Epistemological Problems Research Articles

ADDRESSING DIVERSITY AND INCLUSIVITY IN SOUNDSCAPE RESEARCH, DEVELOPING METHODOLOGIES FOR UNDER- AND NON-REPRESENTED PARTICIPANTS

Soundscape research has often struggled to deal with multidimensional phenomenological perception of the sound environment. When teaching sound related studies and conducting soundscape research, often little or no consideration is given to addressing the diversity of participants taking part in the class or study. For example, there is often no consideration made of a participant's hearing ability, with many of the standard methods and practices emphasising and assuming ‘normal’ hearing. There have been some studies with consideration of hearing impairment, but aural diversity is not all about impairment, diversity of unimpaired listeners can often be related to ‘quite basic mechanisms like pitch detection’ (DAVIES 2019). The consideration of diversity in soundscape research creates a further epistemological problem of perception. This paper discusses the author’s experience from their practice based research to start addressing the issues of inclusivity and diversity, suggesting how the creative industries can adapt existing methods and be at the forefront of new methods including gamification, social data collection and analysis, implementation of VR and AR in community studies, along with the consideration of adapting soundwalking into ‘soundsitting’, which can both raise awareness of the sound environment and obtain phenomenologically rich empirical data from inclusive and diverse under- and non-represented participants.

The epistemological problem in rooting the curriculum and receiving the term in contemporary Arab criticism

Abstract One of the main problems of contemporary Arabic criticism is its inability to control its conceptual form and its idiomatic language. This has led to an increase in the level separated by Arab literary criticism produced by the growing contact with international critical achievements and the explosion of critical knowledge in the world, insofar as literary scholar is no longer able to all critical ideas and theses, especially since these theses are critical. He generates his new idiomatic language and formulates conceptual terms and expressions that explain his vision of literary criticism, its function in the world and its relationship to literary texts. This article attempts to analyze the most important problems of the rooting of the critical approach and the reception of the term in contemporary Arab criticism.

Comparative Analysis of Commnicative Skills and AQS (Average Quality Score) of Students in Various Conditions of Learning Activities’ Organization

Key words: effectiveness of educational activities, academic progress, student, learning motivation, communication skills This article addresses topics pertaining to students’ academic performance and communicative skills. Educational activity is a purposeful activity, the maintenance of which leads to mastery of action strategies in the area of scientific concepts. The content of educational activities consists of ways to solve relevant epistemological problems. The requirement of educational activity is the desire of students to master theoretical knowledge in a particular subject area. According to D.B. Elkonin, the result of educational activity is a change in the student’s personality, as well as his development. Any educational activity is the conditions for scientific knowledge: it, first of all, presupposes the acquisition of new skills and ways of working with scientific concepts. As a result of the study, we presented the comparability indicators of students’ communicative abilities and their academic performance. The aim of the article is to analyze indicators of the level of communication skills and student performance in various educational conditions. The practical significance of the study is the data obtained and practical analysis that will help specialists using practical work.

Evil and evidence: a reply to Bass

Abstract In ‘Evil is Still Evidence: Comments on Almeida’ Robert Bass presents three objections to the central argument (ENE) in my ‘Evil is Not Evidence’. The first objection is that ENE is invalid. According to the second objection, it is a consequence of ENE that there can be no evidence for or against a posteriori necessities. The third objection is that, contrary to ENE, the likelihood of certain necessary identities varies with the evidence we have for them. In this reply I explain why ENE has exactly none of the implications described by Bass. I argue in the concluding section that there is a modal solution to the epistemological problems presented by ENE.

