Environmental Subsystems Research Articles

Research on the Evaluation of Coordinated Development of Tourism–Economy–Ecological Environment along the Silk Road Economic Belt

Tourism is currently one of the important development industries in many countries and regions, and a healthy environment is an important basis and carrier for the sustainable development of the tourism economy. Ensuring a harmonious relationship between tourism, the economy, and the environment has become one of the keys to achieving sustainable development of tourism destinations. Based on panel data on tourism, the economy, and the environment from nine provinces along the Silk Road Economic Belt from 2015 to 2019, this study has built a comprehensive evaluation index system of the tourism–economy–ecological environment (TEE). The entropy evaluation method, comprehensive evaluation model, and coupling and coordination degree model were used for quantitative analysis of the coordination development level and for assessing the spatial–temporal evolution patterns of coupling coordination for the TEE system in nine provinces along the Silk Road Economic Belt. The results show that the value of the TEE system is generally on the rise. Still, the growth rate of tourism and the economy subsystem is significantly higher than that of the environment subsystem. The coupling coordinating the development of the TEE system shows an increasing trend with a high degree of coupling. The coordination degree is relatively low, with significant gradient differences and apparent polarization. The main constraint to the coordinated development of the Silk Road Economic Belt is tourism and the economy.

Quantum Theory of the Classical: Einselection, Envariance, Quantum Darwinism and Extantons.

Core quantum postulates including the superposition principle and the unitarity of evolutions are natural and strikingly simple. I show that-when supplemented with a limited version of predictability (captured in the textbook accounts by the repeatability postulate)-these core postulates can account for all the symptoms of classicality. In particular, both objective classical reality and elusive information about reality arise, via quantum Darwinism, from the quantum substrate. This approach shares with the Relative State Interpretation of Everett the view that collapse of the wavepacket reflects perception of the state of the rest of the Universe relative to the state of observer's records. However, our "let quantum be quantum" approach poses questions absent in Bohr's Copenhagen Interpretation that relied on the preexisting classical domain. Thus, one is now forced to seek preferred, predictable, hence effectively classical but ultimately quantum states that allow observers keep reliable records. Without such (i) preferred basis relative states are simply "too relative", and the ensuing basis ambiguity makes it difficult to identify events (e.g., measurement outcomes). Moreover, universal validity of quantum theory raises the issue of (ii) the origin of Born's rule, pk=|ψk|2, relating probabilities and amplitudes (that is simply postulated in textbooks). Last not least, even preferred pointer states (defined by einselection-environment-induced superselection)-are still quantum. Therefore, unlike classical states that exist objectively, quantum states of an individual system cannot be found out by an initially ignorant observer through direct measurement without being disrupted. So, to complete the 'quantum theory of the classical' one must identify (iii) quantum origin of objective existence and explain how the information about objectively existing states can appear to be essentially inconsequential for them (as it does for states in Newtonian physics) and yet matter in other settings (e.g., thermodynamics). I show how the mathematical structure of quantum theory supplemented by the only uncontroversial measurement postulate (that demands immediate repeatability-hence, predictability) leads to preferred states. These (i) pointer states correspond to measurement outcomes. Their stability is a prerequisite for objective existence of effectively classical states and for events such as quantum jumps. Events at hand, one can now enquire about their probability-the probability of a pointer state (or of a measurement record). I show that the symmetry of entangled states-(ii) entanglement-assisted invariance or envariance-implies Born's rule. Envariance also accounts for the loss of phase coherence between pointer states. Thus, decoherence can be traced to symmetries of entanglement and understood without its usual tool-reduced density matrices. A simple and manifestly noncircular derivation of pk=|ψk|2 follows. Monitoring of the system by its environment in course of decoherence typically leaves behind multiple copies of its pointer states in the environment. Only pointer states can survive decoherence and can spawn such plentiful information-theoretic progeny. This (iii) quantum Darwinism allows observers to use environment as a witness-to find out pointer states indirectly, leaving systems of interest untouched. Quantum Darwinism shows how epistemic and ontic (coexisting in epiontic quantum state) separate into robust objective existence of pointer states and detached information about them, giving rise to extantons-composite objects with system of interest in the core and multiple records of its pointer states in the halo comprising of environment subsystems (e.g., photons) which disseminates that information throughout the Universe.

