Equal Channel Angular Pressing Process Research Articles

The Effect ECAP Processing Routes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

The Effect ECAP Processing Routes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Cyclic Extrusion Compression on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Pure Aluminum.

The influence of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and cyclic extrusion compression (CEC) of Al-1080 on the pressing load, microstructure, and tensile properties was investigated. The pressing peak loads of the CEC were 218.8-265.4% higher than those of the ECAP, with a more complex load behavior in the CEC process. The deformation morphology of the ECAP samples indicates an improvement in the deformation homogeneity with the number of passes. Shear band morphology with a decrease in the shear band width from the center to the outer surface makes up the predominant pattern of the CEC samples. The ECAP samples have 13.9-44% smaller average grain sizes, with 3.8-8.1% higher high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) than the CECed samples. The ECAP and CEC processing improve the tensile strength. However, the ECAP sample's tensile strength (UTS) and the proof strength (σ0.2) were 11.5-20.6 and 2.6-16.4% higher than that of CEC, without noticeable differences in elongation. The σ0.2 values were predicted accurately with a deviation range of 1.8-7.3% from the experimental one. The ECAP samples are easy to process under lower loads. Moreover, ECAP samples have an equiaxed grain microstructure with a higher degree of deformation homogeneity and tensile strength.

Investigating the combined influence of rolling, ECAP processes, and intermediate annealing on mechanical and microstructural properties of beryllium copper alloy 25

A beryllium copper alloy 25 underwent a series of processing steps involving rolling, equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), and subsequent annealing. This study delved into the combined effects of these processes on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the deformed beryllium copper alloy 25. The investigation utilized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, room temperature Vickers hardness testing, and tensile testing. The findings reveal a notable enhancement in the strength of the beryllium copper alloy 25 while preserving its ductility after subjecting it to six ECAP passes followed by annealing at 210 °C for 20 min, applied to the rolled sample. Initially, an increase in number of ECAP passes resulted in a gradual reduction in grain size and a weakening of the alloy's texture. This led to an increase in ultimate tensile strength up to 333.5% without reducing in percentage elongation. Notably, after six ECAP passes, the average grain size decreased from 48 µm to less than 1 µm, yielding exceptional comprehensive mechanical properties with significantly improved strength and plasticity. The resultant material exhibits promising potential for fabrication into bars and plates for a wide range of applications in aerospace and marine industries.

Simulation of the Process of Temperature Field Changing of a Zr–1%Nb Zirconium Alloy Billet During Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

Using mathematical modeling in the QFORM software package, the data on the temperature distribution of a billet made of a zirconium alloy E110 (Zr–1%Nb) in its longitudinal and transverse sections during an equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) were obtained. The initial data on the geometric parameters of the billet and the die of the ECAP unit are presented, and the conditions for carrying out the process of severe plastic deformation, as well as the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the Zr–1%Nb alloy necessary for carrying out the computational modeling are described. The values of the billet temperature were determined for the calculated moments of the passage of the billet through the junction of the die channels, which corresponded to 25%, 50%, and 75% of its length. It is shown that during the ECAP process at a given pressing speed, in the section corresponding to the junction of the matrix channels, an increase in the billet temperature relative to its initial heating occurred by an amount of about 10 ºC.

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Cast Ingot Al6061 Alloy Using ECAP Process

AbstractGrain refinement and mechanical property enhancement of cast ingot aluminum 6061 alloy were achieved using equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature, employing route A and route R types. Analytical, finite element and experimental methods were utilized to investigate the alloy’s deformation behavior under the ECAP process. The tensile tests conducted at room temperature demonstrated a significant increase in strength with an increasing number of pressings, reaching 44.23, 53.19, and 56.7% for 1-pass, route A, and route R types 2-passes of the ECAP process, respectively. However, ductility, as indicated by elongation, gradually decreased after the first pressing. Electron backscatter diffraction was employed to reveal submicrometer grain sizes resulting from the ECAP process. The grain structure showed substantial improvement under route A and route R types at a 2-passes ECAP process. Wear tests conducted under loads of 10 and 25 N showed an increase in the coefficient of friction within the minimum wear loss intervals. Rockwell hardness also exhibited a significant increase of 119.3, 176.3, and 164.8% at 1-pass and 2-passes using routes R and A, respectively. As part of the evaluation, analytical models were computed using Python, and finite element simulations were performed using ABAQUS software. The results from analytical and finite element simulations demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data.

