Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit Research Articles

Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Patients with Systemic and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a multifactorial etiology in which genetic and environmental factors interplay. An exclusively cutaneous condition has been described and defined as cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). In Italy, a nationwide blood donor survey found an overall HEV prevalence of 8.7%, with an interregional variation from 2.2% to 22.8%. In this study, we aimed to estimate HEV seroprevalence in a cohort of patients affected by SLE and CLE attending the Lupus Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome. Serum samples were tested for anti-HEV immunoglobulin Ig G and M antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Statistical analysis was performed. In total, 138 patients were enrolled, 92 (67%) affected by SLE and 46 by CLE. The prevalence of HEV infection was 23.9% in the CLE group and 7.6% in the SLE group. The anti-HEV+ prevalence was significantly more frequent in CLE. Some mechanisms may be linked to increased susceptibility to HEV such as a molecular mimicry associated with the CLE condition or with the skin compartment/skin self-antigens, as well as the involvement of the genetic background. Regarding the possible risk factors, no association was found, although, of note, the odds of HEV+ relative to contact with animals and to eating raw seafood were strongly higher than the unit in the CLE group.

Clinical study on the utility of allergy tests to detect IgE-mediated anaphylaxis after diclofenac etalhyaluronate administration.

This study was conducted to investigate factors involved in anaphylaxis related to diclofenac etalhyaluronate (DEH) [product name: Joyclu® (JCL)] (containing DEH and macrogol 400), which is used to treat patients with osteoarthritis. Patients with osteoarthritis were divided into two groups that had (experienced patients) or had not experienced anaphylactic symptoms after JCL administration (non-experienced patients). Five tests performed to assess factors related to anaphylaxis consisted of a skin prick test (SPT) as the primary endpoint and the other tests including basophil activation test, allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) tests using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunochromatographic kits, and genetic study were secondary endpoints. The SPT showed 4 (wheal)/7 (erythema) of 15 experienced patients and 0/3 of 19 non-experienced patients were positive for any of the test reagents containing DEH. The basophil activation test showed two experienced patients were positive for test reagents containing DEH. DEH- and diclofenac-sIgE were detected in 3 and 1 of 12 experienced patients, respectively. No clear results were shown in the other tests. DEH may be the main factor involved in the development of anaphylaxis. The SPT was more sensitive than the basophil activation and allergen-sIgE tests for identifying factors associated with anaphylaxis.

Seropositivity of hepatitis A and E viruses in patients attending a tertiary care center in central India

Objectives: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are significant global health concerns that contribute to acute viral hepatitis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HAV, HEV, and co-infections in a tertiary care hospital setting in central India. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 987 clinical specimens collected from suspected acute viral hepatitis cases over 5 years (2019–2023). Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect HAV and HEV immunoglobulin M antibodies. Statistical analysis: Demographic data and clinical information were collected and analyzed using Chi-square tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, indicating a significant association between the variables under investigation. Results: Overall, 32.72% of patients were seropositive for either HAV, HEV, or both. The prevalence of HAV was 22.9%, HEV was 9.83%, and co-infection was 3.24%. HAV infection was more prevalent in children (0–14 years), whereas HEV was more prevalent in adults. Both HAV and HEV infections were associated with elevated liver function markers, with the highest levels observed in co-infected cases. The monsoon season had the highest number of cases. Conclusions: This study revealed a substantial burden of HAV, HEV, and co-infections in central India. The observed sex—and age-specific prevalence patterns warrant further investigation. Effective public health strategies addressing sanitation, hygiene practices, and HAV vaccination programs are crucial to reducing the disease burden.

Association Between Elevated Serum Histidine Decarboxylase and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels and High Risk in tic Disorder Children

Background: Children with tic disorder (TD) have been reported to exhibit abnormal levels of certain peripheral proteins, but none of these abnormalities have been established as biomarkers for diagnosis. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in children with TD, assess their relationship with TD development, and provide reliable biomarkers for prediction and risk management in clinical settings. Methods: In the present study, serum HDC and TNF-α levels from 118 no-comorbid and medication-naive TD patients and 111 age-matched healthy controls were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Tic severity was assessed using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between serum HDC and TNF-α levels and TD development. Results: An increase in serum HDC and TNF-α levels was observed in TD patients compared with controls. Further analysis revealed a significant association between elevated HDC and TNF-α levels and TD development, with a significant ROC curve for HDC and TNF-α as potential risk factors. Conclusions: This study identified a high prevalence of elevated serum HDC and TNF-α levels in children with TDs and provides evidence that elevated blood HDC and TNF-α may be potential risk factors for TD development.

