Enzymes In Rats Research Articles

Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP’s oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials.Graphical

Effect of Vitamin E on Serum MDA and Antioxidant Enzymes in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Rats

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the major causes of mortality and disability in the world. This study was designed to investigate the role of antioxidants in the treatment of induced TBI in albino rats.
 Methodology: Adult albino rats were induced with TBI by the weight-drop method. Rats were grouped into three groups of eight rats each. Group I served as a traumatized-treated group (TT), Group II served as a non-traumatized, non-treated group (TNT), and group III served as normal control group. The treatment group received 67.5 mg/kg of vitamin E (VE). Treatment started 30 minutes after the trauma and continued for 21 days. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum tissue were assayed to evaluate oxidative stress (OS). 
 Results: The treated group showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT GPx) and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the concentration of MDA compared to the TNT group.
 Conclusion: Conclusively, these promising results suggest that the use of antioxidant VE may be a useful neuroprotective strategy in the treatment of TBI.

Bisphenol analogues inhibit human and rat 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and in silico docking analysis

Bisphenols, estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals, disrupt at least one of three endocrine pathways (estrogen, androgen, and thyroid). 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17β-HSD1) is a steroidogenic enzyme that catalyzes the activation of estradiol from estrone in human placenta and rat ovary. However, whether bisphenols inhibit 17β-HSD1 and the mode of action remains unclear. This study we screened 17 bisphenols for inhibiting human 17β-HSD1 in placental microsomes and rat 17β-HSD1 in ovarian microsomes and determined 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and mode of action. We observed some bisphenols with substituents were found to significantly inhibit both human and rat 17β-HSD1 with the most potent inhibition on human enzyme by bisphenol H (IC50 = 0.90 μM) when compared to bisphenol A (IC50 = 113.38 μM). Rat enzyme was less sensitive to the inhibition of bisphenols than human enzyme with bisphenol H (IC50 = 32.94 μM) for rat enzyme. We observed an inverse correlation between IC50 and hydrophobicity (expressed as Log P). Docking analysis showed that they bound steroid-binding site of 17β-HSD1. The 3D-QSAR models demonstrated that hydrophobic region, hydrophobic aromatic, ring aromatic, and hydrogen bond acceptor are key factors for the inhibition of steroid synthesis activity of 17β-HSD1.

Comparison of the effects of mycophenolate mofetil alone and with testosterone on sperm, sex hormones and antioxidant enzymes in male rats

Background: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant drug which is used to inhibit organ transplant rejection and to treat autoimmune diseases. Theoretically, such medications have spermatotoxic and genotoxic effects. However, evidence on the effects of MMF on fertility is limited and controversial.This study evaluated the effects of MMF and testosterone on sperm, sex hormones and antioxidant enzymes in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice randomly divided into 3 groups: 1- saline serum (control), 2- MMF and 3- MMF along with testosterone by subcutaneous injection, for 65 days. Change in body weight, sperm quality (concentration, motility and morphology), serum level of gonadotropin hormones, and testosterone, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and epididymis were evaluated. Findings: Both MMF treatment groups compared to control showed a decrease in body weight, number and motility of sperm, level of testosterone, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and catalase) and TAC (P<0.05), and increase of gonadotropin hormones and sperm morphology abnormality (P<0.05). The adverse effects on sperm count and epididymis testosterone levels in the Mycophenolatemofetil +testosterone group was less than the Mycophenolate mofetil group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that Mycophenolatemofetil has adverse effects on sperm count, gonadotropins , testosterone and antioxidant pathway enzymes, and the use of testosterone cannot reduce the adverse effects of MMF. The adverse effects of Mycophenolate mofetil may be due to a decrease in the level of antioxidants.

Effect of Moderate-Intense Training and Detraining on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study.

Exercise training positively regulates glucose metabolism. This study investigated the impact of training and detraining on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes. Twenty-six rats completed an initial 4-week moderate-intense training (T0-T4). Then, the animals were randomly assigned to two groups at the end of week 4: AT4: detraining for 8 weeks; AT8: training for 8 weeks and 4-week detraining. Six animals were sacrificed at T0 and T4, four animals/group at T8, and three/group at T12. The study continued for 12 weeks, and all parameters were assessed at T0, T4, T8, and T12. IPGTT significantly improved after 4 weeks of training (p < 0.01) and was further reduced in AT8 at T8. In AT8, 8-week training significantly reduced total cholesterol at T4 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05), LDL at T4, T8, and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), ALP at T8, T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), and increased HDL at T8 and ALT at T8 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05). Triglycerides and hexokinase activity increased significantly at T4 and T8 (p < 0.05) and then decreased at T12 in AT8. Pyruvate and glycogen increased at T12 in AT8 vs. AT4. Eight-week training improved LPL and ATGL expressions. Training positively modulated insulin, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles, but detraining reduced the benefits associated with the initial training.

