Epistemological Subject Research Articles

The Da Vinci Node: Networks of Neo-pilgrimage in the European Cosmopolis

The paper explores how the Da Vinci Code, a novel by Dan Brown, and its cinematic adaptation (2006) operate as a ‘node’ for European capitalist networks of corporeal and virtual travel. Reexamining the convergence, as well as the divergence of patterns and practices of early travel and contemporary tourism, the paper discusses the centrality of technologies of “gazing” upon other cultures and of collecting cultural signs to the global networks of contemporary (digitized or corporeal) travel. It is argued that the film and the novel assist in the interpellation of a new type of traveler, what is termed here a neo-pilgrim. The mobilization of neo-pilgrimage by global tourist networks also indicates a kind of staged cosmopolitanism that originates in conceptions of the cosmopolitan as the epistemological subject of Enlightenment political philosophy. Contrariwise, however, the cosmopolitanism of the Da Vinci Code democratizes the consumption of what used to be regarded as high culture, reserved exclusively for the old, aristocratic, elites of Europe. It will be argued that the novel and the film break away from established codes of authorship in cultural production while debating the emergence of a new service class of professional travelers whose fleeting visits to museums, galleries, luxury hotels and boulevards operate as both unacknowledged touring of commoditised European heritage and an aspect of personal self-betterment and self-education.

Professional knowledge and the epistemology of reflective practice

Reflective practice is one of the most popular theories of professional knowledge in the last 20 years and has been widely adopted by nursing, health, and social care professions. The term was coined by Donald Schön in his influential books The Reflective Practitioner, and Educating the Reflective Practitioner, and has garnered the unprecedented attention of theorists and practitioners of professional education and practice. Reflective practice has been integrated into professional preparatory programmes, continuing education programmes, and by the regulatory bodies of a wide range of health and social care professions. Yet, despite its popularity and widespread adoption, a problem frequently raised in the literature concerns the lack of conceptual clarity surrounding the term reflective practice. This paper seeks to respond to this problem by offering an analysis of the epistemology of reflective practice as revealed through a critical examination of philosophical influences within the theory. The aim is to discern philosophical underpinnings of reflective practice in order to advance increasingly coherent interpretations, and to consider the implications for conceptions of professional knowledge in professional life. The paper briefly examines major philosophical underpinnings in reflective practice to explicate central themes that inform the epistemological assumptions of the theory. The study draws on the work of Donald Schön, and on texts from four philosophers: John Dewey, Nelson Goodman, Michael Polanyi, and Gilbert Ryle. Five central epistemological themes in reflective practice are illuminated: (1) a broad critique of technical rationality; (2) professional practice knowledge as artistry; (3) constructivist assumptions in the theory; (4) the significance of tacit knowledge for professional practice knowledge; and (5) overcoming mind body dualism to recognize the knowledge revealed in intelligent action. The paper reveals that the theory of reflective practice is concerned with deep epistemological questions of significance to conceptions of knowledge in health and social care professions.

A Comprehensive Science: A Review of Moore's Conceptual Foundations of Radical Behaviorism.

