Enzymes Creatine Kinase Research Articles

Heavy metal–induced genotoxic, physiological, and biochemical responses in Schizothorax esocinus (Heckel 1838) inhabiting the Dal Lake, India, and phytoremediation by indwelling plants

Heavy metals have animmense impact on aquatic ecosystems, and their toxic effects are transferred to the inhabiting organisms. Experiments were conducted to investigate the health of snow trout Schizothorax esocinus inhabiting Dal Lake. Heavy metals (Cd > Ni > Cu > Cr) were found to accumulate in the major immune organs of the fish (head kidney, liver, spleen, thymus) which led to change in the overall physiology. The head kidney, liver, and spleen of a fish contain high amount of these metals. The least accumulation of these metals was found in the blood, whereas Cd and Ni were completely absent in the integument. Hepatic marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) were normal, while the renal marker enzyme creatine kinase showed marked difference in its value. The cortisol level was normal, while immunoglobulin M showed elevated level representing active immunity. At a cellular level, the histopathology of immune organs showed marked damage. Metallothionein (MT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes showed variable expression pattern in the immune organs with the head kidney showing the highest expression of both the genes, and blood showed the least. We observed that the aquatic plants (Nelumbo nucifera and Trapa natans) inhabiting the lake played an important role in phytoremediation. An integrated approach involving biochemical, hematological, genotoxic, and histopathological studies can provide a valuable information to understand fish adaptive patterns and monitor water quality.

Direct transfer to different salinities and its effect on energy and metabolic enzymes in juveniles and adults of yellowfin sea bream Acanthopagrus arabicus.

Juveniles and adults of Acanthopagrus arabicus were compared in the effect of salt concentrations (1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45) for times of (6, 24, 48 and 96h) on several enzymes activities Creatine Kinase (CK) in gills, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in plasma and Alkalin Phosphatase (ALP) in intestine. A clear activity of CK and LDH were shown in adults in compare with juveniles. All enzymes heighten expressively with the rise in salinity and decreased significantly over time in all salinities. Results indicated the superior ability of adults compared to juveniles in the activity of the three enzymes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effect of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis on Some Protein and Enzyme of Liver in Local Cow

The current study was designed to determine the changes in a number of biochemical parameters associated with infection of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in the local cows The blood sample is pulled 80 of those cows which included two groups, the first group included 16 animals represented the control group, and the second group included 64 animals suffering from inflammation of traumatic reticuloperitonitis. The results showed that the infection of traumatic reticuloperitonitis increased significantly (P <0.05) in the concentration of Haptpglobin and activity of the Creatine Kinase enzyme and enzyme of ceruloplasmin and incidence significant decrease in the activity of the enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase and the enzyme of Aspartate Aminotransferase compared with the control group. This study concludes that inflammation of traumatic reticuloperitonitis effect directly on the liver, where it led to the rise of some indicators of inflammation and reduced some enzymes from normal value.

Relationship between biochemical parameters and paraoxonase 1 activity of boar seminal plasma and semen quality.

The aim of this study was to examine the biochemical components and the parameters of antioxidant protection in the seminal plasma (SP) of boars, as well as their relationship with semen quality parameters. Thirty-six boars were included in the study, whose ejaculates were divided into two groups: Group I (good quality semen, > 70% progressively motile sperm, < 20% spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, n = 16), and Group II (poor quality semen, < 70% progressively motile sperm, > 20% spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, n = 20). Significantly higher concentrations of ionized calcium (iCa), total cholesterol (TC), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, as well as significantly higher values ​​of antioxidant protection parameters: thiol groups (-SH), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ) were found in the good quality semen, while higher phosphorus (P) concentrations and increased alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) activity were found in the semen of poor quality. A negative correlation of total and progressive sperm motility with P and ALP was found in all examined semen samples, while a positive correlation was found with PON1 and TAC. The percentage of fast sperm cells positively correlated with iCa, chlorine (Cl), lactate, LDH and TAC, while a negative correlation was found with P, magnesium (Mg) and the enzyme creatine-kinase (CK). The percentage of immobile sperm positively correlated with P and ALP, and negatively correlated with TC, CK, PON1 and TAC. Elevated values ​​of PON1 and TAC in SP and a positive correlation with sperm motility indicate the possible use of these parameters as sensitive biomarkers of boar semen quality. To the best of our knowledge there are no published data on association between PON1 activity and boar semen quality.