In vivo inhibitory effect of Panicum maximum root extract on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes of rats

Panicum maximum Jacq, (Poaceae) a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of diseases including diabetes was evaluated for effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes in vivo. The leaf extract (137, 273, and 547 mg/kg) of Panicum maximum were investigated in vivo for inhibitory effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes using starch, sucrose and maltose as substrates. Acarbose was used as reference drug. The leaf extract non dose-dependently caused significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels of treated rats with the various substrates used. The results suggest that the leaf extract of Panicum maximum have the potentials to inhibit alpha amylase and glucosidase in rats.

The effect of resveratrol on live weight, serum biochemistry and tissue antioxidant enzymes in rats

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of resveratrol used in adding it to drinking water. The study was carried out with 24 Wistar albino male 20 days rats for 40 days. The study design was determined as one control and two trial groups (each group with 2 parallels and each parallel with 4 rats). The first group was given a basal ration and drinking water. The second group was given the basal ration and drinking water with 10 mg/kg resveratrol; and the third group was given the basal ration and drinking water 20 mg/kg resveratrol. In serum biochemistry parameters, significant decreases were observed in serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme activity, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein and globulin concentrations and increase in albumin/globulin ratio in groups given resveratrol (p&amp;lt;0.05). Regardless of the dose, an increase in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) from the antioxidant parameters was observed in the liver; In the kidney, an increase was observed in the Res10 group. In addition, a decrease in muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase in muscle and kidney catalase (CAT) activity were observed. A decrease was observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, which is a parameter of lipid peroxidation in the kidney. As a result, it was determined in the present study that resveratrol has antioxidant effects regardless of the way of use, and it was concluded that this additive can be used for various purposes.

Effects of Caraway and (S)-(+)-carvone Extract on the Expression of Genes Coding Key Glycolytic Enzymes in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder causing dysfunctional regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and contributing to multiple serious health challenges worldwide. Aims: This research explores the effect of caraway hydroalcoholic extract and (S)-(+)-carvone on the transcription of genes coding for key glycolytic enzymes in the liver of the diabetic rat treated with streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: In this experimental study, diabetes was established in four groups of rats by injecting 45 mg/kg of STZ intraperitoneally. Further normal rats that were not injected formed the control group. Over four weeks, the effects of caraway hydroalcoholic extract (150 and 250 mg/kg) and carvone (100 mg/kg) were evaluated using PCR and histopathological evaluation, specifically in the form of effects on the transcription process of genes coding key glycolytic enzymes in the liver of the diabetic rats. Results: Over the four-week assessment period, rats’ food intake, and therefore blood glucose levels, were decreased through the daily oral administration of carvone and caraway extract (150 mg/kg) when compared to those administered with further STZ. The expression of key glycolytic enzymes, including glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphofructokinase 1 in the liver of diabetic rats was restored to near-normal levels by carvone and caraway extract, especially at the 150 mg/kg dose. Histopathological evaluation of diabetic rat liver demonstrated that administration of caraway extract and carvone decreased the STZ-induced damage to liver tissue. Conclusion: 150 mg/kg of caraway extract strongly regulates glycolysis by regulating the gene expression of key glycolytic enzymes in diabetic rats.

Comparative effect of ginger (an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb) and aspirin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on liver enzymes in male albino Wistar rats

Background:Herbal therapies mediate similar functions with those of some well-known drugs. Ginger and aspirin are herbal and drug therapies respectively which are used for the treatment of anti-inflammatory conditions. Non-steroidal medicinal drugs especially aspirin and acetaminophen are usually linked to drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, this research seeks to compare the effect of these two therapies on liver function using aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as the biomarkers. The aim of the study was to establish if ginger will offer a better hepatocellular protection considering that the use of aspirin in treating inflammatory disorders is already linked to liver injury.&#x0D; Methods: AST, ALT, ALP, Total, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin were assessed in this study using 18 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three groups (control, ginger and aspirin), six (6) rats per group. The three groups of animals were allowed access to food and water daily throughout the experimental period. Ginger group animals were administered 150 mg/kg dose of aqueous ginger extract while aspirin group of animals also received 150 mg/kg dose of aspirin for four weeks. Control group received normal saline of equal volume with the test groups.&#x0D; Results: AST, ALT, total and conjugated bilirubin was significantly lower in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P&lt;0.05). However, ALP was significantly higher in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P&lt;0.05). Unconjugated bilirubin showed no significant difference among experimental groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Result showed that ginger offered a better hepatocellular protection compared to aspirin group following decrease AST and ALT concentration in the ginger group.