Of the various scientific literatures that define and describe the products and progress of behavior analysis, one literature addresses the field in its broadest and most abstract characteristics, and in its most far-reaching scope and implications. The literature of radical behaviorism began with Skinner's 1945 paper on “The Operational Analysis of Psychological Terms” and continued in various sources throughout his career (e.g., Skinner, 1953, 1957, 1964, 1969, 1974). The first person to address and explore the unique characteristics of the system described by Skinner was Willard F. Day, Jr. (for a collection of papers, see Leigland, 1992). An expanding literature of radical behaviorism has followed, and along with numerous papers, several excellent books have appeared. One of these books is William Baum's Understanding Behaviorism: Behavior, Culture, and Evolution (1994, 2005; Leigland, 2006). Another excellent treatment is Mecca Chiesa's Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science (1994). To these we may add Jay Moore's Conceptual Foundations of Radical Behaviorism (2008). As comprehensive a treatment as one may find in a single source, Moore's detailed descriptions of Skinner's radical behaviorism in historical, philosophical, and psychological contexts make it required reading for all behavior analysts (along with Baum's and Chiesa's books) and (would that we could only arrange it) for psychologists, cognitivists, linguists, and philosophers as well. The book is organized into sections preceded by an introductory chapter. The first chapter, “Radical Behaviorism as a Philosophy of Science,” provides a brief introduction to the field of behavior analysis and to radical behaviorism as the philosophy of science that underlies that field. The chapter also introduces the central themes that appear later in the book, including behavior as a subject matter its own right, the notion of internal causes of behavior and mentalism, and by contrast, “The emphasis that radical behaviorism places on explanations that identify causes at a consistent level of observation and analysis” (p. 8). An example of that emphasis is seen in the following passage, which highlights an epistemological theme found throughout the book: As discussed throughout this book, radical behaviorism is interested in providing comprehensive explanatory statements about the cause's of anyone's behavior. … By virtue of its fundamental concern with verbal behavior and knowledge claims, radical behaviorism is in a unique position: It is based on the science for which it stands as a foundation. Importantly, then, radical behaviorism admits no discontinuity between the behavior being explained and the behavior of explaining it. (p. 9) Of special interest is the source of the causes to be used in the explanation of behavior. A sharp distinction is drawn in the first chapter between behavioral and mental dimensions as sources of causes of behavior, and the distinction and its implications are emphasized at many points throughout the book. A causal explanation based on behavioral dimensions involves “the totality of variables and relations of which the behavior is a function” (p. 6), whereas mental dimensions are invoked “when the explanation includes elements that are not expressed in the same terms and cannot be confirmed with the same methods of observation and analysis as the facts they are said to address” (p. 6). In promoting behavioral over mentalistic explanations of behavior, the principal argument against the latter is also stated clearly and repeatedly in the first chapter, as it is throughout the book, as shown in the following passage: Radical behaviorism is concerned about talk of mental causes and dimensions because it is fanciful to think that there is such a qualitatively different dimension with qualitatively different causes. To state the matter somewhat starkly, there is no such dimension and there are no such causes. They are fictions, talk of which is a product of nonscientific influences. The properties with which the mental causes are supposedly endowed ultimately sidetrack more effective analyses in terms of causal relations in the one dimension in which behavior takes place. …There is no mental life in the sense implied by traditional psychology because there is no mental dimension that differs from a behavioral dimension. (p. 6) The argument against mentalism in this passage includes two components. One of these is a pragmatic argument about effective scientific practices, and the other is an ontological argument about what does and does not exist. The utility of each of these arguments in making a case for radical behaviorism and against mentalism will be examined more fully in the remarks that follow. Thus, the first chapter lays out the major themes and positions that are developed throughout the book. Following the introductory chapter, the book is organized into four sections, each of which will be addressed in the comments below.

Apt performance and epistemic value

Ernie Sosa is without doubt one of the towering intellectual figures of contemporary epistemology. Indeed, it is difficult to think of an area of epistemology where he has not made a distinctive and highly influential contribution. Moreover, I think it is fair to say––and this is the real mark of one of the greats––that the way younger epistemologists like myself instinctively approach epistemological topics is largely informed by his contribution to the subject. Sosa’s new book, A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, the first of two volumes, covers many of the issues in epistemology that his work is associated with, and I am delighted to be able to comment on this book here. Given the breadth of topics covered in this work––from the nature of dreams, to intuitions and the problem of the criterion––I will not try to offer a critique of the book as a whole. Instead, I want to focus on one key thread, which is the important contribution that Sosa makes to the debate regarding epistemic value by appeal to a central notion in his work, that of apt performance.

Evidence in Socio-Cultural Anthropology: Limits and Options for Epistemological Orientations

This article identifies what Sir Edmund Leach once called 'amongitis' as one of socio-cultural anthropology's major problems that make interdisciplinary dialogues on evidence-based epistemological topics difficult. Topics of wider and larger scale, however, can and should be addressed if anthropology brings out more fully its implicit epistemological strength of a dialogical relationship between objectivism and subjectivism. The current conditions of a globalizing world actually transform this possibility into a necessity. In order to face this need, a new realism is proposed that is capable of dealing with the conditions and challenges of a second modernity. Two ranges of epistemological sources are suggested that may inform such a new realism. One range is based in the traditions of Western philosophy, while the other is rooted outside the secularized or theological legacies of monotheism.