Near-infrared-driven dual-photoelectrode photoelectrochemical sensing for fumonisin B1: Integrating a photon up-conversion bio-photocathode with an enhanced light-capturing photoanode

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most prevalent and highly toxic mycotoxin within the fumonisins family, poses threats to humans, especially in children and infants, even at trace levels. Therefore, it is essential to design an easy and sensitive detection strategy. Herein, a brand-new dual-photoelectrode photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for FB1 detection under near-infrared irradiation was unveiled. This platform integrated a photon up-conversion bio-photocathode substrate (UCNPs/Au/CuInS2, UCNPs: NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+, Nd3+) and used a SnO2/SnS2@Bi/Bi2S3 heterojunction photoanode to greatly enhance light capture. Additionally, ZnO coated with polydopamine (ZnO@PDA) was utilized as a signal inhibitor. The restoration of photocurrent occurred due to the strong binding affinity between FB1 and its aptamer (FB1-Apt), facilitating the dissociation of FB1-Apt/ZnO@PDA from the photoelectrode. The PEC sensing performance and the electron transfer process were thoroughly examined. The developed “signal-restoration” PEC aptasensor exhibited a wider dynamic linear range from 1.0 × 10−3 to 1.0 × 102 ng/mL, with a lower limit of detection (0.13 pg/mL). It has demonstrated excellent practical detection performance in unspiked real samples, such as corn paste, with the FB1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit serving as a reference, indicating its potential for routine analysis of other mycotoxins. Thus, this research establishes a feasible dual-photoelectrode PEC framework for the effective detection of mycotoxins and other hazardous substances.

Detection of human strongyloidiasis among patients with a high risk of complications attending selected tertiary care hospitals in Colombo, Sri Lanka using molecular and serological diagnostic tools

BackgroundStrongyloidiasis a neglected tropical disease is known to cause severe disease among immunosuppressed and has not been studied extensively in Sri Lanka. Parasitological diagnostic approaches based on faecal microscopy and culture often fail to detect low-intensity infections. This study investigates the presence of strongyloidiasis among selected immunocompromised individuals using parasitological, molecular and serological techniques.MethodsAdult patients with immunocompromising conditions admitted to three tertiary care hospitals in Sri Lanka were recruited. A faecal sample and 2 ml of venous blood were collected. The faecal samples were subjected to direct faecal smear and cultures (agar plate, charcoal and Harada-Mori) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species specific primers designed for Strongyloides stercoralis. The presence of Strongyloides IgG antibodies was tested in the collected serum samples using DRG Strongyloides IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The PCR products of the positive samples were sequenced using Sanger sequencing method.ResultsA total of 260 patients were recruited to this study, out of which 160 provided faecal samples and 122 provided blood samples. Out of the 160 faecal samples, none were positive for strongyloidiasis by direct smear, charcoal and Harada-Mori cultures. Only one sample (0.6%) was positive by agar plate culture. Out of the 123 samples subjected to PCR, 14 (11.4%), including the culture positive patient, were positive for S. stercoralis. Sequencing results of the PCR products indicated 100% similarity to S. stercoralis. Out of the 122 serum samples subjected to ELISA, 20 (16.4%), including the culture positive patient, were positive for Strongyloides IgG antibodies. However, sociodemographic, exposure factors, clinical features were not significantly associated with the presence of strongyloidiasis infection.ConclusionsStrongyloidiasis is present among the immunocompromised population in Sri Lanka, even in the absence of a significant relationship with associated factors. It is advisable to screen such patients with highly sensitive tests such as PCR for early diagnosis and treatment.Graphical

Elevated serum IL-17 A and CCL20 levels as potential biomarkers in major psychotic disorders: a case-control study