Desarrollo de la gobernanza urbana resiliente al cambio climático en Bangladesh. Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del impacto del cambio climático en ciudades intermedias y comprensión de la gobernanza local = Developing climate change resilient urban governance in Bangladesh. Vulneribility Assesment of Climate Change Impact in Intermediate Cities and Understanding Local Governance

AbstractIn this study five intermediate cities of Bangladesh as future populated urban centers have been investigated to formulate a comprehensive framework for climate resilient urban governance The conceptual framework adopted the modified structure of CRF model of S Tyler and M Moench (2012) incorporating Urban functional system, Local urban governance, and Climate resilience as major components. The cities have been conceptualized as a functional system to identify the climate change impact upon social, economic, environmental and political subsystems. The vulnerability assessment of climate change impact shows that the different level of risks caused by frequent climate hazards. The research initiates a resilience building process based on Mehta’s good governance (1998) through a shared learning dialogue (SLD) among stakeholders.

International Evaluation of China’s Beef Cattle Industry Development Level and Lagging Points

Quality, efficiency, safety and environmental protection are important directions for the development of animal husbandry in China. Taking China’s beef industry as an example, this study establishes a comprehensive index system from six industrial subsystems: resource endowment, production, consumption, quality, trade and environment. By comparison with the beef cattle industry in other countries, great effort is being made to position the development level of China’s beef industry and to determine its lagging points, according to the coupling coordination degree and relative development degree of each subsystem. Under the multidimensional development goals, the development level of China’s beef cattle industry shows a fluctuating upward-downward trend, and the resource endowment has a certain advantage, but the development of the production, consumption, quality and environmental subsystems is insufficient and lacks competitiveness. China’s beef cattle industry is less developed than in Brazil, the United States, Argentina, Australia and other countries in terms of production, consumption, quality, trade and environment. The industrial subsystems mainly present low-level coordination and operation, with lagging development of the production quantity and quality. According to the analysis of the industry’s weaknesses, China’s beef industry needs to promote the combination of planting and breeding, cost reduction, efficiency increase, and green breeding.

A Scenario Simulation Method for Regional Sustainability Coupled with SD and Emergy: Implications for Liaoning Province, China

The eco-economic system is a complex system based on human activities, and the sustainability of the eco-economic system needs to maintain the balance between the three subsystems of society, economy, and environment. In this work, a comprehensive evaluation index system of the ecological-economic system of Liaoning Province in China was constructed by combining the emergy analysis and the system dynamic (SD) model, and four development scenarios were designed by adjusting the influencing factors of the ecological-economic system, based on the simulation and evaluation of the sustainable ecological and economic development of Liaoning Province from 2017 through to the next 19 years. The conclusion shows that, under the scenario of coordinated development type, the GDP, emergy density, and emergy output rate of Liaoning Province show an increasing trend; the ecological load, such as waste emergy ratio and environmental load rate, is small; and the sustainable development index and emergy sustainable development index are at a high level compared to other programs.