White and Dark Stranger Kings: Kupang in the Early Colonial Era

The article explores the common Southeast Asian epistemological theme of a “stranger king” as an ordering principle in a polity, a principle that was also relevant in a colonial context. The case studied here is the Dutch colonial post in Kupang, West Timor, in the VOC period, 1653-1800. The Dutch fort was surrounded by five princedoms, which stood in the relation of subordinate allies to the VOC. Four of the five groups had migrated to Kupang due to pressure from the Portuguese and their clients, which dominated the rest of Timor. Arenas of interaction were developed, whereby the elites of the five princedoms deliberated with the Dutch authorities on a regular basis. Their attachment to the Dutch colonial apparatus was actually never broken until the twentieth century, in spite of several reasons for discontent. The article argues that the peculiar situation on Timor, where the five allies were under siege from the clients of the Portuguese, underpinned a system in which the colonial masters were seen as legitimate “princes”, ultimate referents of authority whose very strange-ness enabled them to hold the system in place.

Realist Ontology and Epistemology for Rural Research

In this paper, realist findings from the philosophy of social science are summarised and implications for rural research methodology are drawn out. Four specific ontological claims are fleshed out. These ontological claims act as grounding assumptions for social research and knowledge, but are not foundational in the essentialist sense. Examples are used to illustrate realism in action in empirical research in India. Then several epistemological themes underlying realist village research are also spelt out. The paper offers a very explicit introduction to a range of sophisticated themes in realist social research. Overall the paper contributes an original line of argument to the debate about realist research methodology and techniques.

Rethinking Global Philosophy of Religion

In the opening lines of her Preface to Philosophy of Religion, Gwen GriffithDickson rightly notes that The academic area of 'philosophy of religion' has traditionally worked almost exclusively with the philosophies and religions of Western civilization/' In recent times there have been a few notable attempts to address this situation by way of authoring textbooks that include the work of thinkers, both traditional and modern, from other non-Western cultures in the treatment of central issues in contemporary philosophy of religion. In my judgment, Griffith-Dickson's text is by far the most comprehensive, inclusive, and insightful of its kind. She at once exposits and interprets the major thinkers in the Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Jewish, and Christian traditions (with passing references to East Asian cultures) as well as leading mainline Western philosophers such as Aristotle, Plotinus, Descartes, Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Wittgenstein. book consists of three parts. first is largely introductory and focuses on questions of religious pluralism, similarities and differences between religiophilosophical debates within and between different faiths, and the nature of religious language. second part consists of an analysis of various metaphysical and epistemological themes such as creation, natural theology, and how the world seems/' Part 3 is labeled The Divine and Human Relationship and includes discussions of the persistent problem of evil and the nature of various forms of religious experience. Philosophy of Religion is designed as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students and is written with great clarity and precision. author is able in her expositions and interpretations to get into the heart of an amazing range of quite different thinkers and the diverse styles of reasoning embedded in the traditions she explores. She is also able to present forcefully some of her own ideas. I would like to illustrate this briefly by her sophisticated treatment of the problem that from the beginning has been the most challenging to Theism, the problem of and pose a final question to her. In chapter 11, Explanations of Evil, GriffithDickson covers the usual territory regarding the reality (or non-reality) of various theodicies that seek to justify God or the gods for allowing evil, and related issues. She concludes:

Il valore della testimonianza - The Value of Testimony

The following text is from my book Teoria della conoscenza published by Laterza some years ago. I have chosen to offer it here, in memory of my friend and colleague Flavio Baroncelli, for three basic reasons. First of all, more than twenty years ago, Flavio offered to be the supervisor of my graduate thesis on an epistemological theme in modern philosophy. I have not forgotten that possibility and have in recent times come to reflect upon both the type of epistemology and the philosophers that were beloved by Flavio. The text which follows these introductory remarks is a testament to this. Secondly, when he knew that I was interested in the epistemology of testimony, Flavio urged me to go on, because of the importance of that topic not only for general epistemology, but also for many other branches of philosophy. Thirdly, on the occasion of the publication of Teoria della conoscenza, Flavio participated on the round table in which it was presented to the public and had something like this to say: "I read the whole book with the same breath, as it was a detective story". In his memory, I cannot but hope to write other "detective stories".