Tailoring Deformation Homogeneity of WE43 Alloy through Strain Rate Sensitivity and Back Pressure during Equal Channel Angular Pressing

AbstractEqual channel angular pressing (ECAP) of the magnesium alloys at room temperature owing to their limited workability is challenging. Successful ECAP processing of WE43 magnesium faces two main difficulties, heterogeneous distribution of the strain rate and also tensile strain accommodation on the top surface of the workpiece, leading to catastrophic segmentation of the alloy. In this paper, strain rate sensitivity (SRS) was studied to adopt a proper preprocessing of the material before ECAP processing. The SRS exponents, obtained from compression tests, revealed that solution treatment reduced the SRS of the alloy. To mitigate strain accommodation, an ECAP core-sheath configuration was used to induce back pressure for the sake of deformation homogeneity improvement. A combination of experimental processing and 3D finite element method simulations was applied to the solution-treated WE43 alloy with different core sizes and sheath materials. By finding the optimized core sizes and sheath materials with higher strengths, the differences in microhardness and equivalent plastic strain were reduced. Besides, the adequate magnitude of back pressure and the imposed fully compressive stress prevent fragmentation of the WE43 core during ECAP. After stepwise modifications, the plastic strain inhomogeneity index decreased from 1.340 to 0.671.

Role of combinative In and Sm additions in tailoring the discharge performance of extruded AZ31 alloys as anodes for seawater batteries

The discharge behaviors of AZ31 alloys, modified by the addition of In and Sm elements in conjunction with equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing, were systematically explored. The incorporation of In suppressed the formation of cathodic second phases. In contrast, Sm promoted the precipitation process and therefore led to higher microstructure uniformity following ECAP processing. The solid-solution In contributed to the activated dissolution of Mg matrix and the inhibited hydrogen evolution during discharge, while Sm was beneficial for the uniform dissolution and the alleviation of chunk effect. The results indicated that the 12-pass ECAP processed AZ31-In-Sm anode revealed the most enhanced discharge performance with a discharge voltage of 0.889 V and a utilization of 66.94% at 100 mA cm−2. This improvement can be primarily attributed to the combined effects of the decreased precipitations of cathodic phases by In addition and the enhanced microstructure homogeneity by Sm addition, collaborated with significant microstructure refinement.

Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Processing on the Microstructure, Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of Al-Si Alloy

In this study, the impact of heat treatment and Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) processing routes on refining the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance of Al-7.5% S alloy in a 3.5% NaCl solution was examined. The alloy underwent T5 and T6 heat treatments, followed by ECAP processing via routes A and Bc in a mold with a channel angle of 120° at room temperature. The results indicate that dendritic α-Al grains transformed to globular and fiber shapes after processing routes Bc and A, respectively. Both processing routes fragmented coarse and brittle Si particles into smaller sizes in the eutectic phase. The use of a combination of heat treatment and the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) process significantly improved the hardness and corrosion resistance of the samples. The hardness of the heat-treated samples increased considerably from 68 to 116 and 129 HV after three and four passes, respectively. Reducing the area ratio between the noble silicon particles and the less noble eutectic aluminum phase greatly enhances the resistance of alloy to pitting corrosion.

Mechanism of Grain Refinement in 3D-Printed AlSi10Mg Alloy Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation.