Short-Term HMB Supplementation Reduces Muscle Damage After a Bout of Resistance Training in non-Athletic Girls

Background: Starting or continuing physical activity, especially for non-athletes, can be a challenge due to muscle injuries caused by physical activity. Aims of study: Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the short-term effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle and liver damage caused by a period of resistance activity in non-athletic girls.Methods: Among the volunteers, 16 female non-athletes with an average age of 21.75±1.18 years, a body mass index of 24.83±2.67 kg/m2, and a weight of 63.43±8.46 kg were randomly selected as a statistical sample. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of eight people, HMB supplement and placebo. Daily and for six days, the subjects of the supplement group received 3 mg of beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyrate powder, and the placebo group received 3 grams of starch in tablet form. After six days of loading, the subjects performed a resistance activity session with an intensity of 75-80% 1RM. Blood samples were taken in five stages, including before supplementation, before training, immediately, 1 hour, and 24 hours after sports activity. To compare the results, a 5x2 analysis of variance test was used.Result: The results showed that the consumption of HMB supplements significantly affected the serum levels of Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes in the blood and the amount of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (Wilson et al.) enzyme activity in the blood of intragroup interactions (p0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the serum levels of CK enzyme and the activity of ALT and AST enzymes between the two supplement and placebo groups (p0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum level of LDH enzyme between the two supplement and placebo groups (P0.05).Conclusion: Although the results of the present study showed that consuming 3 grams of HMB supplement reduces the LDH response after resistance training, this supplement cannot be used as an independent factor for reducing muscle damage markers following intense physical activities

Lifetime prevalence and correlates of syncope in five ancestry groups. The HELIUS study.

To explore the lifetime prevalence and correlates of syncope in the general population. Through stratified random sampling, we included 14,937 White-European, Asian, Turkish, Moroccan, and West-African ancestry adults (18-70 y) in the cross-sectional Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) population study. We assessed syncope history by ancestry, and the potential correlates body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), resting plasma activity of creatine kinase (CK), the ATP-generating enzyme that facilitates cardiovascular contractility and sodium retention, and in a subgroup, supine cardiac contractility (dP/dt), cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Mean age of the participants (39% men) was 43.3 y (SD12.9). Lifetime prevalence of syncope in women/men was respectively (%), White-European 42/24; Asian 34/19; Moroccan 32/16; Turkish 30/17; and West-African 20/14. Mean age at first syncope was 24 y (SD13). Participants with syncope history had lower SBP, DBP, BMI, CK, and modestly lower dP/dt and CO, but not SVR. In multivariable regression analysis, male sex (OR 0.52 [0.48 to 0.57]), West-African ancestry (0.59 [0.54 to 0.65]), and CK (0.56 [0.46 to 0.69]/log CK increase) were negatively associated with syncope. This study indicates that West-African ancestry, male sex, and high activity of the pressor enzyme CK are associated with lower syncope prevalence. These findings may inform further studies on the hemodynamics of syncope.

Effectiveness and safety of statins on outcomes in patients with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Statins are hypolipidaemic in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive individuals. However, their effect on all-cause mortality and rate of discontinuation is unclear. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the impact of statins on all-cause mortality, discontinuation rates, and risk of adverse effects among HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We searched four electronic databases from inception until October 2021 for trials and cohort studies evaluating the effects of statin treatment versus placebo in HIV patients. Forty-seven studies involving 91,594 patients were included. Statins were associated with significantly lower risk of discontinuation (RR, 0.701; 95% CI 0.508–0.967; p = 0.031). The risk of all-cause mortality (RR, 0.994; 95% CI 0.561–1.588; p = 0.827), any adverse effects (RR, 0.780; 95% CI 0.564–1.077; p = 0.131) and, diabetes mellitus (RR, 0.272; 95% CI 0.031–2.393; p = 0.241) with statin treatment were lower but not statistically significant compared to placebo/control. Statin treatment was associated with a trend of higher but statistically insignificant risk of myalgia (RR, 1.341; 95% CI 0.770–2.333; p = 0.299), elevated creatine kinase (RR, 1.101; 95% CI 0.457–2.651; p = 0.830) and liver enzyme activities (RR, 1.709; 95% CI 0.605–4.831; p = 0.312). Clinicians should consider the nocebo effect in the effective management of PLWH on statins, who present with common adverse effects such as myalgia and, elevated levels of creatine kinase and liver enzymes.