GETTIER AND FACTIVITY IN INDO-TIBETAN�EPISTEMOLOGY

The similarities between contemporary externalist theories of knowledge and classical Indian and Tibetan theories of knowledge are striking. Drawing on comparisons with Timothy Williamson's recent work, I address related topics in Indo-Tibetan epistemology and show that correct analysis of these issues requires externalist theories of mind and knowledge. The topics addressed range from a discussion of possible Gettier cases in the Tibetan philosophical tradition to an assessment of arguments for and against the existence of factive mental states/events that fail to be knowledge states/events. I conclude by explaining how these matters in Indian and Tibetan epistemology can inform us about the viability of externalist epistemologies of the sort articulated by Williamson.

Violence and ‘othering’ in colonial and postcolonial Africa. Case study: Banda's Malaŵi

This paper takes binary epistemological and ontological configurations and subjects them to analytical review within the broad context of colonial and postcolonial states in Africa. During a process of conceptual interrogation, an ‘othering’ trend – and the violence by which the trend too often is accompanied – is traced to their colonial origins, and it is argued that the trend has been passed forward from a colonial to a postcolonial era. The paper's thematic trajectory not least is motivated by a warning issued by Marcus Ramogale, Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of Venda, against repeating in post-apartheid South Africa “the scourge of conquest and domination”. Ramogale observes, “a culture of domination is self-perpetuating and requires the presence of the ‘other’ to dominate, whether the ‘other’ is white or African”. He further asserts “the challenge thrust on us by the responsibilities that come with power is to use it differently to those who once oppressed us” (Ramogale 2005). Having first embarked on a theoretical-conceptual exploration of contested spaces and silenced voices in colonial and postcolonial Africa, the paper narrows its focus to a Malaŵian case study, with particular reference to the Banda regime. The first section of the paper elaborates the conceptual framework and overall argumentation within which is set a Malaŵian case study. The paper's methodology primarily is literature and theory based. However, the Malaŵian section incorporates an element of qualitative research in the form of interviews conducted by Domoka Lucinda Manda in June–July 2002 with civil society activists in Blantyre and academics on the Zomba campus of the University of Malaŵi.

Attachment theory and psychoanalysis: Some remarks from an epistemological and from a Freudian viewpoint

The author examines Bowlby's attachment theory and more recent versions of it from an epistemological viewpoint and subjects it to questioning on whether they are in line with central concepts of Freudian psychoanalysis. He argues that Bowlby's basic tenets regarding attachment theory, which later attachment theorists never seriously questioned, do not conform to scientifi c standards, and that psychoanalytic issues such as the dynamic unconscious, internal confl icts, interaction of drive wishes and the role of defence in establishing substitutive formations are either ignored or not treated in suffi cient depth. In the light of this, Fonagy's assertion that psychoanalytic criticism of attachment theory arose from mutual misunderstandings and ought nowadays to be seen as outdated is reversed: psychoanalytic criticism can only be regarded as outdated if either basic tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis, or attachment theory or both are misunderstood.

Comparative history of cultures and societies. From cross‐societal analysis to the study of intercultural interdependencies

The key element in comparative history is the problem of cultural and social differentiation and difference on the one hand, assimilation and similarity on the other. Comparative historical science relativizes local, national and regional conceptions of history and interpretations of self and other by systematically linking historical experiences, paths of development and socialization processes. The historical comparison of societies and cultures is a specific, multi‐perspective and interactive way of reconstructing and representing the past. The article presents an outline of the history of comparative historical science and discusses its epistemological basis, research topics, main concepts and methods. It analyses the shift from cross‐societal analysis to the study of intercultural interdependence and shows why comparative social history became a pioneer of cultural and international history in Europe. The author concludes that comparative historical science should concentrate on the problems of spatializing social and symbolic organizations and institutions and the problems of inter‐societal and intercultural interactions and relations.