Esculeoside A alleviates reproductive toxicity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats’ s model by activating Nrf2 signaling

This examination studied if Esculeoside A (ESA) alleviates reproductive toxicity in a type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rat model and if activating Nrf2 underlies this protection. T1DM was established by a single injection of STZ. Aged-matched adult control and STZ-DM rats were administered either the vehicle (5% carboxymethyl cellulose) or ESA (100 mg/kg). An additional group [STZ-DM + ESA (100 mg) + brusatol (2 m/kg] was added. All treatments were conducted for 16 weeks. ESA failed to attenuate weight loss, hyperglycemia, and hypoinsulinemia but significantly attenuated the associated dyslipidemia in STZ-DM rats. In parallel, ESA also enhanced total sperm count, motility, survival, reduced head and tail sperm abnormalities, increased circulatory concentrations of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and Luteinizing hormone (LH), and stimulated the testicular expression of several steroidogenic enzymes (StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, 3β-HSD1) in STZ-DM rats. These observations were associated with a higher testicular increase in the transcription, protein levels, and nuclear activities of Nrf2 that coincided with a reduction in the total levels of MDA and keap1 and a significant increase in the total levels of some antioxidants such as HO-1, SOD, and GSH. In concomitance, ESA reduced the testicular mRNA and nuclear concentrations of NF-κB and depressed the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Brusatol prevented all these protective effects of ESA. In conclusion, activation of Nrf2 triggers the protective potential of ESA against reproductive toxicity in STZ-DM rats.

D-Ribose-L-Cysteine Attenuated Polychlorinated Biphenyls Mediated Neuroendocrine-Transmembrane Ionic Pump ATPase Disruption and Peroxynitrite Formation in a Rat Model: A Possible Role of Testicular Antioxidant and Androgenic Enzymes

The very hazardous and persistent aquatic pollutants known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to bioaccumulate in a range of marine mammals. Human and animal studies have shown that exposure to PCBs affects the male reproductive system. This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects of D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC) on PCB-mediated ATPase disruption of the neuroendocrine transmembrane ion pump and peroxynitrite formation in rat models. After the first 15 days of PCB treatment, DRLC (50 mg/kg) was administered orally for 15 days, beginning on day 16 and continuing through day 30. PCB (2 mg/kg) was administered for 30 days. All tests were performed in accordance with accepted procedures. Kisspeptin (kissp), gonadotropin-releasing hormone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were all analyzed in blood on day 31. The testes were also removed and sent for testosterone, testicular antioxidant enzymes (L-C and PrDx-4), androgenic enzymes (3β-HSD and 17β-HSD), sulfhydryl content, and transmembrane ion pump (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and H+ ions) The results of the study showed that Kisspeptin, GnRH, Testosterone, L-C, PrDx-4, 3-HSD, 17-HSD, HOST, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and H+-ATPase levels were significantly increased by DRLC. In addition, DRLC therapy dramatically reduced levels of ONOO-, H2O2, 8-OHdG, ALP, and LDH, while increasing TAOC to restore GSH-Px levels. The results of the present study suggest that DRLC is a potentially effective therapeutic approach to reduce PCB-induced neuroendocrine transmembrane ion pump disruption in an experimental rat model. The primary mechanism underlying this effect may be its antioxidant activities against the formation of peroxynitrite and elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide. HIGHLIGHTS DRLC abates PCBs-induced peroxynitrite stress in rats’ testes DRLC abates PCBs-induced sulphydryl depletion in rats’ testes DRLC ameliorated PCB-induced alteration in testicular ionic ATPase pumps DRLC enhances testicular antioxidant enzymes in rats treated with PCBs DRLC reversed PCB-induced decreased spermatogenesis in rats’ testes GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evaluation of the impact of vindoline, an active components of Catharanthus roseus, on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by using a cocktail of probe drugs.