Impact of Saussurea lappa root extract against copper oxide nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and toxicity in rat cardiac tissues.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have developed as a significant class of nanomaterial with potential dangers to organisms and the environment in a variety of applications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of costus root extract against CuO NPs induced oxidative stress, alterations in heart structure and functions. 40 adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups: first; control, second; costus (300 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 2 weeks, third; CuO NPs (100 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks and fourth; CuO NPs + costus. Current results revealed, significant increases in serum levels of creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cardiac TBIRS, total thiol, nitric oxide, and cardiac proliferating cell nuclear antigen after CuO NPs administration when compared with control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in cardiac reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in CuO NPs group as compared with control group. Interestingly, treatment of CuO NPs with costus root extract was associated with significant improvements of the studied parameters, heart structure and functions. CuO NPs-induced toxicity, injury and oxidative stress in rat heart and treatment with Costus root extract could scavenge free radicals producing beneficial effects against CuO NPs.

Gum Arabic protects the rat heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways

Gum Arabic (GA) is a plant exudate with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. GA has shown promise in protection from and treatment of kidney failure, however, its role in the protection of the heart from ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) has not been investigated. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gum Arabic (GA) in the protection of the heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Langendorff-perfused Wistar rat hearts were divided into seven groups. One group which was subjected to I/R with no other treatment served as the control group. The second group was subjected to buffer perfusion with no ischemia (sham group). The third group was perfused with GA in the absence of ischemia (sham + GA). The rest of the hearts were isolated from rats that had been treated with GA for 4 or 2 weeks in the drinking water, or GA that had been infused intravenously 2 h before sacrifice or added to perfusion buffer at reperfusion. Hemodynamics data were digitally computed; infarct size was measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and cardiomyocyte injury was assessed by quantifying creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. The total oxidants (TOS) and antioxidants (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines levels were estimated by ELISA. GA treatment for 2 weeks, 4 weeks or 2 hours before sacrifice resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in cardiac hemodynamics and reduction in infarct size and cardiac enzyme levels compared to respective controls. However, GA administration at the time of reperfusion did not protect the hearts against I/R injury. Furthermore, GA treatment decreased the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. The levels of TOS in the effluent were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and SOD levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by GA administration. GA protected the heart against I/R injury when administered for 2 or 4 weeks or when infused 2 hours before sacrifice. GA treatment decreased the total oxidants levels, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 protein levels and increases SOD and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 protein levels.

Effects of altered cellular ultrastructure on energy metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy: an in silico study.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of heart failure in diabetes. At the cellular level, diabetic cardiomyopathy leads to altered mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiomyocyte ultrastructure. We combined electron microscopy (EM) and computational modelling to understand the impact of diabetes-induced ultrastructural changes on cardiac bioenergetics. We collected transverse micrographs of multiple control and type I diabetic rat cardiomyocytes using EM. Micrographs were converted to finite-element meshes, and bioenergetics was simulated over them using a biophysical model. The simulations also incorporated depressed mitochondrial capacity for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and creatine kinase (CK) reactions to simulate diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Analysis of micrographs revealed a 14% decline in mitochondrial area fraction in diabetic cardiomyocytes, and an irregular arrangement of mitochondria and myofibrils. Simulations predicted that this irregular arrangement, coupled with the depressed activity of mitochondrial CK enzymes, leads to large spatial variation in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio profile of diabetic cardiomyocytes. However, when spatially averaged, myofibrillar ADP/ATP ratios of a cardiomyocyte do not change with diabetes. Instead, average concentration of inorganic phosphate rises by 40% owing to lower mitochondrial area fraction and dysfunction in OXPHOS. These simulations indicate that a disorganized cellular ultrastructure negatively impacts metabolite transport in diabetic cardiomyopathy.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease’.

An electrochemical immunosensor based on graphite paper electrodes for the sensitive detection of creatine kinase in actual samples