Colonização lingüística: Linguas, política e religião no Brasil (séculos XVI a XVIII) e nos Estados Unidos da América (século XVIII)

Reviewed by: Colonização lingüística: Línguas, política e religião no Brasil (séculos XVI a XVIII) e nos Estados Unidos da América (século XVIII) Antônio R. M. Simões Mariani, Bethania . Colonização lingüística: Línguas, política e religião no Brasil (séculos XVI a XVIII) e nos Estados Unidos da América (século XVIII). São Paulo: Pontes Editores, 2004. 187 pp. Colonização lingüística investigates linguistic identity in Brazil, during the Portuguese colonization. The book discusses the extent of the influence of the língua geral1 on Brazilian Portuguese and on Brazil. The língua geral gradually became the main language spoken in Brazil until the 18th-century. It is considered to be a language based on the indigenous language Tupinambá, namely the ancient Tupi.2 Orlandi (Nanterre: CRL, 1996; cited in Mariani, 22) calls the língua geral an "imaginary language," a "Jesuitic" Tupi, with which I can only agree. The Jesuits wrote a grammar of the língua geral, originally intended to catechize the Indians and to teach it to other Jesuits either during their missions in Brazil or before they left Europe. According to Mariani, her book draws into her experience as a member of the project História das idéias lingüísticas: A construção de um saber metalingüístico e a constituição da língua nacional, which started in 1991, as a consortium of two Brazilian and one French universities: Universidade de São Paulo, Unicamp and École Normale Supérieur de Fontenay-aux-roses. Colonização lingüística is divided into five chapters. In chapter 1, "Colonização lingüística," Mariani revisits Calvet (Paris: Payot, 1974)3 to elaborate her own concept of "linguistic colonization," within her line of work in the "history of linguistic ideas" (25–33). Chapter 2, "Novos territórios e línguas desconhecidas," firstly presents her framework for discourse analysis (40–45) based on the works of Michel Pêcheux and Eni P. Orlandi. Then, it analyses the discourse of the initial colonial period taking into account the birth of Portugal as a nation in terms of its linguistic memory from Latin to Portuguese. The last part uses a similar approach to describe the situation of Peninsular Portuguese in terms of the other languages on the Brazilian territory. In Chapter 3, "A questão das línguas e os discursos da colonização," the book analyses the discourse of colonial texts in an attempt to understand the linguistic confrontration of the languages of Brazil. Chapter 4, "Línguas, política e religião," describes the implementation of Portuguese as the official language of Brazil, and the role of the key actor in this process during the 18th-century, the Marquis of Pombal; Chapter 5, "Inglês e português: duas diferentes línguas de colonização" concludes the book with a comparison of the linguistic colonization in the US and Brazil. Mariani's work is of course a monumental enterprise which should be praised [End Page 161] for its ambitious effort, but also read with some reservation, because a project of this proportion has a potential for shortcomings. Mariani analyses the origins of Brazilian Portuguese as a network of elements interrelated in the makeup of natural languages, viz. nation, languages in contact, church and state, language memory, language history, culture, literature, social and the political factors. However, probably for fear of falling into an atomistic analysis, Mariani does not study the morpho-syntax and phonology of the Brazilian Portuguese language from that time period. In addition to her study of language as a network of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, Mariani focuses on discourse analysis to explain the use of indeterminate "subject" and lexicon in colonial texts. The term "subject" is used in her investigation as a general term for grammatical subject, semantic subject (i.e. the actor or agent) and the epistemological subject. In Mariani's interpretation, this indetermination of the subject can be linked to the formation of Brazil as a nation and the origins of Brazilian Portuguese as a language. To counter Mariani's thinking, a different way of explaining...