The objection of this study was to investigate the effects of vindoline(VDL) on the cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) isoforms (CYP1A2, 2B, 2C11, 2D1 and 3A) in rats. Firstly, the rats were randomly divided into VDL pretreatment group and blank group, each group had six rats. VDL pretreatment group was administrated VDL (20 mg·kg-1) by oral gavage for fifteen days consecutively, and the equivalent CMC-Na solution without VDL was given to the blank group by gavage. Secondly, a cocktail of caffeine, bupropion, diclofenac, dextromethorphan and midazolam was then administered on the sixteenth day. Finally, blood samples were collected at the specified time point, and the plasma concentration of the probe drug was determined by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The effects of VDL on the activity of these CYP enzymes in rats were evaluated by pharmacokinetic parameters. VDL pretreatment group compared with the blank group, accelerated the metabolism of diclofenac, and weakened the metabolism of caffeine. These results suggested that VDL could induce the activity of CYP2C11, and inhibits the activity of CYP1A2, but had no significant effects on CYP2B, CYP2D1 and CYP3A. The results in this study can provide beneficial information for the later clinical application of VDL.

SkQ1 Improves Immune Status and Normalizes Activity of NADPH-Generating and Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats with Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a severe systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease. Oxidative stress and excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondria are considered as the central pathogenetic mechanisms of connective tissue destruction and factors responsible for a highly active inflammatory process and autoimmune response. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10-(6'-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) on the immune status, intensity of free radical-induced oxidation, and functioning of the antioxidant system (AOS) and NADPH-generating enzymes in rats with the adjuvant-induced RA. Laboratory animals were divided into 4 groups: control group; animals with RA; animals injected intraperitoneally with SkQ1 at the doses of 1250 and 625 nmol/kg, respectively, every 24 h for 8 days starting from day 7 of RA development. Tissue samples for analysis were collected on day 15 of the experiment. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the content of circulating immune complexes, and the concentration of class A, M, and G immunoglobulins were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The intensity of free radical-induced oxidation was evaluated based on the assessment of the iron-induced biochemiluminescence, diene conjugate content, and activity of aconitate hydratase. Enzymatic activity and metabolite content in the tissue samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically. It was shown that the development of RA was associated with an increase in the manifestation of immune response markers and intensity of free radical-induced oxidation, as well as with disruption of the AOS functioning and activation of NADPH-generating enzymes. SkQ1 administration resulted in a dose-dependent changes in the oxidative status indicators towards the control values and normalization of the immune status parameters. SkQ1 decreased the level of mitochondrial ROS, resulting in the suppression of the inflammatory response, which might cause inhibition of free radical generation by immunocompetent cells and subsequent mitigation of the oxidative stress severity in the tissues.

Effects of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum on the Liver Enzymes of Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Aim: To determine the effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum on the liver enzymes of albino rats.&#x0D; Study Design: Experimental study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: CNed Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Nsukka, Nigeria, between September – October, 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Adult Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 100-160g were obtained from an animal house of the Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria. The experimental animals were acclimatized for one week and fed with standard laboratory diet (finishers feed) and water ad libitum. The plant materials (Garlic and Ginger were extracted using the Soxhlet method. The rats were divided into seven groups of three rats each and were given different treatments. At the end of every stage of the experiment, all animals were fasted for 12 hours and thereafter sacrificed after mild anesthesia with chloroform. Blood samples (5 ml) were collected from the eye of each rat weekly and analyzed for liver enzymes, using spectrophotometric methods. Data generated were analyzed using Social Sciences (SPSS) of IBM Corporation, Armonk, USA) version 21. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the experimental groups with Duncan multiple range tests used in partitioning the mean while the student t-test was used to compare the duration. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM and values with P&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant as described by Duncan, (1955).&#x0D; Results: From the results of the acute toxicological screening, the oral LD50 was calculated and found to be: 1414 mg/kg for ginger extract 3162 mg/kg for garlic and ginger extract and &gt;5000 mg/kg for garlic extract. Results for ALP showed a mean of 37.90 ± 3.48 μ/L and 55.97 ± 0.61 μ/L for ginger (100mg/kg) week 1 and 2 respectively, and there was a significant increase in ALP (p=0.034). Values for ALT showed significant increases (0.043) for ginger (200mg/kg) and garlic and ginger (both 100 and 50 mg/kg). All combinations of plants and concentrations were significant for AST, while only ginger at 100mg/kg showed significant difference when values for week 1 and 2 were compared for GGT.&#x0D; Conclusion: This suggests that garlic extract exerts an acute effect in rats, contrary to ginger extract which exerts a chronic effect (that is to say, effect becomes more prominent with increase in duration of consumption).