• The electrochemical immunosensor designed very stable, low-cost and sensitive method for determination of Creatine Kinase. • CK immunosensor exhibited high analytical performance with a linear range 0.150 pg/mL and low detection limit (0.045 pg/mL). • Disposable graphite paper electrodes were firstly used to detection CK antigen for a novel biosensor system. • The optimization was performed for all fabrication steps of the electrochemical biosensor system. The enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is one of the most well-established biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. For acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis, CK has a clinical comorbidity rate of 90%. This study has developed a novel electrochemical immunosensor using disposable graphite paper electrodes (GP). The GP electrodes were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) to facilitate CK detection. Afterwards, GP electrodes were covalently immobilized with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (6-MH), resulting in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Then, the electrodes were formed with a 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GOPE) agent. Afterwards, the electrodes were immobilized with anti-CK (antibody creatine kinase) protein. In the final immobilization step, BSA (bovine serum albumin) protein was used to block non-covalent interactions. All parameters of the proposed immunosensor were optimized, including concentrations and incubation times. Analytical characteristics such as square wave voltammetry, linear determination range, repeatability, reproducibility, and regeneration of biosensors were determined. All characterization steps were monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV). Moreover, the single frequency impedance (SFI) technique interacted with anti-CK and CK antigens. Furthermore, the proposed immunosensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The proposed immunosensor exhibited a wide detection range (0.1–50 pg mL −1 ), and low limit of detection (LOD), and a low limit of quantification (LOQ); 0.045 pg mL −1 and 0.171 pg mL −1 , respectively. Finally, the developed biosensor was tried in an actual blood sample, which showed it could be utilized in clinical applications.

Cardiac Protection of a Novel Lupane-Type Triterpenoid from Injuries Induced by Hypoxia-Reperfusion.

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI) leads to cardiac remodeling and heart failure associated with acute myocardial infarction, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Betulinic acid (BA), a widely distributed lupane-type triterpenoid, has been reported to possess antioxidative activity and inhibit apoptosis in MIRI. Due to the low bioavailability and water insolubility of BA, a previous study found a series of BA-derivative compounds by microbial transformation. In this study, we observe whether there are anti-MIRI effects of BTA07, a BA derivative, on cardiac injuries induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro and in Langendorff-perfused hearts ex vivo, and further explore its mechanism of cardioprotection to find more efficient BA derivatives. The hemodynamic parameters of isolated hearts were monitored and recorded by a Lab Chart system. The markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis in isolated hearts and adult rat cardiomyocytes (ARCMs) were evaluated. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), protein kinase B (Akt) and phospho-Akt (pAkt, Ser473) induced by H/R were detected via Western blot. The Langendorff experiments showed that BTA07 improves hemodynamic parameters, reduces myocardium damage and infarct size, inhibits levels of myocardial tissue enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) in the coronary outflow and reduces oxidative stress and the activation of caspase-3 in the myocardium. In vitro, BTA07 reduced cell death and caspase-3 activation and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, the protective effects of BTA07 were attenuated by inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway with LY294002 in ARCMs. BTA07 protects ARCMs and isolated hearts from hypoxia–reperfusion partly by inhibiting oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Interleukin-4, Interleukin-1beta, and Creatine Kinase Changes to the DeLorme and Oxford Resistance Training Techniques

Background: Exercise intensity sequence of resistance training (RT) has a key role in the physiological response and adaptations. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of DeLorme and Oxford resistance training techniques on the concentration of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and creatine kinase (CK) enzyme in overweight men. Methods: Thirty overweight young men (25 ≤ BMI &lt; 30) voluntarily participated in the present study and were randomly assigned to the DeLorme (Del; n = 10), Oxford (OXF; n = 10) resistance training techniques and control (Con; n = 10). Del performed 4-5 sets at intensity of 50% of one-maximum repetition (1RM) for warm up, the second set with 85% of 1RM, the third set at 90% of 1 RM, and the fourth set at 95 of 1RM, and finally the fifth set at 100 1RM of exercise, while the OXF performed mentioned protocol exactly reverse order for eight weeks. RT was done three day/week in nonconsecutive for eight week. Blood sampling was gathered before RT, and repeated 72 hour after the last session of RT, and the levels of CK activity as well as the concentration of IL-4 and IL-1beta concentration were measured in the plasma. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the Del and OXF in biochemical variables (P &gt; 0.05). Also, in the IL-4, IL-1beta and CK, there were no improvement was found in the Del and OXF compared to the control (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Finally, it can be said that none of the Delorme and Oxford resistance training technique are preferred in improving systemic inflammatory factors, and the sequence of resistance training intensity is more or less and vice versa has no effect on improving systemic inflammatory factors.

The Role of Interventional Irisin on Heart Molecular Physiology.

