In the view of sewage treatment difficulties in rural areas and the needs of technological development, anaerobic treatment technology is analyzed from two aspects: technical principles and technical applications. Analysis believes that anaerobic treatment technology can strengthen the removal of refractory organic matter, nitrogen pollutants and sulfates, then improve the harmlessness of rural sewage. It has strong convenience in operation and requires less treatment costs. Anaerobic treatment technology is regarded as the most suitable technology foreign countries to treat the water environment in rural areas, and it has been widely used in domestic sewage treatment. Based on this, this article comprehensively analyzes the anaerobic treatment technology, and the application of anaerobic biological filter, UASB, UMAR and others in rural domestic sewage treatment.