Synergetic Development of “Water Resource–Water Environment–Socioeconomic Development” Coupling System in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River Economic Belt, which is an important development axis of China’s “T-shaped” strategy, has been challenged by water resource utilization and water environment protection due to the rapid development of the social economy. In this study, to understand the variation characteristics, competition and cooperation relationship, and optimal stable point of synergetic development capability of the “water resource–water environment–socioeconomic development” coupling system, 20 years of data, from 1999 to 2018, at the general, provincial, and city scales were analyzed. The results showed that the synergetic development capability of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2011 was a mutation point; it fluctuated slightly before 2011 and steadily rose after 2011, with an average value of 2.46. The three subsystems were all in an evolutionary state, and the evolution speed was sorted by socioeconomic development > water resources > water environment. The water resource subsystem and water environment subsystem had a win–win relationship, and the other subsystems had a lose–lose relationship. Moreover, the synergetic evolution stable point of the Yangtze River Economic Belt was (0.8625,0.8236,1.5841). From the spatial trend, the synergetic development capability in the west was better than in the east and the capability in the south was better than in the north. The spatial agglomeration and spatial heterogeneity in 110 cities were more obvious than those of 11 provinces. From the temporal trend, the synergetic development capability gradually improved. Additionally, the synergetic development capability and its rank obeyed Zipf’s rank-size rule, and the degree of deviation gradually reduced. Furthermore, the Yangtze River Economic Belt can be divided into nine secondary urban agglomerations, and the western, central, and eastern regions paid more attention to socioeconomic development, water environment improvement, and water resource protection, respectively. The “siphon effect” in the central cities was greater than the “radiation effect”. This study provided a method for effectively evaluating the synergetic development characteristics and is of great significance to the protection, development, and utilization of water resources.

Scenarios and sustainability of the economy-nitrogen-resource-environment system using a system dynamic model on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Nitrogen (N) plays a vital role in the development of crop production and animal husbandry in agricultural and pastoral areas. However, the irrational utilization of N resources and subsequent environmental issues with rapid economic development has attracted wide public attention. Coordinating the economy-N-resource-environment (ENRE) system is of great importance for regional sustainable development. In this study, the dynamics of the ENRE system of a typical agricultural and pastoral area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) were simulated using the VENSIM software from 1998 to 2018. Four typical scenarios (current development scenario, economic development scenario, environment protection scenario and resource optimization scenario) are established to assess the sustainability level and the coupling coordination degrees (CCDs) of the three subsystems, i.e., the economy, N-resource and environment subsystems from 2019 to 2030. Our study indicates that the N flow-based system dynamics (SD) model connects the different subsystems of the ENRE system together well and allows different scenario simulations. From 2019 to 2030, the ENRE system is at a weak sustainability level during the simulation period, and the three subsystems are at slightly unbalanced stages of development in terms of CCD level. The sustainability and CCD levels of the four examined scenarios are as follows: resource optimization scenario>economic development scenario>environment protection scenario>current development scenario, with average values of 0.45, 0.37; 0.42, 0.36; 0.41, 0.35; and 0.39, 0.34, respectively. Under the resource optimization scenario, reducing N inputs to food production and consumption and reducing the planting area of cash crops can effectively improve the N use efficiency of the food chain in the N-resource subsystem (15.34% from 2019 to 2030 on average). Our results provide a reference for promoting sustainable development and formulating policies in agricultural and pastoral regions.

Causation analysis of crashes and near crashes using naturalistic driving data

Understanding crash causation to the extent needed for applying countermeasures has always been a focus as well as a difficulty in the field of traffic safety. Previous research has been limited by insufficient crash data and analysis methods more suitable to single crashes. The use of crashes and near crashes (CNCs) and naturalistic driving studies can help solve the data problem, and use of pre-crash scenarios can identify the high-prevalence causes across multiple crashes of a given scenario. This study therefore proposes a two-stage crash causation analysis method based on pre-crash scenarios and a crash causation derivation framework that systematically categorizes and analyzes contributing factors. From the Shanghai Naturalistic Driving Study (SH-NDS), 536 CNCs were extracted, and were grouped into 23 different pre-crash scenarios based on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) pre-crash scenario typology. In-depth investigations were conducted, and CNCs sharing the same scenario were analyzed using the proposed framework, which identifies causation patterns based on the interaction of the framework’s road user, vehicle, roadway infrastructure, and roadway environment subsystems. Through statistical analysis, the causation patterns and their contributing factors were compared for three common pre-crash scenarios of highest incidence: rear-end, lane change, and vehicle-pedalcyclist. Braking error in low-speed car following, following too closely, and non-driving-related distraction were important causes of rear-end scenarios. In lane change scenarios, the main causation patterns included illegal use of turn signals and dangerous lane changes as critical factors. Pedalcyclist scenarios were particularly impacted by visual obstructions, inadequate lanes for non-motorized vehicles, and pedalcyclists violating traffic regulations. Based on the identified causation patterns and their contributing factors, countermeasures for the three common scenarios are suggested, which provide support for safety improvement projects and the development of advanced driver assistance systems.