Irisin, encoded by the FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5) gene, is a novel myokine that has been implicated as an essential mediator of exercise benefits. Effects of irisin on heart physiology is still ambiguous. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of exogenous administration of irisin on heart physiology and the pharmacokinetic profile of pump-administered irisin. To do so, Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with an irisin-loaded osmotic pump (5 μg/kg/day) for 42 days, and other animals were administered with single bolus subcutaneous injections of irisin (5 µg/kg). Body weights and blood samples were collected weekly for 42 days for serum irisin quantification and histopathology. Clinical biochemistry analyses were performed. Heart mRNA expression was assessed in 26 selected genes. Chronic interventional exogenous irisin significantly reduced body weight without affecting the heart myocyte size and significantly reduced creatine kinase enzyme level. Blood CBC, serum biochemistry, and heart morphology were normal. Gene expression of FNCD5, Raf1, CPT1, IGF-1, and CALCIN, encoding for heart physiology, increased while PGC1, Nox4, and Mfn1 significantly decreased. Nevertheless, irisin increased the expression of cardioprotective genes and inhibited some genes that harm heart physiology. Administration of irisin promotes myocardial functions and could be translated into clinical settings after preclinical profiling.

Stress indicators in cattle submitted to different preslaughter rest times

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pre-slaughter time about some blood constituents used as stress indicators in the evaluation of animal welfare in cattle. In the practice of ethology, animal welfare is assessed through physiological and behavioral indicators. For the determination of serum biomarkers of animal stress, a total of 180 animals was used, divided into two major groups according to the time of pre-slaughter. In the acceptable group, the animals had a pre-slaughter time up to 24 hours and in the not acceptable group the pre-slaughter time was greater than 24 h. These two groups were split up into three animal categories (males, females and castrated males). In this study, 30 samples were collected from each animal category of the two groups, acceptable and not acceptable, totaling 180 samples. Samples were separated for analysis of muscle enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (CK and LDH), glucose and cortisol. Physiological values, regardless of the animal category and pre-slaughter time, were higher than the normal values of reference, expressing the prior management effect on animal welfare. The data clearly show a need to update and adapt the entire production chain to animal welfare practices, with the objective of producing competitive quality meat in the world market.

Therapy for feline secondary hypertriglyceridemia with fenofibrate.

The aim of this study was to assess the short-term safety and efficacy of fenofibrate in controlling secondary hypertriglyceridemia in cats. This was a prospective cohort study. Seventeen adult cats with hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglycerides [TG] >160 mg/dl) were enrolled. Cats received a median dose of 5 mg/kg (range 3.2-6) fenofibrate (q24h PO) for 1 month. Serum TG, total cholesterol (TC), creatine kinase and liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) were evaluated before (t0) and after 1 month (t1) of fenofibrate treatment. The causes of secondary hypertriglyceridemia were diabetes mellitus (DM; 29.4%), obesity (29.4%), hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) and DM (11.7%), HAC without DM (5.9%), hypersomatotropism (HST) and DM (5.9%), hypothyroidism (5.9%), long-term treatment with glucocorticoids (5.9%) and chylothorax (5.9%). Serum TG (t0 median 920 mg/dl [range 237-1780]; t1 median 51 mg/dl [range 21-1001]; P = 0.0002) and TC (t0 median 278 mg/dl [range 103-502]; t1 median 156 mg/dl [range 66-244]; P = 0.0001) concentrations showed a significant decrease after 1 month of fenofibrate treatment. Fifteen cats normalized their TG concentration at t1 (88.2%). Of the eight cats that were hypercholesterolemic at t0, six (75%) normalized their TC concentrations at t1. One of 17 cats (5.9 %) presented with diarrhea; the remaining 16 did not show any adverse effects. DM and obesity are the most common endocrine causes of secondary hyperlipidemia, although it can also be found in cats with HAC, HST or hypothyroidism. This study suggests that fenofibrate treatment was associated with reduction and normalization of TG and TC concentrations in cats with moderate and severe hypertriglyceridemia, regardless of the cause of secondary hypertriglyceridemia. Further work should focus on controlled studies with a greater number of cases.

Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzymes Response to Lactate Tolerance Exercise Test

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess alterations in serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels after performing a lactate tolerance exercise test (LTET) in elite male swimmers.METHODS: Fourteen male adolescent swimmers participated in this study. All subjects performed LTET (8×100-meter swimming) with a 1-minute recovery interval between eight trainings. Plasma CK and LDH (markers of muscle damage) levels were measured 30 minute before and 24 hours after the test. A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of data.RESULTS: Plasma CK and LDH levels increased immediately after LTET as compared to the values 30 minutes prior to exercise (188.91±34.04 vs. 148.83±29.63 mg/dL, p=.029; 318.17±53.89 vs. 272.08±52.93 mg/dL, p=.010, respectively). Both CK and LDH levels displayed a decreasing trend 24 hours post-LTET; however, there was no significant difference immediately after the test.CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CK and LDH levels increased following LTET, which is representative of muscle damage.