In this article, the evolution of microstructural characteristics of selectively laser-melted AlSi10Mg alloy subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is investigated. The microstructures were analyzed in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A heterogeneous ultrafine-grained microstructure was produced after one ECAP pass at 100 °C. This microstructure was composed of Al/Si cells and sub-micrometer grains. The grains were refined by conventional dislocation processes; however, evidence of dynamic recrystallization was also documented. Furthermore, it was revealed that the Al/Si cells contribute significantly to grain refinement. EBSD/TKD investigations showed that cell misorientation increased after ECAP processing, resulting in an increased fraction of grains with very low misorientation angles.

Effect of ultrasonic assisted-ECAP processing on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluoride-induced corrosion performance of pure titanium

The influence of the ultrasonic assisted equal channel angular pressing (UA-ECAP) process on the microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and fluoride-induced corrosion behavior of grade 2 commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) is investigated. The UA-ECAP process, particularly in the first pass, induces the formation of twins and slip bands. Continued slip band activity leads to non-equilibrium structures and ultrafine grains in subsequent passes. Mechanical properties analyses show hardness progression from 147 HV (annealed state) to 233 HV (3-pass UA-ECAPed) and yield strength increase from 465 MPa to 765 MPa with elongation reduction from 24.6 % to 16.6 %. Fluoride-induced corrosion of various samples in 1 wt% HF solution is investigated through electrochemical and immersion tests. After 28 days of immersion, the 3-pass UA-ECAPed sample exhibits a corrosion rate around half that of the annealed one and lower than other UA-ECAPed samples. Microscopic observations of corroded samples reveal the 3-pass UA-ECAPed sample's film is denser and more uniform, as compared with the other samples. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) confirms the corrosion films on all samples consist of an outer region rich in oxygen/fluorine and an inner region rich in oxygen; however, the film exists on the 3-pass UA-ECAPed sample exhibits over twice thicker than other samples and with higher contribution of oxygen in it as well. A proposed physical model is provided to explain the 3-pass ECAP sample's enhanced corrosion resistance.

A comparative study of machine learning and response surface methodologies for optimizing wear parameters of ECAP-processed ZX30 alloy

Magnesium, valued for its lightweight, recyclability, and biocompatibility, faces challenges like its poor wear behavior and mechanical properties that limit its adaptation for a multitude of applications. In this study, various statistical analyses, and machine learning (ML) techniques were employed to optimize equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process parameters for improving the wear behavior of Mg-3wt.% Zn-0.7 wt% Ca alloy. ECAP was conducted up to four passes via route Bc at 250 °C. Wear testing of both as-annealed (AA) and ECAP-processed alloys was performed using the dry ball-on-flat wear method under varying loads, speeds, and time. One pass (1P) and 4Bc-ECAP resulted in a notable uniform grain refinement of 86 % and 91 %, respectively, compared to the AA. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed a refined structure attributed to extensive dynamic recrystallization. Mechanical wear testing revealed a significant reduction in volume loss (VL), up to 56 % and 28.5 % after 1P and 4Bc samples, respectively, compared to the AA sample, supported by the observed texture intensity. The coefficient of friction (COF) stabilizes at 0.30–0.45, indicating low friction characteristics. Next, by adjusting wear load and speed through design of experiments (DOE), the wear output responses, VL and COF, were experimentally investigated. The output responses were predicted in the second step using ML, 3D response surface plots, and statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the regression model, the minimal VL was attained at a 5 N applied load. Also, the wear speed and VL at different passes are inversely proportional. On the other hand, the optimal COF was obtained at applied load about 2–3 N and 250 mm/s at different passes. The wear process variables were then optimized using different optimization techniques namely, genetic algorithm (GA), hybrid DOE–GA, and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) approaches.