Epistemological and conceptual problems in the scientific study of anomalous experience

Anomalous experience is defined as an unusual experience and although it is experienced by a substantial number of people in a population, it differs from ordinary experience and thus from commonly accepted explanations of reality. It is essential to point out that there are reports of an enormous and complex variety of so-called anomalous experiences, encompassing a diversity of experiences, leading to a conceptual difficulty. To this end, we carried out a reflection, based on theoretical and bibliographical studies in the concept of anomalous experience, in order to explore the terminologies concerning the anomalous and to verify the reason for the difficulty of consensus about the theme. Exploring the existing terminologies in relation to the anomalous experience, a difficulty of clarity and conceptual systematization guided in its nature was identified in appropriation and conceptual use. In our discussion we explain certain historical-epistemological points of nomenclatures and areas of knowledge used in diverse experiences, specifically those linked to anomalies, such as the parapsychological experiences marked by Parapsychology and the religious experiences by the Psychology of Religion and Phenomenology of Religion; in order to problematize the difficulty that Anomalistic Psychology presents in the study and differentiation of these experiences.

Precis of Amie L. Thomasson, norms and necessity

ABSTRACT Claims about what is necessary or possible play a central role in debates in metaphysics and elsewhere in philosophy. But how can we understand such claims, and how can we come to know which are true? Modal discourse has long presented formidable ontological, epistemological, and methodological problems - problems that arise or are exacerbated by assuming that modal talk aims to describe or track special features of this world, or other possible worlds. Norms and Necessity aims to revive a non-descriptivist approach to modality, holding that the function of modal discourse is not to describe or track anything, but rather to convey norms or rules (and what follows from them) in the useful form of indicatives. The book develops this ‘modal normativist’ approach, showing how it avoids the most serious objections that have kept similar approaches off the table for the past several decades (including the Frege-Geach problem, and problems of accounting for de re and a posteriori necessities). It also shows how a careful development of the normativist approach can help avoid or resolve the classic ontological, epistemological, and methodological problems of modality, as part of an overall deflationary approach to metaphysics.

Two Types of Applied History

Abstract In recent years, a concerted effort has been made to build up and delineate a discipline of applied history. But there has been little discussion about what applied history is, how the discipline navigates a range of epistemological problems, and how applied history is distinct from other disciplines that use historical data and attend to matters of policy—particularly political science. This article considers some of these questions with respect to two common methods of applied history: analogy and genealogy. It applies these methods to understand two contemporary issues in the Middle East: the shadow war between Israel and Iran, and maritime tensions between Greece and Turkey.

Cultural translation activities: Ethical-methodological propositions to participatory research of occupations based on Amerindian perspectivism

ABSTRACT Participatory research is a dynamic process of social action that generates knowledge based on cycles of reflection about the concrete historical reality of individuals and collective participants. Occupation-based interventions lack studies that address in depth the epistemological, ontological, and linguistic problems present in this type of research, especially in the current pandemic context. This article describes the conditions of paradigmatic (ontological), epistemological, and methodological elaboration of a participatory approach named Cultural Translation Activity (CTA). CTA emerged from participatory research involving six social workers in a Brazilian municipality during the pandemic, over four weeks. It is based on the Amerindian translation paradigm, therefore, recognizes the difference between cultures and uses it to produce knowledge through an equivocal process. By reporting ‘how to do it’ and ‘why to do it’, the findings contribute to the qualitative validation of the approach. Furthermore, the approach is in tune with the knowledge of the South; providing insights into cultural humility applied to occupation studies and offering alternatives for action and investigation committed to critical/occupational awareness. Thus, this article brings original contributions to the theorization and systematization of participatory research from an occupational perspective.

Metamodern Spell Casting

Metamodern Spell Casting

The philosophical content of industrial design

The article is devoted to the philosophy of industrial design as the most important area of aesthetic and engineering activity of people, shaping the appearance of modern society. The object of the study is industrial design, and its subject is the philosophical foundations of industrial design. The goal of the study is to identify the philosophical essence of industrial design in epistemological, ontological and anthropological dimensions. Attention is paid to the historical aspects of industrial design, which allows us to more accurately understand the essence of this phenomenon. The author’ also considered modern industrial design, which in its philosophy is characterized by a strong anti-globalist orientation. It is noted that the philosophical understanding of industrial design contributes to the understanding of the features of its historical development. The main conclusion of the study is that industrial design has a certain philosophical content associated not only with the aesthetic side of reality, but also with its axiological and ethical structure. The epistemological problems of industrial design are important: products act as carriers of certain knowledge and concepts and accumulate the cultural experience of mankind. Anthropological problems of design are associated with the model of a human creator and a human recipient of activity. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the understanding of industrial design, which is a systemic object, developing in space and time. In its existence, this object combines presence and “service”, independent givenness and significance for a person.