The Ghost of Wittgenstein

In developing an “internal” sociology of science, the sociology of scientific knowledge drew on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy to reinterpret traditional epistemological topics in sociological terms. By construing scientific reasoning as rule following within a collective, sociologists David Bloor and Harry Collins effectively blocked outside criticism of a scientific field, whether scientific, philosophical, or political. Ethnomethodologist Michael Lynch developed an alternative, Wittgensteinian reading that similarly blocked philosophical or political critique, while also disallowing analytical appeals to historical or institutional contexts. I criticize these Wittgensteinian sociologies and argue for the historical and contemporary significance of methodological criticisms of scientific practice that conjoin epistemological and political categories. I consider two such cases briefly: the Baconian criticism of Scholastic science in the early Royal Society and the criticism of AIDS drug testing protocols by activists.

Constructivism and cognitive therapy: epistemological subjects

Constructivism and cognitive therapy: epistemological subjects

Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective1

1. For several decades now, Donald Davidson has been steadily producing an amazingly rich and?even though it has been presented in self-contained papers?systematic body of work. In this volume, we have another install ment of his creative output, the fruits of his reflections on central topics in epistemology and metaphysics, shaped by his distinctive and influential approach to issues in the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind. It goes without saying, but I shall say it anyway: it is a fine thing to have these vintage essays in easily accessible and portable form, to put beside the first two volumes, with a place of honour reserved on the shelves for the eagerly awaited fourth and fifth. But I think the best way to celebrate Davidson's work is not to praise it, but to find it controversial. Nobody gets everything exactly right, and what is most fruitful in philosophy is work that is worth taking issue with.

Can They Say What They Want? A Transcendental Argument against Utilitarianism

The Southern Journal of PhilosophyVolume 41, Issue 2 p. 241-259 Can They Say What They Want? A Transcendental Argument against Utilitarianism Olaf L. Mueller, Olaf L. Mueller Georg-August-University Olaf L. Mueller teaches logic and philosophy at Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany. He writes on topics in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and the philosophy of language.Search for more papers by this author Olaf L. Mueller, Olaf L. Mueller Georg-August-University Olaf L. Mueller teaches logic and philosophy at Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany. He writes on topics in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and the philosophy of language.Search for more papers by this author First published: 26 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2003.tb00951.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume41, Issue2Summer 2003Pages 241-259 RelatedInformation

Multiple perspectives on the 'family' lives of young people: Methodological and theoretical issues in case study research

The use of interviews from related individuals has become increasingly common in social research. This is particularly apparent in the area of family sociology, which has previously been criticized for relying on research of family lives based solely on interviews with mothers. Obtaining such accounts can raise postmodern ontological and epistemological themes of multiple perspectives and multiple realities, but there has been little explicit discussion of how to tackle the analysis of such related interviews. This paper explores approaches to the analysis of interviews with nine individuals drawn from three case study 'families'. An ideal typical categorization of possible approaches is developed, based on the cross-cutting themes of (1) degree of similarity/divergence, and (2) an objectivist/interpretationist ontology. The powerful role of the researcher's 'bird's eye view' is highlighted, involving the active interpretation of both disagreements and agreements between related interviews. A major feature of these approaches is the complexity of the data generated and the time involved in the analysis. Such analytic choices yield different forms of knowledge and lead us to 'see' varying patterns and themes according to the focus we take, whether we reveal the possibility of 'family cultures', the relevance of standpoint differences around gender and generation, or wider structural issues of class and ethnicity. Within individual accounts we can see how these different aspects are interwoven in particular histories. How we represent such complexities and tensions between related accounts is a further choice, which may depend upon the audience and purposes involved. Even where we choose to weave the threads into one apparently coherent overall story, we argue for openess and reflexivity concerning the difficult analytic choices that underlie such a production.

The Case for Metaphysical Realism

The Southern Journal of PhilosophyVolume 40, Issue 3 p. 411-419 The Case for Metaphysical Realism Deborah C. Smith, Deborah C. Smith Kent State University Deborah C. Smith is an Assistant Professor at Kent State University. She is interested in various topics in analytic metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language.Search for more papers by this author Deborah C. Smith, Deborah C. Smith Kent State University Deborah C. Smith is an Assistant Professor at Kent State University. She is interested in various topics in analytic metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language.Search for more papers by this author First published: 26 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2002.tb01909.xCitations: 2 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume40, Issue3Fall 2002Pages 411-419 RelatedInformation