BackgroundMajor psychotic disorders (MPD), including schizophrenia (SCZ) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD), are severe neuropsychiatric conditions with unclear causes. Understanding their pathophysiology is essential for better diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Recent research highlights the role of inflammation and the immune system, particularly the Interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, in these disorders. Elevated IL-17 levels have been found in MPD, and human IL-17 A antibodies are available. Changes in chemokine levels, such as CCL20, are also noted in SCZ. This study investigates the relationship between serum levels of IL-17 A and CCL20 in MPD patients and their clinical characteristics.MethodWe conducted a case-control study at the Ibn Sina Psychiatric Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) in 2023. The study involved 101 participants, of which 71 were MPD patients and 30 were healthy controls (HC). The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) was utilized to assess the symptoms of MPD patients. Serum levels of CCL20 and IL-17 A were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. We also gathered data on lipid profiles and Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS).ResultsThe mean age of patients was 41.04 ± 9.93 years. The median serum levels of CCL20 and IL-17 A were significantly elevated in MPD patients compared to HC (5.8 (4.1–15.3) pg/mL and 4.2 (3–5) pg/mL, respectively; p < 0.001). Furthermore, CCL20 and IL-17 A levels showed a positive correlation with the severity of MPD. MPD patients also had significantly higher FBS, cholesterol, and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and lower High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels compared to HC. No significant relationship was found between PANSS components and blood levels of IL17 and CCL20.ConclusionThe current study revealed that the serum levels of IL-17 A and CCL20 in schizophrenia patients are higher than those in the control group. Metabolic factors such as FBS, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL also showed significant differences between MPD and HC. In conclusion, the findings suggest that these two inflammatory factors could serve as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for schizophrenia.

Association of serum and salivary dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) with oral cancerous and precancerous lesions; an observational diagnostic accuracy study

BackgroundEnhancing the prognosis and treatment outcomes of oral cancer relies heavily on its early detection. This study aims to establish a connection between serum and salivary dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) levels and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), comparing them with oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) and control subjects and validating salivary DPP-4 as a diagnostic marker for the early detection of oral cancer.MethodologyForty-five systemically healthy individuals were categorized into three groups: Group I consisted of 15 patients diagnosed with OSCC, Group II comprised 15 patients with OPMLs (including leukoplakia and oral lichen planus), and Group III included 15 participants without any oral mucosal lesions. Serum and whole unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all participants to assess DPP-4 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of DPP-4.ResultsBoth serum and salivary DPP-4 levels were highest in the healthy group, followed by OPMLs, and lowest in the OSCC group, with statistically significant differences observed. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy of salivary DPP-4 in distinguishing OSCC from healthy individuals, OPMLs from healthy individuals, and OSCC from OPMLs, with accuracies of 100%, 100%, and 96.67%, respectively. Salivary DPP-4 levels also exhibited a statistically significant correlation with OSCC grades.ConclusionsDPP-4 appears to play a protective, anti-oncogenic role in maintaining oral tissue health. The remarkable diagnostic accuracy of both serum and salivary DPP-4 in discriminating between OSCC, OPMLs, and healthy controls suggests its potential utility as a well-established marker for early oral cancer diagnosis. Salivary DPP-4, being non-invasive, could serve as a convenient chair-side diagnostic tool for the early detection of OSCC.Clinical trial registrationThe study was retrospectively registered on clinicaltrial.gov with NCT06087042, date of registration (first posted date): 17/10/2023

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Lassa virus infection in South-West and North-Central Nigeria: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Understanding the level of exposure to Lassa virus (LASV) in at-risk communities allows for the administration of effective preventive interventions to mitigate epidemics of Lassa fever. We assessed the seroprevalence of LASV antibodies in rural and semiurban communities of two cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria with poorly understood Lassa epidemiology. A cross-sectional study was conducted in ten communities located in the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Abuja, and Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos, from February 2nd to July 5th, 2022. Serum samples collected from participants were analyzed for IgG and IgM antibodies using a ReLASV® Pan-Lassa NP IgG/IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A questionnaire administered to participants collected self-reported sociodemographic and LASV exposure information. Seroprevalence of LASV IgG/IgM was estimated overall, and by study site. Univariate and multivariate log-binomial models estimated unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for site-specific risk factors for LASV seropositivity. Grouped Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was used for variable selection for multivariate analysis. A total of 628 participants with serum samples were included in the study. Most participants were female (434, 69%), married (459, 73%), and had a median age of 38 years (interquartile range 28-50). The overall seroprevalence was 27% (171/628), with a prevalence of 33% (126/376) in Abuja and 18% (45/252) in Lagos. Based on site-specific grouped LASSO selection, enrollment in the dry season (vs. wet; aPR, 95% CI: 1.73, 1.33-2.24), reported inconsistent washing of fruits and vegetables (aPR, 95% CI: 1.45, 1.10-1.92), and a positive malaria rapid test (aPR, 95% CI: 1.48, 1.09-2.00) were independently associated with LASV seropositivity in Abuja, whereas, only a self-reported history of rhinorrhea (PR, 95% CI: 2.21, 1.31-3.72) was independently associated with Lassa seropositivity in Lagos. The LASV seroprevalence was comparable to that in other areas in Nigeria. Our findings corroborate those from other studies on the importance of limiting human exposure to rodents and focusing on behavioral factors such as poor hygiene practices to reduce exposure to LASV.

