Environment-friendly Development Research Articles

Synergistic enhancement of g-C3N4/CoAl-LDH nanoflower and mineral admixtures on the properties of nano-engineered cementitious composites

The nano-engineered cementitious composites (NCC) were prepared using g-C3N4/CoAl-LDH nanoflower (nano-CN/L), in combination with mineral admixtures including fly ash (FA), metakaolin (MK), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). The synergistic effects and mechanisms of nano-CN/L and mineral admixtures on the mechanical, chloride penetration resistance and air purification properties of NCC were investigated. The results show that nano-CN/L promotes the early hydration of cementitious materials and improves the composition and morphology of C-S-H gel. Furthermore, the filling effect of nano-CN/L significantly optimizes the pore structure and interfacial crack width of NCC, thereby eliminating the adverse impact of FA, MK, and GGBFS on its early mechanical strengths. Additionally, nano-CN/L enhances the chloride penetration resistance and NOx removal properties of NCC through its strong ion adsorption and photocatalytic activity, respectively. Incorporating 0.9 % nano-CN/L by mass of cementitious materials reduces the chloride diffusion coefficient of NCC at curing age of 56d by 26.9 % and increases the NOx removal ratio by 11 times. The 7d’s compressive and flexural strengths of NCC increase by 13.6 % and 4.6 %, respectively, compared to the one without nano-CN/L. As a novel multifunctional nanomaterial, nano-CN/L not only provides a new pathway for extending the service life of cementitious composites, but also injects new momentum into their environmental-friendly development.

Photoinduced Lignin C α -C β Bond Cleavage and Chemodivergent Functionalization via Iron Catalysis.

The photocatalytic conversion of lignin into value-added chemicals especially those functionalized molecules represent one of the most important strategies for sustainable and environmental-friendly development. Cleavage of C-C bonds in lignin under mild photocatalytic conditions for refining lignin into useful molecules is meaningful but challenging. Meanwhile, the assembly of diverse functional groups into active lignin fragments during the depolymerization is of great challenging. Herein, using cheap iron catalysts under visible light irradiation, the highly selective and efficient cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond in lignin is realized via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes. The subsequent divergent functionalization of generated lignin fragment-based radical intermediates enables an efficient formation of diverse functionalized molecules. This method is also effective for cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond in native lignin, yielding two identified benzaldehyde monomers in a total yield of 8.7 wt%.

Decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions: How have Chinese provinces performed in green growth over time?

Extensive research has shown that it is essential to take environmental responsibilities into careful consideration in economic development. Green growth has thereby become one of the most important topics in environmental economics across the globe no matter people are from academia, public, or private sectors. Even though there are many researchers who have investigated the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution, the vast majority of research has only focused on the absolute amount of economic growth and carbon emissions. In this study, utilizing national statistics about gross domestic product and carbon emissions by region over decades, I not only provide a concrete and comprehensive picture of the green growth of Chinese provinces over time, but also present multiple indicators to capture the growth of carbon emissions and gross domestic product, as well as the growth rate of green growth. The results show that, in spite of a high GDP growth rate, the green growth rate was negative because the carbon emissions growth rate was much higher than the rate of GDP growth. This work has shed some light regarding how Chinese provinces can balance between high economic growth and low carbon emissions in order to have a more sustainable and environment-friendly development path.

The impacts of retailer's carbon tax on the price and carbon reduction decisions in supply chain

Under the path of environmental-friendly development, retailers gradually play a significant role on curbing carbon emissions in supply chains, and carbon tax for retailers (RCT) could be promising. At the same time, consumers are increasingly inclined to have environmental awareness (CEA). In this paper, we investigate the impacts of RCT on a two-echelon supply chain, along with the coordination of the firms when RCT are present. For the cases with and without RCT, in a carbon-sensitive market, we examine and compare the optimal pricing and carbon reduction decisions, the firms’ profits, consumer surplus and the social welfare. The key findings are listed below. First, the presence of RCT always increases the retailer’s carbon reduction effort, but does not necessarily increase that of the manufacturer, depending on the retailer's carbon reduction investment cost factor (CRICF). Second, RCT will magnify the impacts of the retailer's CRICF on consumer demand, the manufacturer's profit and consumer surplus. Third, analytical and numerical results suggest that the retailer's CRICF is a critical factor for the impacts of RCT on the supply chain, as the firms and the society will benefit from RCT only when the retailer's CRICF is relatively low. Lastly, a two-part tariff contract can coordinate the supply chain, where the carbon reduction efforts of the two firms are equal to those in centralized decision making scenario.

