and time-saving. We aimed to evaluate the use of a multidisciplinary medication refill protocol to decrease the time to complete refill requests. We implemented nursing-driven management of refill requests within two family medicine residency clinics in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Phase 1: single clinic implementation [March 2017-June 2019]; Phase 2: added second clinic prepandemic [June 2019-March 2020] and postpandemic [April 2020-December 2020]). The multidisciplinary refill protocol was created by faculty, residents, pharmacy, and nursing. Data were collected using electronic health record time stamps to determine when refill requests were initiated and filled by faculty, residents, and nurses. We used Mood's median test to compare the median time for medication refill completion. We used Levene's test to test for equal variance surrounding the median of each caregiver group. We used Fisher's exact test or χ2 test with Yates' correction for 2×2 contingency tables. In both phases, we identified a significant reduction in median time to refill completion ( P<.001) and variability of time to refill completion ( P<.001). Notably, in Phase 1, reduction in median refill time was most apparent among residents (383 vs 79 min postimplementation); and in Phase 2, the percentage of refills completed within 48 hours significantly increased between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pandemic among faculty and nursing in Clinic 1 and residents and faculty in Clinic 2 (all P's<.001). Implementation of a multidisciplinary refill protocol significantly improved time and predictability of refill completion in both phases.

Pharmacy stewardship to reduce recurrent hypoglycemia

BackgroundInpatient hypoglycemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. After a hypoglycemic event, the likelihood of additional episodes increases. The Joint Commission recommends evaluating all episodes of hypoglycemia for root-cause analysis. Studies have shown that pharmacists’ involvement with glycemic control protocols can prevent hypoglycemia. ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess whether the implementation of pharmacists’ real-time assessment of hypoglycemic events using an electronic alert messaging system contributes to the reduction of the number of recurrent hypoglycemia during hospitalization. Practice descriptionA community hospital that provides a wide range of health care services. The pharmacy department provides fully decentralized clinical services and team-based specialist services. Practice innovationThe pharmacist-led hypoglycemia stewardship initiative included a comprehensive review of hypoglycemic alerts received via an automated message. The alerts generated in the electronic health record (EHR) every time a patient’s blood glucose resulted in less than 70 mg/dL if there was a documented administration of a hypoglycemic agent 48 hours before the hypoglycemia event. Once the alert was received by the pharmacists via an EHR in-basket, a real-time review was conducted to identify the potential causes of the event and opportunities for therapy modification. Evaluation methodsA single-center retrospective observational study including a pre- and post-implementation phase from January 1 to June 3, 2020, and January 1 to June 30, 2021, respectively. Continuous data were analyzed using paired and equal variance t test. Noncontinuous data were analyzed using Fisher exact and chi-square test. Descriptive statistics were used to describe distribution and frequency of data. ResultsThere was a 5.1% absolute reduction in recurrent hypoglycemic events (P < 0.001) and a 0.6% reduction of severe hypoglycemic days (P = 0.269) in the postimplementation group. The average time to pharmacist intervention was 4 (± 3.5) hours with a 92% acceptance rate. ConclusionThis study demonstrated the utility of pharmacist-led hypoglycemia reviews in the reduction of recurrent hypoglycemic events in the inpatient setting.