Xii—Knowing and Acknowledging Others

Abstract It is possible to tease out two questions in connection with the epistemological problem of other minds: (i) How do I know what others think and feel? and (ii) How do I know that others think and feel? Fred Dretske offers a perceptual account of our knowledge of other minds that yields an answer to (i) but not (ii). Quassim Cassam uses Dretske’s perceptual account to show how we can answer both (i) and (ii). In this paper I show how we can use Dretske’s work to understand some work by Stanley Cavell. I suggest that, where Dretske claims that we cannot answer (ii), Cavell holds that (ii) is a question that reflects a misunderstanding of our relations to others. In the place of asking how I can know that others think and feel, Cavell holds that I must acknowledge the other. And at the heart of this acknowledgment is an acceptance of others as separate from me. I must acknowledge the other as an other to me.

Natural Philosophy: On Retrieving a Lost Disciplinary Imaginary

Natural Philosophy: On Retrieving a Lost Disciplinary Imaginary

Transformations: the material representation of historical experiments in science teaching.

Some experiments from the history of physics became so famous that they not only made it into the textbook canon but were transformed into lecture demonstration performances and student laboratory activities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While, at first glance, some of these demonstrations as well as the related instruments do resemble their historical ancestors, a closer examination reveals significant differences both in the instruments themselves and in the practices and meanings associated with them. In this paper, I analyse the relation between the research instruments and the respective teaching demonstrations. In doing so, I particularly distinguish between demonstrations that address the process of the actual experimental procedures, and those that focus on the outcome or results (the product) of the experiment. This distinction will be illustrated in some exemplary case studies from the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth in which both the historical experiment and the related educational devices are analysed. The tension between the historical experiment on the one hand, and the different variants of the teaching version on the other, result in the educational as well as epistemological problems that are discussed in this paper.

The neurophysiological Behavioral Perspective Model of consumer choice and its contribution to the intentional behaviorist research programme.

Cognitive explanations raise epistemological problems not faced by accounts confined to observable variables. Many explanatory components of cognitive models are unobservable: beliefs, attitudes, and intentions, for instance, must be made empirically available to the researcher in the form of measures of observable behavior from which the latent variables are inferred. The explanatory variables are abstract and theoretical and rely, if they are to enter investigations and explanations, on reasoned agreement on how they can be captured by proxy variables derived from what people say and how they behave. Psychometrics must be founded upon a firm, intersubjective agreement among researchers and users of research on the relationship of behavioral measures to the intentional constructs to which they point and the latent variables they seek to operationalize. Only if these considerations are adequately addressed can we arrive at consistent interpretations of the data. This problem provides the substance of the intentional behaviorist research programme which seeks to provide a rationale for the cognitive explanation. Within this programme, two versions of the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM), an extensional portrayal of socioeconomic behavior and a corresponding intentional approach, address the task of identifying where intentional explanation becomes necessary and the form it should take. This study explores a third version, based on neurophysiological substrates of consumer choice as a contributor to this task. The nature of "value" is closely related to the rationale for a neurophysiological model of consumer choice. The variables involved are operationally specified and measured with high intersubjective agreement. The intentional model (BPM-I), depicting consumer action in terms of mental processes such as perception, deliberation, and choice, extends the purview of the BPM to new situations and areas of explanation.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HEART: KAINONIA OF THE UKRAINIAN TRADITION