Solar Energy Uses and its Applications for Futuristic Energy Requirements

Renewable energy is a solution of current and futuristic energy requirement for environment friendly development. The aim of this article is to aware people from solar energy in various felid like solar fuel, solar building, solar electricity, solar cooking, solar agriculture, solar architecture etc so reduces dependency from fossil fuel. I

Health and economic benefits of reducing air pollution embodied in GBA's green and low-carbon development

The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau (GBA) metropolitan of China is pioneering in realizing environment-friendly development. However, health and economic burden attributed to air pollution under different climate and end-of-pipe control scenarios has not been evaluated. This study applies the IMED|CGE, WRF-Chem and IMED|HEL models assess PM2.5- and O3-associated health and economic consequences. Results demonstrate that PM2.5 concentration in 2050 will drop by 12.9% and 56.4% under 1.5 °C target and end-of-pipe technology, respectively, contributing to 7.7% and 35.6% decreases in mortality and 67.3% and 97.9% reductions in morbidity. The O3 concentration will decrease by 8.3% and 13.3%, respectively, contributing to 10.4% and 15.2% drops in mortality and 10.8% and 15.8% declines in morbidity. Besides, the health loss saved by alleviating PM2.5 and O3 pollution using end-of-pipe technologies is remarkable, amounting to 31.0 and 9.3 billion USD in 2050, respectively. It suggests that O3 pollution in GBA is difficult to be addressed and higher levels of end-of-pipe technology progress should be deployed to obtain significant co-benefits.

Promoting green-building development in sustainable development strategy: A multi-player quantum game approach

Sustainable development has become the development goal of all countries worldwide. Promoting green buildings in sustainable development is important to promote environment-friendly development. Considering this, we used the multi-player quantum game method to analyze the interest relationship between the developer, general construction contractor, and building materials supplier for the development of green-building and discussed the influence of the three on the game system. Furthermore, this study proposes a novel three-person quantum game model, discusses the optimal strategy selection process of the three parties with and without considering the entanglement, and uses a practical engineering case to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Without considering the entanglement of states, developers have the lowest willingness to invest in green-building, that is, the minimum investment of 28 million. When entanglement of states is considered and the initial state is ψini=Ĵ000, developers have the highest intention to invest in green buildings, that is, 56 million. Compared with the initial state of ψini=Ĵ111 when entanglement of states is not considered and entanglement of states is considered, developers' intention to invest in green-building shows an upward trend. The results show that entanglement can effectively prevent betrayal in the process of green-building construction. Finally, according to the meaning of quantum entanglement and quantum strategy, an “entanglement treaty” is constructed, aiming at reducing the occurrence of treachery and providing an important guarantee for encouraging green-building participants to actively participate in green-building development. This study provides a decision reference for promoting green-building construction. The proposed method is also applicable in other fields.

Sustainable aviation fuel production using in-situ hydrogen supply via aqueous phase reforming: A techno-economic and life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions assessment

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production is one of the strategies to guarantee an environmental-friendly development of the aviation sector. This work evaluates the technical, economic and environmental feasibility of obtaining SAFs by hydrogenation of vegetable oils thanks to in-situ hydrogen production via aqueous phase reforming (APR) of glycerol by-product. The novel implementation of APR would avoid the environmental burden of conventional fossil-derived hydrogen production, as well as intermittency and storage issues related to the use of RES-based (renewable energy sources) electrolysers. The conceptual design of a conventional and advanced (APR-aided) biorefinery was performed, considering a standard plant capacity equal to 180 ktonne/y of palm oil. For the advanced scenario, the feed underwent hydrolysis into glycerol and fatty acids; hence, the former was subjected to APR to provide hydrogen, which was further used in the hydrotreatment reactor where the fatty acids were deoxygenated. The techno-economic results showed that APR implementation led to a slight increase of the fixed capital investment by 6.6% compared to the conventional one, while direct manufacturing costs decreased by 22%. In order to get a 10% internal rate of return, the minimum fuel selling price was found equal to 1.84 $/kg, which is 17% lower than the one derived from conventional configurations (2.20 $/kg). The life-cycle GHG emission assessment showed that the carbon footprint of the advanced scenario was equal to ca. 12 g CO2/MJSAF, i.e., 54% lower than the conventional one (considering an energy-based allocation). The sensitivity analysis pointed out that the cost of the feedstock, SAF yield and the chosen plant size are keys parameters for the marketability of this biorefinery, while the energy price has a negligible impact; moreover, the source of hydrogen has significant consequences on the environmental footprint of the plant. Finally, possible uncertainties for both scenarios were undertaken via Monte Carlo simulations.