Extraction Efficiency and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Green Tea Catechins by Different Infusion Methods.

Alpha-glucosidase is an important target for glycemic control with the aim of reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Green tea catechins have been reported to inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity as a potential beverage to control blood glucose levels. However, the effects of the daily infusion style of green tea on tea catechins and their activity remain unclear. In this study, the extraction efficiency of catechins was investigated for 12 green tea extracts (GTEs) infused with 70% ethanol (70% EtOH for 24 h, a favored solvent for catechin extraction), room temperature water infusion (RT H2O for 24 h, an easy way to drink tea), and hot water infusion (Hot H2O for 90 s, a standard way to drink tea). Eight catechins were quantified by HPLC, and the inhibitory effect of GTEs and their catechins on alpha-glucosidase was measured with both rat intestinal enzymes and human Caco-2 cells. The inhibitory mechanism was further analyzed in silico by docking catechins to human alpha-glucosidase using Molecular Operating Environment software. The results showed that total catechins and gallate catechins were efficiently extracted in the order of 70% EtOH, RT H2O, and Hot H2O, and the inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase also followed a similar order. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of GTEs was significantly positively correlated with the contents of total catechins, especially gallate catechins. Gallate catechins, such as EGCg and ECg, showed lower IC50 values than free catechins for the enzyme in both rats and humans. In silico simulation revealed that gallate catechins were bound to the different sites with free catechins, and the docking energy of gallate catechins was lower than that of free catechins. Taken together, our data indicated that the daily infusion style of green tea significantly impacted the extraction efficiency and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of catechins, which will give us insight into the use of green tea catechins for glycemic control through efficient infusion.

Short-term Effects of Garlic-Based Diets on mRNA Expression of Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme, and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Cyclosporine-Induced Prehypertensive Rats

The short-term effects of garlic, Allium sativum L., on the mRNA expression of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in cyclosporine-induced prehypertensive rats were investigated in this work. Seven (7) groups of animals totaling n=7 were created. Prehypertensive (induced with 25mg/kg cyclosporine) and normal rats were given 10% and 20% diets based on garlic for 7 days. Alteration of Na+ and K+ levels, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and ACE, AGT &amp; ANP mRNA expressions were all associated with cyclosporin-induced prehypertension. In rats placed on garlic-based diets, these effects were reversed.

Study of the Effect of Oil Extract of Dill (Anethumgraveolens L.) Plant on Oxidative Stress Parameters of Liver Enzymes in Male Rats

This the study carried out inextracting of Anethum graveolensL. (dill) volatile oils belong to umbelliferae family and determent percentage of the oils, phytochemical screen were performed A. graveolens volatile oils extract and displayed positive results for Saponin, Cumarins, Phenol, Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid while Tannins negative results. and determent their impact oxidative stress Malonaldehyde and Lipid peroxidation level, the animal were divide in to five groups, each of which include three animals, the first groups was control groups, the second groups was injection with A. graveolensL. oils extract at a concentration of 25%mg/kg body weight (B.W), the third groups was injected with concentration of 50 mg/kg (B.W), the fourth groups was injected with concentration of 100 mg/kg (B.W) and five groups was injected with concentration of 200 mg/kg (B.W), was injected 7 days and 14 days and blood bled 30 days, the criteria foe stress (MDA and LPO) were defined to establish the effective duration and concentration, indicate the results the groups (G2, G3, G4 and G5) of male rats displayed significantly decline in MDA level (1.96, 2.52, 1.34 and 1.00μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.47μmol/L at the 7th day, G2, G3, G4, and G5 showed a considerable drop by day 14, however. (2.38, 1.93, 1.62 and 1.06μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.46μmol/L. While resultsLPO levels declined significantly in male rat groups (G2, G3, G4, and G5) (17.14, 13.4, 11.53 and 9.35μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 22.01μmol/L at the 7th day, while at the 14th day (G2,G3,G4 and G5) showed significantly decrease (25.05, 20.94, 18.73, 10.65 and 11.85μmol/L) respectively compared with control 25.05μmol/L. aim from this research is known protective role and antioxidant for dill volatile oil extract.