Interpreting Rheumatology Laboratory Tests

Interpreting Rheumatology Laboratory Tests

Impact of Genetics and Age on Muscle‐type Creatine Kinase

Muscle‐type creatine kinase (CKM) plays an important role in physiology by maintaining ATP concentrations. Cells use phosphocreatine as a means to store high energy phosphate. As ATP is rapidly depleted during events such as muscle contraction, creatine kinase enzymes replenish ATP by transferring the phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP. Additionally, it has been found that CKM has pharmacologically‐relevant activity, as it is involved in the activation of tenofovir (TFV), a nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). TFV is a prodrug that requires phosphorylation by intracellular kinases to produce the pharmacologically active tenofovir diphosphate (TFV‐DP) metabolite. In colon tissue, a site of HIV infection, CKM is responsible for the second phosphorylation reaction, converting TFV‐monophosphate (TFV‐MP) to TFV‐DP. While TFV‐based PrEP has been largely successful, some people on PrEP still become infected with HIV. Due to the importance of CKM in TFV activation, we hypothesize that person‐to‐person differences in CKM activity in colon tissue may impact TFV‐DP formation and thus protection from infection. To this extent, we have used a mix of biochemical and mass spectrometry‐based tools to study the impact of both genetics and age on muscle‐type creatine kinase. Wild‐type (WT) human CKM and 15 naturally‐occurring mutants were recombinantly expressed and purified and the impact of these mutations on the activities of the enzyme were determined using in vitro assays. It was found that ten of these mutations led to reductions in TFV‐MP phosphorylation to less than 25% of that of WT. Additionally, only four of these ten mutations resulted in decreases in both the canonical ADP phosphorylation and ATP dephosphorylation reactions: R130H, R132C, W211R, and N286I. Positions 130, 132, and 286 are implicated by protein crystal structures to be involved in substrate binding and phosphoryl transfer. Further biochemical studies using a thermal shift assay and hydrogen‐deuterium exchange mass spectrometry revealed the W211R mutation reduces enzyme activity by impacting the protein structure in a destabilizing manner. In pursuit of understanding the impact of age on CKM, colon tissue from 12‐ and 85‐week‐old C57BL/6J mice (n=5) were analyzed using nano‐liquid chromatography mass spectrometry proteomics. It was found that the abundance of CKM in colon tissue increased by 20% in the older mice compared to the younger comparison group. Additionally, phosphorylation at serine 372 was found in three 12‐week‐old mice and just one of the 85‐week‐old mice. These data suggest that the abundance and post‐translational modification of CKM in colon tissue may change as a function of age, which could have an effect on TFV activation. Together, these data demonstrate that two factors, age and genetics, may lead to interindividual differences in TFV activation, suggesting a potential role for a more personalized approach to PrEP.

Correlation of platelet indices with the spectrum of acute coronary syndrome and extent of coronary artery disease

Platelets have a major role in acute coronary syndrome and their activation is a hallmark of this. Troponin I, Troponin T and Creatine Kinase enzymes are not enough sensitive at an early stage of acute coronary syndrome. Platelet indices can be detected earlier, inexpensive, widely available and easily recordable in most clinical laboratories, thus could be a better marker in these patients. The primary objective of this study is to determine the correlation between platelet indices and spectrums of acute coronary syndrome or the number of vessels involved. This is a prospective observation study conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital of eastern India over a period of six months where 125 patients were non-randomly selected with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome who underwent coronary angiogram and reports correlated with platelet parameters. A total of 100 patients were finally evaluated. Only platelet large cell ratio and platelet-crit were significantly higher in ST elevated myocardial infarction group compared to the unstable angina group. Across all the spectrums of acute coronary syndrome or extent of coronary artery disease there was a strong positive correlation within platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume and platelet large cell ratio, which was also very significant. Similarly total platelet count had a strong positive and very significant correlation with platelet-crit in the above groups. Increase platelet large cell ratio and platelet-crit seems to be independent risk factors for development of ST elevated myocardial infarct than unstable angina. Thus they could serve as simple but important early biomarkers for predicting development of ST elevated myocardial infarction compared to unstable angina in acute coronary syndrome patients.