High-performance self-compacting concrete with recycled coarse aggregate: comprehensive systematic review on mix design parameters

ABSTRACT The technological advancements and environmental concerns enlighten the importance of incorporating more high-performance engineered materials in the construction sector. The partial replacement of natural coarse aggregates (NCA) with recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) in concrete has recently been a primary focus of worldwide researchers for sustainability in environmental aspects. The primary purpose of this review is to comprehend the effect of design parameters in determining the mechanical characteristics of high-performance self-compacting (HP-SCC) that include recycled coarse aggregates (RCA). Seven design parameters were extracted and considered in this review. It has been revealed that the design parameters of HP-SCC with RCA have a different effect on the mechanical characteristics of HP-SCC with various grades. In addition, the current research aims to promote environmental-friendly development and produce sustainable materials to improve mechanical-related characteristics in concrete in the absence of a precise evaluation technique. Artificial neural network (ANN) models have been implemented using the design parameters for predicting concrete mechanical properties based on three statistical indicators. The ANN-based model was attributed using these seven inputs of the literature with the help of sensitivity analysis for indicating the most critical design parameter HP-SCC.

Coupled TMD modeling of cryogenic treatment of borehole in coal under confinement

Cryogenic fracturing using liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a waterless fracturing technology that is under extensive research nowadays given the high demand of environmental-friendly development of unconventional oil and gas resources. Excluding the exerted hydraulic pressure, the initiation and propagation of cryogenic fractures in rock materials largely depend on thermal stress generated by LN2 and the rock properties. So far, there are quite a few experimental studies elaborating on the cryogenic fracturing process of coal rocks; however, modeling studies on the topic are still very preliminary with no damage quantification. This study first set up a coupled thermo-mechanical (TM) modeling procedure by solving the heat conduction and rock mechanics equations in a serial manner and incorporating the maximum principal stress failure criterion. Then the numerical stability of this modeling procedure was examined through time step and grid resolution tests, and the model accuracy was corroborated by analytical solutions. Furthermore, the damage criterion was quantitatively validated against our experimental observations. Using this thermo-mechanical damage (TMD) modeling procedure, a systematic examination of the effects of key factors on cryogenic circulation treatment of coal rock borehole was carried out using realistic parameters. Trends and patterns of the cryogenic damage upon key factors, including realistic temperature boundary with the Leidenfrost effect, Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, Poisson's ratio, specific heat capacity, density, thermal conductivity, in-situ stresses, and initial temperature of the coal rocks have been revealed and discussed. The modeling results herein are of great significance to understand the mechanisms of cryogenic fracturing of coal rocks, and this TMD modeling procedure could be further expanded to evaluate and optimize cryogenic treatment process of coal seams in field pilot tests.

The nexus between electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in Sudan (1971–2019)

Electricity access for economic development is a major challenge in Sudan amidst rapid population growth and climate variabilities. This study investigates the nexus between electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, total population, and economic growth from 1971 to 2019. This study incorporates Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach with various econometric techniques to address methodological limitations in Sudan and introduces appealing methodological innovation to control the structural breaks in the dataset. The empirical findings demonstrate that, despite the high potential of energy resources, Sudan has failed to provide adequate electricity to promote economic development and meet population electricity demand. The ARDL results show strong associations between total population, environmental degradation and economic growth. The Granger causality results show evidence that the country's growing population improves economic growth, increases electricity demand, and damages the environment. Therefore, the government's greatest challenge is achieving economic growth while promoting environmental quality. The findings suggest that Sudan cannot take the energy conservation policy because it could delay the country's economic growth. However, various policy reforms are needed for affordable electricity access and environmentally-friendly development, like promoting renewable energy, diversifying of energy mix, and supporting high efficiency in consumption-based sectors.