Bisphenol A Analogues Inhibit Human and Rat 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Depending on Its Lipophilicity.

Bisphenol A (BPA) analogues substituted on the benzene ring are widely used in a variety of industrial and consumer materials. However, their effects on the glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) remain unclear. The inhibitory effects of 6 BPA analogues on the inhibition of human and rat 11β-HSD1 were investigated. The potencies of inhibition on human 11β-HSD1 were bisphenol H (IC50, 0.75 µM) > bisphenol G (IC50, 5.06 µM) > diallyl bisphenol A (IC50, 13.36 µM) > dimethyl bisphenol A (IC50, 30.18 µM) > bisphenol A dimethyl ether (IC50, 33.08 µM) > tetramethyl bisphenol A (>100 µM). The inhibitory strength of these chemicals on rat 11β-HSD1 was much weaker than that on the human enzyme, ranging from 74.22 to 205.7 µM. All BPA analogues are mixed/competitive inhibitors of both human and rat enzymes. Molecular docking studies predict that bisphenol H and bisphenol G both bind to the active site of human 11β-HSD1, forming a hydrogen bond with catalytic residue Ser170. The bivariate correlation of IC50 values with LogP (lipophilicity), molecular weight, heavy atoms, and molecular volume revealed a significant inverse regression and the correlation of IC50 values with ΔG (low binding energy) revealed a positive regression. In conclusion, the lipophilicity, molecular weight, heavy atoms, molecular volume, and binding affinity of a BPA analogue determine the inhibitory strength of human and rat 11β-HSD isoforms.

Investigating the Levels of Liver Lipogenic and Lipolytic Enzymes in Rat with High-Fat Diet and Sucrose Solution Underwent Progressive Resistance Training

Objective: Consuming too much fat or carbohydrates stimulates lipogenesis and excess fat is stored in non-fat tissues, including the liver, and manifests as obesity and fatty liver disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of progressive resistance training (PRT) on the liver levels of some enzymes affecting lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and sucrose solution.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male wistar rats with 5 weeks of age were randomly divided into two groups: standard diet (SD) (n=8) and high-fat diet and sucrose solution (HFDS) (n=16). Twelve weeks later, HFDS group was divided into two groups: sedentary (HS) and PRT (HPRT). The PRT program was implemented 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Gene expression of AMPKα1, SCD-1, ATGL and FASN enzymes affecting lipid metabolism in liver tissue and its fat content were investigated.&#x0D; Results: HFDS significantly increased the body weight (P: 0.001) and significantly decreased the liver expression of ATGL and FASN (P: 0.001, P: 0.011). Eight weeks of PRT did not show a significant difference in the expression of AMPKα1, SCD-1, ATGL and FASN genes. Rats fed HFDS had considerably higher levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in their liver tissue (P: 0.004, P: 0.001) and PRT did not affect them (P: 0.959, P: 0.809 respectively).&#x0D; Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of PRT will not change liver lipid metabolism enzymes. Therefore, modifying the diet and changing it, will probably show different results after PRT.

Ameliorating effects of Astragalus maximus methanolic extract on inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Recent studies have reported that Astragalus spp. can display various biological effects, e.g., anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Here we decided to assess the ameliorating effects of Astragalus maximus methanolic extract (AMME) on inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The dried aerial parts were extracted by maceration technique with 70% methanol. Diabetes was induced in rats via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg. Diabetic rats orally received AMME at 75-30 mg/kg for 28 days. The serum levels of glucose, insulin, liver enzymes, bilirubin, creatinine (Cr), urea (Ur), triglyceride, and cholesterol, as well as the tissue levels of oxidant/antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by the diagnostic kits. The level of α-amylase inhibition by AMME was also determined. Results: AMME (150 and 300 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced (P&lt;0.001) the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, Cr, Ur, liver enzymes, and oxidative enzymes in diabetic rats. The tissue levels of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats treated with AMME (150 and 300 mg/kg) were significantly increased (P&lt;0.01). Treatment of diabetic rats with either 150 or 300 mg/kg AMME for 28 days significantly reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the pancreas. AMME inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 18.1 μg/mL. Conclusion: This study showed that the oral administration of AMME in diabetic rats displayed a potent anti-diabetic activity through increasing insulin release and ameliorating effects on inflammation and oxidative stress; however, more investigations are desired to determine the action mechanism of the extract.