The research interest is focused on the examination of the kainonia nature of Ukrainian philosophy. It is most deeply revealed within the framework of cordocentrism. As a direction of religious philosophy, cordocentrism most prominently affects epistemological resources and the potential of philosophical knowledge. Cordocentrism reveals itself most fully in the philosophical views of H.Skovoroda. The philosopher successfully combines the Christian tradition with the Ukrainian ethnic identity. Therefore, revealing its potential from the principle of worldview, cordognosia turns into an epistemological platform of philosophical science. This is precisely what is emphasized in the concept of the heart of H.Skovoroda, who examines the fundamental principles of human knowledge of the world.The author focuses on the close connection of the Ukrainian philosophical tradition with the philosophy of Christianity itself. It is this synthesis that becomes an interesting prospect for solving the issue of methodological diversity of modern philosophy (the problem of the methodological crisis). Since it is the cordocentric tradition that lays the foundations of scientific synthesis as a fundamental principle of philosophical knowledge. The latter in the modern epistemological tradition is replaced by analytical research. The practices of “heart synthesis” are aimed at the search for knowledge deeper than logical-evidential epistema or doxa. Thus, in the context of the methodological imperfection of the epistemological problem of modern philosophy, turning to the philosophical heritage of cardocentrism, and directly to the philosophy of the heart of H.Skovoroda, is a promising direction of philosophical knowledge.

Of tanks and tankies: What's ‘left’ for geography after the invasion of Ukraine

AbstractThis commentary explores the degree to which the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has posed a challenge for political geographers. I reason that while the war has exposed conceptual weaknesses and political blind spots, it has also validated many of the foci with which geographers have approached post‐Cold War European security. By drawing attention to the epistemological and moral problems of current NATO scepticism, I argue that tactics of counter‐mapping and whataboutery need to be carried out with the necessary care for the historical and political context.

The neglected object: A history of the concept of dreams in Polish psychiatry and psychology in the interwar period, 1918-1939.

The development of the concept of dreams in interwar Polish psychiatry and psychology was influenced by Western European concepts as well as by sociocultural factors of the newly independent state. Few Polish psychiatrists addressed the subject of dreams. They were influenced mainly by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic concept of dreams, but also by Alferd Adler's, Carl Gustav Jung's, and Wilhelm Stekel's ideas. Nevertheless, they approached psychoanalysis critically. The most comprehensive concept of dreams in Polish psychiatry was oneiroanalysis by Tadeusz Bilikiewicz. Oneironalysis was a method of dream analysis based on psychoanalysis but it rejected the psychoanalytic method of free associations and challenged psychoanalytic approaches to the interpretation of dream symbols. Polish psychologists were even less interested in dreams than psychiatrists. Problems with dreams, the most elaborate psychological work by Stefan Szuman consisted of an outline of epistemological problems with general theories of dreams and a harsh critique of psychoanalysis. The neglect of the subject of dreams in Polish psychiatric society can be seen as connected with the social and professional reception of psychoanalysis in Poland. Psychoanalysis was met with opposition from conservative scholars and publicists presenting nationalistic and anti-Semitic attitudes. It was also criticized by the biologically oriented majority of psychiatrists of the Polish Psychiatric Association. In the case of psychology, the most influential Polish psychological school, Lvov-Warsaw School, promoted Brentanian intentionalism, introspection, and psychology of consciousness, therefore, leading to psychologists' reluctance to explore unconscious states like dreams.

The concept of responsible artificial intelligence as the future of artificial intelligence in medicine