Calibrating the Human Rights Committee for Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development

In this paper, the term sustainable development is used to indicate environment-friendly development. Here a comparative case study is made between Bangladesh and Paraguay to comprehend the difference an international forum can offer in mitigating anthropocentric environmental degradation arising from unsustainable development. From Bangladesh’s perspective, this paper finds that individual victims have limited access to justice to challenge environmental harm or risk. Whereas in the case of Paraguay, victims of unsustainable development after exhaustion of national forum can avail remedy from the Human Rights Committee (HRC) constituted under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The “views” of the HRC in the Portillo Cáceres and others v. Paraguay1 communication recognizing “the State’s obligation to prevent environmental degradation to ensure the right to life in a healthy environment” – has unfolded a new avenue for individual access to environmental justice through human rights mechanism. The individual communication, State-toState complaint, and inquiry – provided by the HRC might be instrumental to challenge the degradation of the anthropocentric environment impairing the human rights guaranteed by the ICCPR. This paper argues that instead of creating new international environmental rights or courts, the use of the HRC might offer accessible justice in terms of the cost and complexity when national remedies are inadequate or exhausted against the unsustainable development risking human rights within a State party.

How to Enhance Citizens' Sense of Gain in Smart Cities? A SWOT-AHP-TOWS Approach.

The previous technology-centric development of smart cities mainly focuses on the numbers, diversities, and types of applied intelligent technologies, while the citizen-centric smart city has become an important paradigm for improving the sustainability of cities around the world. The citizens' sense of gain (CSG), which considers both material acquisition and spiritual feelings of smart city services, is thus proposed and regarded as one of the core orientations in the smart cities' transformation development process from the centric of advanced technology applied to the centric of citizen subjective perception. To shift smart cities from being technology-centric to citizen-centric, it is critical to identify the factors influencing CSG and develop appropriate strategies to enhance CSG in smart cities. Hence, this work identifies 17 key CSG influencing factors based on the dimensions dissected from the definition of CSG and it further formulates 15 strategies for enhancing CSG by adopting the SWOT-AHP-TOWS method based on data collected from Nanjing citizens. The results indicate that the most important criteria for enhancing CSG in smart cities are the external opportunities, which are originated from citizens' attitudes and behaviors, and the top-ranked strategy is "dividing smart infrastructure into different categories according to the hierarchy needs of citizens and promoting the synergy development of smart infrastructure within and among different categories". Finally, four implications are proposed, including (i) strengthening publicity and encouraging citizen participation, (ii) clarifying the responsibilities of local governments, (iii) prioritizing citizens' needs, and (iv) promoting age-friendly, vulnerable-friendly, and environmental-friendly development.

Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract mediated ZnO nanoparticles with prodigious potential for solar driven photocatalytic degradation of industrial contaminants

In an era of environment-friendly development plant extract-based biological techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles have gained a lot of attention over traditionally famous chemical and physical synthesis techniques. In the present study we have synthesized biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (BPLE-ZnO NPs) using Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract, compared its native properties and solar-driven photocatalytic activity with chemically prepared ZnO nanoparticles (Chem-ZnO NPs). In order to characterize and compare the Chem-ZnO and BPLE-ZnO, various techniques were used, including UV–visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffractrometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyzer. The results revealed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO, with no significant difference between the two methods; however, the use of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract in ZnO NPs synthesis resulted in reduced size, presence of biomolecules on its surface and better monodispersity than purely chemical synthesis. Further, the BPLE-ZnO NPs showed better efficiency in the solar-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye compared to Chem-ZnO NPs. Under solar exposure at a dose of 0.50 mg/mL BPLE-ZnO, resulted in 97.31% photodegradation with a rate constant of 0.06 min−1 of 20 mg/L MB solution within just 60 min which was 9.51% higher compared to the Chem-ZnO NPs. The BPLE-ZnO NPs were also employed to investigate their solar-driven photocatalytic performance for degrading the pharmaceutical (Metronidazole and Amoxycillin) and textile pollutants (Methyl orange dye) under sunlight. The results show that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract-mediated ZnO NPs have an excellent potential in solar-based photocatalytic applications.