Microstructure and properties of ZrB2-reinforced aluminum matrix composites consolidated by ECAP process

In this research work, the effects of mechanical alloying and subsequent compaction by ECAP on the microstructural, physical, and mechanical properties of Al-ZrB2 metal matrix composites (MMCs) were evaluated. To prepare composite powders, a mixture of Al and ZrB2 particles was mechanically alloyed at various times of 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. SEM micrographs indicate that the size of the obtained particles decreases by increasing the time of mechanical alloying up to 18 h. However, after this time, increasing the time of mechanical alloying has led to an increase in the size of the particles. By means of mechanical alloying for 18 h, the average size of fine particles reached 823 nm, while coarse particles were 8 μm. The calculation via the use of XRD examination implies that the mean crystallite size of powder decreased from about 68 nm to 31 nm and 26.8 nm, for Al and Al-5%ZrB2 samples, respectively, while lattice strain increased from 0.25% to 0.64% and from 0.3% to 0.73% after 1 h to 24 h milling of same samples, respectively. However, the rate of crystallite size reduction after 12 h of mechanical alloying is gradually reduced, and that is reached its lowest level after 18 h. After that, increasing the time of mechanical alloying has led to a saturation in the lattice strain. In continue, the resulting composite powder was heated, consolidated and turned into bulk material by warm equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at the temperature of 250 °C. The resultant optimum composite has been characterized by EDS elemental mapping. Microhardness measurements and shear punch tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the unreinforced and composite samples after the ECAP process. The Al-ZrB2 MMC bulk samples subjected to ECAP, with a ZrB2 amount of 5 wt%, had a relative density, hardness, and ultimate shear strength of 99.3%, 170 HV, and 151 MPa, respectively, using powders which have been mechanically alloyed up to 24 h.

Enhanced Strength–Ductility Synergy of Mg–6Zn Alloy Wire by Inducing Guinier–Preston Zone Precipitation

This article designs a strategy of introducing ultrafine precipitates into single‐phase microstructure to enhance Mg–6Zn alloy wire. Three combined processes including equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), direct extrusion, and multipass drawing are used to produce 0.3 mm‐diameter wire. The results show that an isothermal process of ECAP, extrusion, and drawing at 32 °C (named route B) produces a near‐fully solid solution microstructure and causes a very high elongation of 21% as well as an ultimate tensile strength of 24 MPa. Furthermore, on this basis, the addition of an aging treatment before drawing induces the precipitation of the Guinier–Preston zone in the near‐single‐phase Mg matrix and improves the tensile elongation to 28%, and the ultimate tensile strength also is increased to 290 MPa.

In-situ synchrotron diffraction analysis of deformation mechanisms in an AA5083 sheet metal processed by modified equal-channel angular pressing

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a process to significantly improve the mechanical properties of materials by grain refinement. For forming at room temperature (RT), higher strengths can thus be achieved; for increased temperatures (HT), greater elongations can be achieved. This great potential has been chiefly applied only on laboratory scale due to a lack of industrial process design. Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) offers the possibility to integrate these advantages in industrial processes. This paper investigates a modified ECAP process for aluminum AA5083 sheet metal. Two passes of ECAP for sheet metal and an additional heat treatment were used. To study the material deformation on a micro-scale, in-situ synchrotron measurements at DESY (Hamburg) were performed to analyze the evolution of lattice strains and dislocation densities during tensile testing. The mechanical properties of the ECAP-processed sheet material reveal an increase in yield strength and a decrease in elongation at RT. Higher strains can be measured for the processed material at elevated test temperatures. In-situ diffraction results show a changed behavior of the ECAP sheet material compared to the reference material for both temperature regimes. These changes are based on the increased defect density in the material, which leads to increased strength at RT. At HT, dynamic recrystallization occurs during tensile testing, and the prevailing deformation mechanisms reconfigure. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and micrographs are used to interpret and supplement the observations. The findings provide the basis for the in-depth understanding of the deformation behavior of the material and help to apply the ECAP process on an industrial scale.

Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Technique on Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Resistance, and Microstructural Behavior of Al-Alloy 5083

Introduction: During severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing, aluminum alloys exhibit moderate strength and ductility. Nevertheless, the materials' ductility, as determined by tensile testing, does not accurately represent their capacity for plastic deformation. After the tensile test, its material, aluminum alloy 5083, was observed to be super ductile. Method: The results of a more thorough plasticity analysis—applied for the first time to material following SPD processing—are presented in this paper. The aluminum alloy 5083 is examined in the patent both before and after equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). A highly effective aluminum alloy 5083 specimen preparation was suggested. Under heated temperatures, the process involves severe plastic deformation. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for micro-structural research in order to look at the distribution of second-phase particles and the evolution of grain structure. Furthermore, Vickers micro-hardness testing was utilized to assess the mechanical characteristics of the alloy after processing. The outcomes showed that after ECAP processing, there was a significant decrease in grain size and an increase in micro-hardness. Result: Additionally, the production of a finer microstructure with a more uniform distribution of strengthening precipitates was clarified by electron microscopy (SEM). The micro-structural evolution and mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy 5083 under ECAP are well-explained in this patent, which may lead to improved performance in structural applications. This method can be used to forecast fractures in plastic deformation processes and estimate the final plasticity of the materials for various stress-strain states after ECAP processing, as well as the mechanical properties discussed. Conclusion: Due to its unique mechanical qualities, aluminum alloy 5083 shows great potential in a variety of structural applications. The effects of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) on the hardness and microstructure of aluminum alloy 5083 were examined in this patent work. result: The specimen's mechanical characteristics are at their finest following a single deformation when the temperature reaches 300°C. Compared to the original specimen, the tensile strength observed enhanced after the fourth pass, and breaking elongation (28.3%) was improved. Through second-phase strengthening and fine-tuning, the recrystallized grains and second-phase particles increase the material's strength.

Simulating equal channel angular pressing of commercially pure aluminium using Johnson–Cook model

Optimizing the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) process for a new material can be a complex endeavour, given the multiple variables such as Coefficient of Friction (COF), channel angle, temperature, etc. To address the need for a material model that can account for temperature-dependent plastic flow, the present study applies the Johnson-Cook plasticity model for simulating ECAP. The present study reports the effects of varying the channel angle (90°, 120°, 150°) and COF (ranging from 0 to 0.15) at room temperature. The results show that the channel angle plays a significant role in influencing the behaviour of the aluminium, with stress and strain exhibiting an inverse relationship with the channel angle. Additionally, the aluminium material experiences a maximum stress distribution and higher flow stress within the COF range of 0 to 0.15 for a channel angle of 90°, as compared to 120° and 150°. This behaviour can be attributed to the restriction of movement at higher COF values. Notably, a maximum shear stress of 56 MPa was observed when the channel angle was set to 90° with a COF of 0.15. Furthermore, across all simulations involving channel angles of 90°, 120°, and 150°, an increase in COF lead to a decrease in curvature. These simulated results are consistent with existing literature. Thus, the Johnson-Cook plasticity model, with appropriate modifications, serves as a viable approach for studying the ECAP process.

Effect of equal channel angular pressing on magnesium alloys − A review

Magnesium (Mg) alloys own excellent properties that includes better castability, low density and great specific strength. Mg and its alloys are easily available and economical. Necessity of Mg and its alloys for manufacturing and engineering purposes has increased, predominantly in the area of aircraft and automobile applications. The known limitation of magnesium is its poor formability at room temperature, with inadequate slip systems due to hexagonal closed packed construction of magnesium. Formability of magnesium alloys will be enhanced at room temperature by grain structure refinement which improves ductility with grain refined structure. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) procedure induces extreme strain within the sample to produce ultrafine grained structure. Additionally, few shortcomings of magnesium is increased wear mass loss and corrosion rate obstructing the use of Mg and its alloys in several industrial appliances. Wear resistance and corrosion behaviour can be enhanced by SPD thereby increasing the requirement of magnesium alloys for engineering applications. Among SPD, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an efficient approach to develop and vary the mechanical and microstructural properties as per the need. In ECAP approach, the workpiece undergoes shear deformation and large strains are induced in the workpiece with no variation in cross sectional aspect of the workpiece. Microstructure plays a very important role in achieving the required mechanical properties. ECAP process creates ultrafine-grained microstructure with different number of ECAP passes with varying temperatures inducing high strain rate.