Methodology for the Localization of Wool Collecting Centers: The Case Study of Sicily

Sustainable rural development depends on a multidimensional process based on the interaction of the economic, cultural, social, environmental, and political subsystems. Many studies have ascribed the extensive livestock systems a potential role in sustainable rural development. Sheep farming in Europe involves meat or dairy breeds that produce coarse wool unsuitable for textile use. Coarse wool has been historically used for mattresses or pillows; nowadays, it is a farm waste. The aim of this study was to suggest a methodology for the localization of wool collecting centers within a study area, i.e., the Sicily Region, in order to valorize a livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool. This methodology is based on a detailed database of the local livestock population and GIS usage. Moreover, this method could be replicable in the whole EU territory, where the EC regulation n. 21/2004 has established that each Member State set up a system for the identification and registration of ovine animals, for traceability veterinary reasons. On the basis of the number of animals shorn on a municipal basis, and the existing main roads, the most suitable areas for the localization of four wool collection centers have been identified. Furthermore, it was also hypothesized that each collecting center could be specialized in a specific treatment for subsequent wool use (e.g., amendment fertilizers, keratin extraction, green building material or geo-textile production).

Quantum dynamical decoupling by shaking the close environment

Quantum dynamical decoupling is a procedure to cancel the effective coupling between two systems by applying sequences of fast actuations, under which the coupling Hamiltonian averages out to leading order(s). One of its prominent uses is to drive a target system in such a way as to decouple it from a less protected one. The present manuscript investigates the dual strategy: acting on a noisy “environment” subsystem, such as to decouple it from a target system. The target system only has a Hamiltonian coupling to this close environment which itself undergoes Lindbladian decoherence. The potential advantages are that actions on the environment commute with system operations, and that imprecisions in the decoupling actuation are harmless to the target. We consider two versions of environment-side decoupling: adding an imprecise Hamiltonian drive which stirs the environment components; and, increasing the decoherence rates on the environment. The latter can be viewed as driving the environment with pure noise and our conclusions establish how, maybe counterintuitively, isolating the environment from noise sources as much as possible is often not the best option. In this setting, we can explicitly analyze the induced decoherence on the target system, and focusing on the example of a two-level environment subsystem, we establish how the induced decoherence is influenced by the parameters in both cases. The analysis combines Lindbladian derivation, adiabatic elimination, and Floquet modeling in a way that may be of independent interest.

Integrated evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity during the transformation of resource-exhausted cities based on Euclidean distance and a Gray-TOPSIS model: A case study of Jiaozuo City, China

The development process of resource-based cities has obvious stage characteristics, and its resource and environmental carrying capacity is an important dynamic index to measure sustainable development and a powerful tool for the government decision-making, especially for resource-exhausted cities. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to accurately evaluate the carrying capacity of coal cities and correctly diagnose the obstacle factors. As one of the first resource-exhausted cities in China, Jiaozuo City has undergone different stages of evolution in its resource and environmental carrying capacity in the process of successful transformation. To this end, we constructed a Grey Relational Analysis model of Euclidean Distance based on TOPSIS (ED-GRA-TOPSIS) to evaluate the carrying capacity of the three subsystems of Resources, Environment and Socio-economic (RES) in Jiaozuo City from 2004 to 2019, and a diagnosis model of obstacle degree to calculate and analyze the main controlling factors affecting its sustainable development. The results show that: (1)The comprehensive resource and environmental carrying capacity of Jiaozuo City has experienced three stages of slow improvement (2004–2008), steady development (2009–2012) and rapid promotion (2013–2019). (2)In the early years, relying on resource endowment, the development level of the resource subsystem was obviously higher than that of the other two subsystems, followed by a “W”-shaped fluctuation; The carrying capacity of the environmental and socio-economic subsystems presents an upward trend. (3)Scientific and technological innovation, ecological and environmental protection, public infrastructure investment and green development are the main restrictive factors of Jiaozuo’s economic and social development, which weaken the temporary carrying capacity of its urban development, but in the long run, they are the primary driving force of sustainable development. Specific countermeasures and suggestions were proposed, including restricting the exploitation of resources and strictly controlling the emission of pollution, increasing the construction of urban public infrastructure and improving the level of public services, rationally planning the development direction of the industry and avoiding dependence on coal to another dependent development model. By establishing the ED-GRA-TOPSIS model, the reliability and rationality of the evaluation results are verified, which can provide reference for the formulation of development strategies of resource-based cities.