Active deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in medicine creates many challenges. Recently, the concept of responsible artificial intelligence (RAI) was widely discussed, which is aimed at solving the inevitable ethical, legal, and social problems. The scientific literature was analyzed and the possibility of applying the RAI concept to overcome the existing AI problems in medicine was considered. Studies of possible AI applications in medicine showed that current algorithms are unable to meet the basic enduring needs of society, particularly, fairness, transparency, and reliability. The RAI concept based on three principles accountability for AI activities and responsibility and transparency of findings (ART) was proposed to address ethical issues. Further evolution, without the development and application of the ART concept, turns dangerous and impossible the use of AI in such areas as medicine and public administration. The requirements for accountability and transparency of conclusions are based on the identified epistemological (erroneous, non-transparent, and incomplete conclusions) and regulatory (data confidentiality and discrimination of certain groups) problems of using AI in digital medicine [2]. Epistemological errors committed by AI are not limited to omissions related to the volume and representativeness of the original databases analyzed. In addition, these include the well-known black box problem, i.e. the inability to look into the process of forming AI outputs when processing input data. Along with epistemological errors, normative problems inevitably arise, including patient confidentiality and discrimination of some social groups due to the refusal of some patients to provide medical data for training algorithms and as part of the analyzed databases, which will lead to inaccurate AI conclusions in cases of certain gender, race, and age. Importantly, the methodology of the AI data analysis depends on the program code set by the programmer, whose epistemological and logical errors are projected onto the AI. Hence the problem of determining responsibility in the case of erroneous conclusions, i.e. its distribution between the program itself, the developer, and the executor. Numerous professional associations design ethical standards for developers and a statutory framework to regulate responsibility between the links described. However, the state must play the greatest role in the development and approval of such legislation. The use of AI in medicine, despite its advantages, is accompanied by many ethical, legal, and social challenges. The development of RAI has the potential both to solve these challenges and to further the active and secure deployment of AI systems in digital medicine and healthcare.

Is Legal Knowledge Regressing (Thanks to AI)?

This review article focuses on a recent book that poses the following question. Is law computable? In examining some of the contributions in this edited collection the article poses a second question. Is, as a result of artificial intelligence (AI) and law research, legal knowledge regressing? In its analysis of the book, the article examines several of the major epistemological problems facing the creators of a legal reasoning AI programme; and it concludes that some of the epistemological assumptions upon which AI research is based are assumptions rooted in old and discredited legal knowledge. Nevertheless, the article has few illusions that judging will one day be dispensed by robot judges, especially if liberal democratic cultures slide slowly into authoritarian societies.
 Keywords: artificial intelligence; computer; Deakin (Simon); epistemology; Markou (Christopher); mos mathematicus; reasoning (legal); rule-model.

ФІЛОСОФСЬКИЙ (ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ) АСПЕКТ ТВОРЧОСТІ

The article proposes a theorization of the phenomenon of creativity in its philosophical, social, aesthetic and psychological dimensions. Creativity as an epistemological and axiological problem is described by a significant number of researchers and scientists in various fields. At the same time, its ontological dimension remains the prerogative of psychological research, neglecting the social dimension and the meaning of creativity for the individual and humanity as a whole. The proposed analysis allows tracing the various essences and manifestations of creativity for a person and society. Questions about the essence of the concept of "creativity" were studied by many scientists in such fields of knowledge as philosophy, psychology, aesthetics, sociology, etc. This concept has a rather weighty historical aspect of consideration – from Plato to the present day, thinkers have been interested in the question of the inner urges and incentives of a person. But regardless of the signs that stood out for centuries and outlined, shaped this phenomenon, the XXI century brings its corrections, synthesizing phenomena and looking for new approaches to their study. Now, when we talk about creativity, we often stray far from its functional and cultural-artistic significance, we try to reflect it in modern political and scientific-technical processes, or in a radically new, free-thinking, freedom-loving and/or performative aspect. That is why the purpose of the research is to theorize the phenomenon of creativity in the context of modernity. When theorizing creativity, researchers use such concepts as novelty, creating something new, objectification of acquired and/or unconscious experience, catharsis, going beyond the ordinary, loneliness, rejection by society, criticism, challenge, dialogicity, performativity, etc. All these analogies allow us to understand the essence of the phenomenon in a collective and individual dimension. Moreover, centuries of rethinking creativity make it possible to understand and predict the benefits of creativity. However, the entire body of research cannot answer the question of the essentiality of the creator, his alienation from society and from his own creation. Moreover, creativity evolves along with Man, and at the time of expanding the capabilities of AI, it is difficult for us to predict this process.