Optimization of wear parameters for ECAP-processed ZK30 alloy using response surface and machine learning approaches: a comparative study

The present research applies different statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches to predict and optimize the processing parameters on the wear behavior of ZK30 alloy processed through equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique. Firstly, The ECAPed ZK30 billets have been examined at as-annealed (AA), 1-pass, and 4-passes of route Bc (4Bc). Then, the wear output responses in terms of volume loss (VL) and coefficient of friction (COF) have been experimentally investigated by varying load pressure (P) and speed (V) using design of experiments (DOE). In the second step, statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D response surface plots, and ML have been employed to predict the output responses. Subsequently, genetic algorithm (GA), hybrid DOE–GA, and multi-objective genetic algorithm techniques have been used to optimize the input variables. The experimental results of ECAP process reveal a significant reduction in the average grain size by 92.7% as it processed through 4Bc compared to AA counterpart. Furthermore, 4Bc exhibited a significant improvement in the VL by 99.8% compared to AA counterpart. Both regression and ML prediction models establish a significant correlation between the projected and the actual data, indicating that the experimental and predicted values agreed exceptionally well. The minimal VL at different ECAP passes was obtained at the highest condition of the wear test. Also, the minimal COF for all ECAP passes was obtained at maximum wear load. However, the optimal speed in the wear process decreased with the number of billets passes for minimum COF. The validation of predicted ML models and VL regression under different wear conditions have an accuracy range of 70–99.7%, respectively.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cu-Ni-Sn-Si-Al alloy produced by equal channel angular pressing

Cu-Ni-Sn alloys have attracted attention in the electronics and electrical industries for their good mechanical properties and resistance to stress relaxation. The effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) on the microstructural and properties of a Cu-9.0Ni-1.0Sn-0.5Si-0.5Al alloy were systematically investigated by means of hardness tests, tensile tests, conductivity measurements and electron microscope observations. After 8 ECAPed passes, initial coarse grains were significantly refined, and the average grain size decreased to 0.5 μm. Grain refinement was related to the rotation of deformation twin and the movement of dislocations in the grains during ECAP processing, the strength increment of Cu-Ni-Sn-Si-Al alloy during ECAP was mainly attributed to the low-angle boundaries strengthening (σSGB). After aged at 400 °C for 300 min, the tensile strength, elongation and electrical conductivity of the 8 pass ECAPed sample were 976 MPa, 5% and 13.7% IACS, respectively. The spherical Ni3Al/Ni3Si and Ni3Sn precipitates with the size of about 6 nm formed in 8 pass ECAPed samples after aging. The orientation relationship (OR) between the Cu matrix and precipitates was [1̅1̅1]Cu//[1̅1̅1]p and [2̅00]Cu//[1̅00]p.

Wear behaviour of aluminium-based hybrid composites processed by equal channel angular pressing

In the present investigation, a systematic experimental wear study at room temperature on Al2618 and reinforced Al2618 in the solutionized state, and after each pass of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was taken up to obtain a fundamental understanding of the wear behaviour and generate reference data on wear properties. The authors prepared a hybrid composite using Al2618 with boron carbide (5 wt.%) and graphite (5 wt.%) by the stir casting process. Solution treated cylindrical specimens of Al2618 and reinforced Al2618 were subjected to four passes of ECAP through a 120° die at room temperature using the processing route (BC). From the results point of view, microhardness measurements were carried out at room temperature on the specimens from the solutionized work piece before and after each pass of ECAP. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to conduct the microstructural studies. After three passes through both routes, the microstructure showed elongated grains with many dislocations; and after four passes, the microstructure depicted nearly equiaxed grains. Sub micrometre sized grains were produced after three passes of ECAP. Moreover, there was a monotonic increase in the hardness values with an increase in the number of passes. Finally, we reported that there was an improvement in the wear resistance of Al2618 and reinforced Al2618 subjected to ECAP process. This scrutiny may accelerate the applications of aluminium alloys in the industrial sector.