A Coevolution Model of the Coupled Society—Water Resources—Environment Systems: An Application in a Case Study in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

Interactions among society, water resources, and environment systems have become increasingly prominent with the progressively far-reaching impact of human activities. Therefore, this paper aims to construct a co-evolution model to establish the mutual feedback relationship among society, water resources, and environment from the perspective of socio-hydrology. Firstly, social factors such as environmental sensitivity, environmental protection awareness, and technological level are introduced to this model to describe the coevolutionary trajectory of society, water resources and environment subsystems. Then, this model is implemented in 11 provincial administrative regions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the degree of coordination of their coupling is evaluated. Results show that the water-use efficiency of each provincial administrative region in the Yangtze River Economic Belt gradually increases during the forecast period. The coupling-coordinated degree of each provincial administrative region of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has greatly improved during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, reflecting that policy support has played a significant role in the coordinated development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The dynamic fluctuation process of environmental sensitivity effectively depicts the co-evolution process of the coupling system, which provides a reference for the subsequent exploration and cognition of the human-water coevolutionary mechanism.

Structure construction, evolution analysis and sustainability evaluation of Water-Ecological-Economic system

Under the influence of human activities, the unary water cycle has been transformed into a “natural–social” dualistic water cycle, and the analysis of driving mechanism of the water system under the dualistic water cycle has become an important proposition for sustainable human-water development. This study explored the connotation, framework, and structure of the Water-Ecological-Economic (WEE) system. The WEE system encompasses water resources, society and economy, water use efficiency, water environment, and water ecology subsystems which interact functionally. And system dynamics is used to drive the evolution of system coupling. For each subsystem's characteristics, its sustainability evaluation index is proposed. MDM-TOPSIS combination evaluation model is applied to calculate the weights of indices and the sustainability comprehensive indicator of WEE system. Taking Nanyang in China as a case study, the results show that the sustainability of the WEE system has a downward trend in the early stage, but in the middle and late stages, ecological and environmental protection is considered, the sustainability level shows an upward trend with the support of several safeguard policies. The WEE system and its sustainability assessment theory proposed in this study will provide scientific support to water resources management and sustainable development planning.

PROSPECTS OF THE MARKETING COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE ENTERPRISES IN CURRENT CONDITIONS

Within the article, the main directions of the marketing communication development of trade enterprises are analyzed. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the prospects for the development of marketing communications of commercial enterprises in modern conditions of development, taking into account trends in the digitalization of economic processes. The methodological basis for the study of prospects for the development of marketing communications of commercial enterprises is a comprehensive approach that includes systems and processes. The use of a systems approach makes it possible to explore the components of marketing communications as part of a general system that can give a result greater than the individual components of this system, as well as to justify the recurrent relationship of functional dependence of marketing communications. The main components of marketing communications are identified. It is substantiated that marketing communications should be considered not only in terms of the use of appropriate tools, but also take into account the information component of sales channels. The subsystems of the marketing communication environment that promote information exchange between consumers and enterprises in the formation of effective interaction are studied. Recommendations for the application of omnichannel strategy of the marketing communication development of commercial enterprises have been proposed. The expediency of introduction of the client-oriented approach taking into account current conditions of functioning of trade enterprises is substantiated. It was found that for the effective functioning of commercial enterprises it is necessary to apply a combined approach, which includes both omnichannel and traditional sales channels. To assess the effectiveness of the system of omnichannel marketing communications of a commercial enterprise, it is proposed to use a recurrent ratio.