Unveiling the Interplay: Antioxidant Enzyme Polymorphisms and Oxidative Stress in Preterm Neonatal Renal and Hepatic Functions.

To explore the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) alongside notable liver function disturbances in preterm neonates. Given the immaturity of kidneys and incomplete liver development in preterm neonates, oxidative stress poses a considerable threat to their renal and hepatic health. To find out the association between various oxidative stress biomarkers and polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes with renal and live functions. In this cross-sectional study, we gathered umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood samples for assessing oxidative stress biomarkers and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant enzymes. Utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, we quantified these oxidative stress biomarkers. Receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis was employed to ascertain the predictive capacity of these biomarkers, denoted by the area-under-the-curve (AUC). Our findings revealed that umbilical cord heat-shock proteins emerged as robust predictors of neonatal AKI (AUC: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.8-1) with a defined cut-off concentration of 1.8 ng/mL. Likewise, umbilical cord 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine demonstrated significant predictability for liver function alterations (AUC: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9) at a cut-off concentration of 2487.6 pg/mL. We observed significant associations between SNPs in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and catalase with both AKI and impaired liver functions. Prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings, with a particular focus on exploring potential antioxidant interventions aimed at mitigating AKI and liver function abnormalities.

Bullous Pemphigoid Severity and Levels of Antibodies to BP180 and BP230

The correlation between serum levels of autoantibodies against bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigens 180 (BP180) and 230 (BP230) with BP disease severity is unclear. To investigate the correlation of anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels with BP disease severity. A search was performed of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and PubMed databases from their respective inception to April 11, 2024. Studies evaluating the correlation between serum levels of anti-BP180 or anti-BP230 IgG measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and disease severity assessed per the Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS) or BP Disease Area Index (BPDAI) were included. No language or geographic restrictions were imposed. Nearly 0.4% of initially identified studies met the selection criteria. One researcher extracted data and another researcher confirmed data. The risk of bias was independently assessed by these researchers using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool, with discrepancies resolved by discussion with a third researcher. A random-effects model meta-analysis and a subgroup analysis were conducted based on the ELISA kit manufacturers. Pooled correlation coefficients of antibody levels with ABSIS and BPDAI. In all, 14 studies with 1226 participants were analyzed. The risk of bias of included studies was generally low. The meta-analysis found anti-BP180 autoantibody levels showed moderate correlation with objective BPDAI (r = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.46-0.64) at baseline, strong correlation (r = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.39-0.79) at 3-month follow-up, and moderate correlation (r = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.25-0.72) at 6-month follow-up. Anti-BP180 autoantibody levels also showed moderate correlation (r = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39-0.62) with ABSIS at baseline, strong correlation (r = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.79) at 3-month follow-up, and moderate correlation (r = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.25-0.72) at 6-month follow-up. By contrast, anti-BP230 autoantibody levels showed no association with objective BPDAI and ABSIS at diagnosis and follow-up. The subgroup analysis found similar results when using different ELISA kits. The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that anti-BP180 autoantibody levels may serve as an adjunctive tool for monitoring BP disease severity and guiding clinical care for patients with BP.

The Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Serotonin in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Background Mood disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) involve complex interactions between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin. While extensive research has explored these factors individually, their combined effects and interactions in these disorders are less understood. This study uniquely addresses this gap by examining how BDNF and serotonin interact and relate to mood disorder severity, providing new insights into their joint role in MDD and BD. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between serum BDNF and plasma serotonin levels and to assess how these correlations relate to the severity of symptoms and overall disease severity in MDD and BD. Methodology This cross-sectional study, conducted at the Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, from January to September 2023, examined the correlation between BDNF and serotonin in individuals with MDD and BD. Participants (n = 63) aged 18-65 were recruited based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria, excluding those with neurological disorders, substance abuse, or severe medical illness. A control group of 21 healthy individuals was matched by age and gender. Data collection involved demographic details, clinical history, and comorbid diagnoses assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Mood disorder severity was measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) for MDD and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) for BD, along with additional assessments (Beck Depression Inventory, Global Assessment of Functioning). Serum BDNF and serotonin levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Pearson correlations, and subgroup analyses to assess relationships between biomarkers, mood disorder severity, and influencing factors. Results BDNF levels were found to be 20.1 ± 5.3 ng/mL in MDD, 18.5 ± 4.7 ng/mL in BD, and 25.9 ± 6.2 ng/mL in controls. Serotonin levels were 45.8 ± 12.6 ng/mL in MDD, 43.2 ± 11.4 ng/mL in BD, and 52.1 ± 14.3 ng/mL in controls. In the MDD group, significant negative correlations were observed between BDNF levels and mood disorder severity (r = -0.32, p = 0.045), whereas serotonin levels did not show significant correlations (r = -0.21, p = 0.23). In the BD group, BDNF levels also showed a significant negative correlation with manic symptoms (r = -0.28, p = 0.048), but serotonin levels showed no significant correlation. Subgroup analyses revealed that participants under 40 years had higher BDNF levels (22.8 ± 5.6 ng/mL) compared to those aged 40 and above (19.7 ± 4.3 ng/mL). Females showed higher BDNF levels (24.5 ± 6.3 ng/mL) than males (19.3 ± 3.8 ng/mL). Participants not on medication had higher BDNF levels (23.6 ± 5.1 ng/mL) compared to those on medication (17.9 ± 4.2 ng/mL). Those without comorbidities also had higher BDNF levels (23.8 ± 5.9 ng/mL) than those with comorbidities (18.2 ± 4.5 ng/mL), while serotonin levels varied similarly across these subgroups. Conclusion Lower BDNF levels are associated with mood disorders and symptom severity, indicating their potential as a biomarker.

BPIFA1 alleviates allergic rhinitis by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and Treg/Th17 balance.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic condition characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Bacterial permeability-increasing family member A1 (BPIFA1) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties; however, its impact on AR remains unclear. Aim of this study is to investigate the expression and function of BPIFA1 in AR and its influence on inflammation and immune regulation in a mouse model of AR induced by ovalbumin (OVA). The expression of BPIFA1 was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Morphological assessments of nasal mucosal tissues were conducted. Levels of inflammatory mediators in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and serum were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Protein expressions of BPIFA1, phosphorylated and total p65 (p-p65/p65), and IκBα were evaluated through Western blot analysis. The total cell counts, including epithelial cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in NALF, were determined using a hemocytometer. A mouse model of AR was established by OVA management. BPIFA1 expression was found to be reduced in the nasal mucosa tissues of patients with AR, suggesting a potential role in the disease's progression. We successfully developed a mouse model of AR, where BPIFA1 was similarly downregulated, indicating its possible involvement in modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Overexpression of BPIFA1 in this model attenuated inflammation and allergic responses by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Additionally, overexpression of BPIFA1 promoted the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) and inhibited the differentiation of T helper 17 cells (Th17) in the NALF of AR mice, further demonstrating its regulatory impact on immune responses. The study confirmed that BPIFA1 upregulation reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and modulated antigen-specific immunoglobulin levels and histamine in serum. BPIFA1 mitigated both inflammatory and allergic responses in AR mice induced by OVA through the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the balance between regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 cells (Th17). These findings suggest that BPIFA1 could serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for AR, offering potential for the development of targeted treatments to improve patient outcomes.

Detection of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtypes A and B in Moroccan Broiler Farms

Background: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a widespread infectious respiratory pathogen affecting turkeys and chickens, with co-predominance of the subtypes A and B. Objectives: There is no official reports in Morocco about the subtypes of aMPV circulating. Hence, using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) subtypes-specific A and B, we aimed at detecting and identifying the potential subtype(s) circulating. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study on three broiler flocks that were strictly not vaccinated against aMPV and were located in two different geographical regions. We studied two flocks that expressed typical swollen head syndrome (SHS) and sampled them once. Furthermore, we sampled dead birds of one flock confirmed seropositive from a previous study. A total of 118 swabs pooled in 24 samples were subjected to RNA extraction and amplified using a triplex RT-PCR for specific detection of aMPV subtypes A and B. Additionally, serum samples were taken at slaughtering age to cross-check the molecular results. A total of 84 sera were analyzed with a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to detect and titer antibodies against the two subtypes. Results: Avian metapneumovirus was detected by qRT-PCR in all flocks. About 87.50% of the samples were positive for aMPV-B, and 16.67% for aMPV-A and aMPV-B simultaneously. All flocks showed seropositivity, confirming the molecular findings. Conclusion: The present investigation is the first molecular study in Morocco to elucidate the circulation of aMPV-A and aMPV-B in broiler farms in Morocco with a dominance of aMPV-B and the possibility of co-presence of both subtypes.