Does Innovative Industrial Agglomeration Promote Environmentally-Friendly Development? Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities

China has promised to meet the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals. Exploring the relationship between innovative industrial agglomeration and environmental pollution plays an important role in the realization of these goals and sustainable development. Based on the panel data of 277 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2019, this paper uses the multi-period difference-in-difference (DID) model to examine the impact and mechanism of the innovative industrial agglomeration pilot (IIAP) policy on the environment. Furthermore, we explore the spatial effect of the IIAP using spatial DID. The findings show that, firstly, the IIAP policy significantly contributes to environmentally-friendly development in terms of enhancing carbon emission efficiency (CEE) and reducing environmental pollution index (EPI). Secondly, the IIAP policy promotes environmentally-friendly development mainly by improving the technological innovation level. Additionally, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the environmentally-friendly effect of the IIAP policy is primarily in the eastern region, large cities, and non-resource-based cities. Finally, there is a significant spatial effect of the IIAP policy on environmentally-friendly development, mainly reflected in the weak siphon effect between treatment group cities and neighboring regions. We suggest that the government should continue to maintain the steady growth of the IIAP cities and improve the energy utilization efficiency through a policy of green technology innovation. The government should also optimize the spatial layout of the pilot cities and make full use of the energy advantages of each region to better promote environmentally-friendly development.

Property rights and adjustment for sustainable development during post-productivist transitions in China

Since the 1990 s, the restructuring of the global economic system has ushered in worldwide ‘post-productivist transitions’ (PPTs) and triggered development in rural areas and agricultural adjustments for meeting the requirements of urban populations to consume ‘rurality’. While adaptive development of rural areas has occurred in Western countries, it is hardly possible in China, where strict land conversion controls over rural land exist. In China, an increasing need for construction in rural areas results in the overexploitation of existing built-up land. Taking the fragmented rights of homestead land and collectively operated built-up land into consideration, the deterioration of natural and built environments becomes inevitable and damages the sustainability of PPTs. By investigating two PPT cases in China, this study argues that land conversion controls over collective-owned rural land have stimulated denser, at times illegal, development in villages. The study also contends that fragmented use rights hamper environment-friendly development, possibly ending PPTs, as happened in Xiaozhou Village in Guangzhou. Given the practices in Wanfu Village in Chengdu, policies that end land conversion controls and encourage assembly could partially solve the problem by allowing sustainable rural land development. Preparing space for urban populations in a sustainable way helps avoid the illegal redevelopment of villages and protects the area’s rurality, allowing PPTs to evolve. This study advocates for institutional adjustment when designing a path for developing PPTs.

The carbon uptake and mechanical property of cemented paste backfill carbonation curing for low concentration of CO2

Large volumes of carbon dioxide are released during mining and ore resource development, and cemented paste backfill (CPB) materials are placed in the mined-out stopes where can be discharged from polluted air containing CO2. The construction of green mines and the goal of achieving carbon neutrality have become an inevitable choice for the mining industry to achieve the harmonious development of rational exploitation of resources and environmental protection. Against this background, to minimize the carbon emissions from the mining industry and promote the efficient utilization of CPB, this study investigated the carbon-uptake characteristics and mechanical property of CPB in underground mined-out stopes with 1.5 % concentration CO2. The results show that the carbonation curing (CC) increased the carbonation rate by nearly 4 times compared to natural curing, while the samples exhibited total carbonation within 28 days. This indicates that CO2 uptake could occur within the CPB. The CO2 was absorbed as calcium carbonate minerals, and each ton of CPB can ideally absorb about 78.4 kg CO2 and treat 2600 m3 of dirty air in the mined-out stopes. The increase in early uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) during CC required a higher cement concentrate, and the CC would retard the development of later compressive strength. Microstructure analysis indicated that the CC refined the pore structure and reduced the porosity of the CPB. It also affected the crystal growth and distribution of hydration and carbonation products, further influencing the difference in strength. In summary, CPB technology can potentially be useful during carbon uptake and may assist in mitigating carbon emissions from the mining industry and promoting environment friendly development.