“Is it time to initiate scrub typhus surveillance in Karnataka?”—Lessons from a seroprevalence survey in a rural district

ABSTRACT Background: Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a commonly occurring, but underdiagnosed rickettsial infection in India. Considering the high incidence of scrub typhus among patients with acute febrile illness in the hospital setting and the paucity of community seroprevalence studies, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of scrub typhus in the community in the Bengaluru Rural District. Methods: A pilot cross-sectional survey was conducted between October and December 2022 among eligible asymptomatic adults from five randomly selected villages of the Bangalore Rural District after obtaining written informed consent. Serum immunoglobin M (IgM) and immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies were tested using the respective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits from InBios International Inc, Seattle, USA. Seroprevalence was defined as positivity to either IgG or IgM antibodies or both. Results: The study reported a seroprevalence of 8.9% (95% CI 4.8%–14.7%) among 146 asymptomatic adults. The IgG and IgM antibodies were positive in 7.5% and 2.1% of participants, respectively. Conclusions: A community seroprevalence of 8.9% warrants further epidemiological surveys and surveillance in the context of climate change, variable clinical presentations of scrub typhus, and the possible need to include this disease in the clinical practice algorithm in the primary care setting. We recommend study designs with “One Health” lens to monitor the trend of this re-emerging public health problem.

The Relationship between Vascular Biomarkers (Serum Endocan and Endothelin-1), NT-proBNP, and Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease, IgA Nephropathy: A Cross-Sectional Study

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the strongest vasoconstrictor materials in the blood. The N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is associated with renal function and poor outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serum endocan is a biomarker associated with proinflammatory cytokines, and the increase in the serum level plays a critical role in inflammatory, proliferative, and neovascularization processes and is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD too. Identifying high-risk patients using biomarkers could help to optimize their treatment. Ninety patients with biopsy-confirmed IgAN were included in the study (50 males/40 females, mean age: 54.9 ± 14.4 years). Serum endocan, ET-1, and NT-proBNP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Echocardiography was performed, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was measured by SphygmoCor in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into two groups based on serum endocan median level (cut-off: 44 ug/L). There was significantly higher aorta systolic blood pressure (SBPao) (p = 0.013), NT-proBNP (p = 0.028), albumin/creatinine ratio (p = 0.036), and uric acid (p = 0.045) in the case of the higher endocan group compared to the lower. There was also significantly higher SBPao (p = 0.037) and NT-proBNP (p = 0.038) in the case of higher endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels compared to the lower (cut-off: 231 pg/mL) group by the two-sample t-test. Then, we divided the patients into two groups based on the eGFR (CKD 1–2 vs. CKD 3–5). The levels of serum endocan, NT-proBNP, cfPWV, SBPao, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), uric acid, and albuminuria were significantly higher in the CKD 3–5 group compared to the CKD 1–2 group. The serum endocan and NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in the diastolic dysfunction group (p = 0.047, p = 0.015). There was a significant increase in serum endocan levels (CKD 1 vs. CKD 5; p = 0.008) with decreasing renal function. In IgAN, vascular biomarkers (endocan, ET-1) may play a role in endothelial dysfunction through vascular damage and elevation of SBPao. Serum endocan, ET-1, and NT-proBNP biomarkers may help to identify IgAN patients at high risk.

Interleukin-33 Levels are Up-Regulated in Women with Breast Cancer and Shown to be Associated with the Triple-Negative Type

Breast cancer (BC) is a diverse disease with heterogeneous subgroups in pathophysiology and behavior. Recent advances in biomarker-based therapy may help improve treatment options for BC. Thus, this study aimed to assess the role of interleukin (IL)-31 and IL-33 as biomarkers associated with BC risk. Serum concentrations of IL-31 and IL-33 were quantified in women with BC (n = 77), women with benign breast lesion (BBL; n = 51), and healthy women (n = 75), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Compared with BBL or healthy women, IL-33 concentrations were significantly greater in BC patients and were associated with a 1.33-fold increased risk of disease and had excellent prognostic value in BC (area under the curve = 0.89). In addition, IL-33 expression was linked to triple-negative BC, distant metastasis, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, status of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. IL-31 concentrations showed no significant differences between BC, BBL, and healthy women, but were greater in patients with distant metastasis and those who were negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors. In conclusion, IL-33 and to a lesser extent IL-31 can be used as biomarkers associated with BC risk and to identify patients with a poor prognosis especially those with triple-negative BC. Furthermore, understanding the connection between IL-33 and BC progression may aid in the development of safe and effective therapy.

Evaluation of the Level of Alkaline Phosphatase, Calcium, and Vitamin D3 in Patients with Celiac Disease

Background: Celiac disease, sometimes called wheat allergy, is multiple names for one disease. It is a long-term acquired autoimmune disease that primarily affects the small intestine, as individuals develop intolerance to gluten, which is found in foods such as wheat, rye, and barley. Aim of the study: Our study aims to monitor biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and vitamin D3 as an indicator to monitor the progress of bone health in the blood serum of patients with celiac disease in Wasit Governorate/Iraq. Materials and methods: In this research, studied 80 samples, including 50 samples from patients with celiac disease of both sexes, 19 men and 31 women With 30 control samples for both sexes equally. used an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to measure the concentrations of vitamin D3 and alkaline phosphatase, while a Cobas c111 device was used for calcium. Results: The results showed that the level of alkaline phosphatase increased more in patients with celiac disease than in the control group at p≤(0.05), while the concentrations of calcium and vitamin D3 decreased more than in the control group at p≤(0.05). Conclusion: The studied criteria contribute as indicators of developing health risks to the body and bone health in patients with celiac disease.

Parathyroid Hormone and Osteocalcin as Criteria for Osteoporosis in Patients with Celiac Disease

Background: Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the entire skeletal system. It is characterized by the deterioration of the fine structural structure of the bone and the decline in bone mass, which ultimately leads to an increase in the bone's susceptibility to fracture. Celiac disease, often known as wheat allergy, is a single condition with numerous names. Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder that mostly affects the small intestine. It occurs when patients develop an intolerance to gluten, a protein found in foods including wheat, rye, and barley. Aim of the study: The objective of our study is to track the levels of osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone in the blood serum of patients diagnosed with celiac disease in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. We will be using Human Anti-Deamidated Gliadin Peptide IgG and IgA to diagnose celiac disease and evaluate the progress of bone health. Materials and methods: This study examined a total of 80 samples, consisting of 50 samples from individuals with celiac disease. The sample group included 19 males and 31 women. There are 30 control samples, with an equal number of samples for each sexes. Utilized an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to quantify the levels of osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, and Human Anti-Deamidated Gliadin Peptide IgG and IgA. Results: The study revealed that individuals with celiac disease had significantly higher levels of osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, and Human Anti-Deamidated Gliadin Peptide IgG and IgA compared to the control group, with a statistical significance of p≤(0.05). Conclusion: The examined parameters serve as indicators of the development of health risks to the body and bone health in individuals with celiac disease.

Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections Among Voluntary Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) pose a significant risk to blood transfusion safety, especially in low-resource settings. TTIs include infections such as HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, and malaria. Over four years, this study assesses the seroprevalence of TTIs among voluntary blood donors at a tertiary care center. Materials and methods This retrospective observational study was conducted at the blood bank of a tertiary care center from June 2019 to December 2022. A total of 4639 voluntary blood donors were screened for TTIs, including HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis, and malaria, using third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and rapid diagnostic tests. The data were analyzed to evaluate the seroprevalence of each infection and its trends over the study period. Results The overall prevalence of TTIs among the 4639 donors was 68 (1.46%). The highest seroprevalence was observed for HBV, with 33 (0.71%), followed by syphilis with 22 (0.47%), HIV with nine (0.19%), and HCV with four (0.08%). No cases of malaria were detected. The prevalence of TTIs was highest in 2021, with the seroprevalence of HBV peaking at 15 (1.14%). Male donors accounted for 4412 (98%) of all donations, and the prevalence of TTIs was significantly higher among males than females. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of continuous surveillance and screening for TTIs among blood donors to ensure transfusion safety. The higher seroprevalence of HBV underscores the need for effective vaccination programs, and the disparity in gender distribution calls for strategies to encourage female blood donations. TTIs remain a public health concern, necessitating improved donor screening and public awareness.