Effects of methanol, sodium citrate, and chlorella powder on enhanced anaerobic treatment of coal pyrolysis wastewater

To better promote environment friendly development of the coal chemical industry, this study investigated effects of methanol, sodium citrate, and chlorella powder (a type of microalgae) as co-metabolic substances on enhanced anaerobic treatment of coal pyrolysis wastewater with anaerobic sludge. The anaerobic sludge was loaded into four 2 L anaerobic reactors for co-metabolism enhanced anaerobic experiments. Anaerobic reactor 1 (R1) as control group did not add a co-metabolic substance; anaerobic reactor 2 (R2) added methanol; anaerobic reactor 3 (R3) added sodium citrate; and anaerobic reactor 4 (R4) added chlorella powder. In the blank control group, the removal ratios of total phenol (TPh), quinoline, and indole were only 12.07%, 42.15%, and 50.47%, respectively, indicating that 50 mg/L quinoline, 50 mg/L indole, and 600 mg/L TPh produced strong toxicity inhibition function on the anaerobic microorganism in reactor. When the concentration of methanol, sodium citrate, and chlorella was 400 μg/L, the reactors with co-metabolic substances had better treatment effect on TPh. Among them, the strengthening effects of sodium citrate (TPh removal ratio: 44.87%) and chlorella (47.85%) were better than that of methanol (38.72%) and the control group (10.62%). Additionally, the reactors with co-metabolic substances had higher degradation ratios on quinoline, indole, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The data of extracellular polymeric substances showed that with the co-metabolic substances, anaerobic microorganisms produced more humic acids by degrading phenols and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (NHCs). Compared with the control group, the reactors added with sodium citrate and chlorella had larger average particle size of sludge. Thus, sodium citrate and chlorella could improve sludge sedimentation performance by increasing the sludge particle size. The bacterial community structures of reactors were explored and the results showed that Aminicenantes genera incertae sedis, Levinea, Geobacter, Smithella, Brachymonas, and Longilinea were the main functional bacteria in reactor added with chlorella.

Aromatic disulfide epoxy vitrimer packaged electronic devices: Nondestructive healing and recycling

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that greatly enhances global living standards has become indispensable in modern societies. In EEE, most electronic devices are protected by epoxy electronic packaging that exhibits outstanding mechanical property, high electrical resistivity and excellent solvent resistance. However, due to thermolability of electronic components and insolubility of epoxy, it is impossible to heal and recycle the packaged electronic devices non-destructively, resulting in a huge amount of e-waste during manufacturing and consumption. Herein, aromatic disulfide epoxy vitrimer packaged electronic devices were proposed, in which nondestructive healing and recycling were achieved. The epoxy vitrimer was prepared from aromatic disulfide-based epoxy and aliphatic amines at moderate temperature (≤100 °C), resulting in highly cross-linked networks, excellent solvent resistance and good thermal stability. The tensile strength was ∼71.9 MPa and the glass transition temperature was ∼115 °C. Moreover, it exhibited comparable electrical resistivity to reference epoxy, while lower dielectric constant was observed. In epoxy vitrimer packaged LED light, cracks could be readily healed at 150 °C through aromatic disulfide metathesis in networks, while the epoxy vitrimer exhibited topology freezing transition at ∼118 °C. Besides, relying on reactions between aromatic disulfide bonds and outer thiol groups, the epoxy vitrimer packaged LED light, printed circuit board and integrated circuit could be non-destructively recycled, while the epoxy vitrimer was degradable on demand. The aromatic disulfide epoxy vitrimer packaged electronic devices with nondestructive healing and recycling properties provide a better way to deal with substandard electric products and retired ones, leading to e-waste reducing, resource recycling and environment-friendly development in EEE.

Green Synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris and In-vitro Optimization of Anti-Oxidant and AntiUrolithiatic Activity

Abstract: The green synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles is mostly used in Research purpose because of its capability for environment friendly development. In common, the nanoparticle productions by various chemical processes are not ecofriendly. The synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles using Tribulus terrestris extract was carried out. The whole plant Tribulus terrestris extract was investigated for its antiurolithiatic property. The fruits of Tribulus terrestris have long been used to treat Urolithiasis and various urinary diseases. The antiurolithiatic activity of Tribulus terrestris significantly reduces the level of protein, oxalate, glycosamoglycan and citrate in patient’s 24hrs urine sample. But there is no change in urine volume and phosphate level in the sample’s serum. This work defines the treatment of kidney stones by Magnesium Nanoparticles of Tribulus terrestris. The nanoparticles are identified by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (XRD), UV visible spectroscopy. The antiurolithiatic activity showed better percentage of inhibition for the synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles by using Tribulus terrestris extract.