Dynamic interaction of water–economic–social–ecological environment complex system under the framework of water resources carrying capacity

Dynamic interactions occur among water resources, the economy, society, and the ecological environment in the water resources carrying capacity system, which jointly determines the comprehensive level of water carrying capacity (WRCC). To reveal the interaction relationship and degree of interaction among the subsystems of WRCC, this study introduced the PVAR model into the field of water resources carrying capacity for the first time. From the perspectives of water resources, the economy, society, and the ecological environment, this study discussed the dynamic relationship within WRCC.The results show that the water resources subsystem is the core of WRCC; the impulse response functions of the water resources subsystem and the economic and social subsystems conform to the EKC curve hypothesis; there is a positive mutual promotion between the water resources and the ecological environment subsystem; and the four subsystems have the greatest and a positive influence on themselves.The relationship among subsystems verifies the feasibility of dividing the WRCC evaluation framework from the perspectives of water resources, the economy, society, and the ecological environment. And improving the WRCC in the Yellow River Basin requires vigorously promoting the implementation of water-saving policies and coordinating the relationships among subsystems.

Predictive analysis of water resource carrying capacity based on system dynamics and improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in Henan Province.

The water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) is a carrying capacity of natural resources. It affects the application and expansion of the carrying capacity of water resources. This subject involves various elements, such as water resources, the ecological environment system, humans and their economic and social systems, and a wider range of biological groups and their survival needs. Based on the objective recognition of the complex relationship between the water resource system, ecological environment system, and economic and social system, the support scale of water resources and the ecological environment for economic and social development is studied. Current research on the carrying capacity of water resources has mostly shifted from the previously limited support capacity of water resources to include factors such as the population, economy, and ecology, establishing the internal relationships between the economics, water resources, and ecological environment. This reflects the comprehensive carrying capacity of the entire region (or river basin) of water resources and the ecological environment system on an overall economic and social scale. Based on the conceptual connotation of the WRCC and the actual problems facing water resources in Henan Province, the paper uses a system dynamics method to develop information feedback between the four subsystems of Henan Province: economic, population, water resource, and water environment subsystems. The index system of the WRCC in Henan Province is also determined. The weight of each index is comprehensively determined by a combination weighting method of the analytic hierarchy process and an entropy weight method, and then a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the WRCC of Henan Province under four different development models. The validation period of the model is 2010-2020, and the forecast period is 2021-2030. The results indicate that during the period 2021-2030, the WRCC of Henan Province showed a slight upward trend overall under the four models, but the increase rates were different under the different models. Among the four models, the comprehensive model's benefit was the best, which not only maintained the healthy and stable development of the economy and society but also improved the pressure on the water resources and the quality of the water environment.

Evaluation of Regional Carrying Capacity under Economic-Social-Resource-Environment Complex System: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt

As a rigid constraint of the scale and speed of regional economic-social development, carrying capacity is an endogenous variable of regional sustainable development potential. Concepts such as ecological footprint and virtual water have been introduced into the research field of carrying capacity, but dynamic and comprehensive problems in carrying capacity have not been effectively solved. This paper attempts to overcome these limitations by taking the regional factor aggregation degree as the weight and the regional green GDP as the carrying object. Based on the economic-social supplying force, resource supporting force, and environmental constraint force, from the perspective of comprehensive factors assessment, we have constructed an evaluation system of regional carrying capacity index, including mineral, water, and bioecological resources, as well as labor and other factors, and evaluated the regional carrying capacity of 11 provinces and cities along the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The results indicate that (1) the supporting force of the resource subsystem becomes the most critical factor affecting the carrying capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the cross-regional flow potential of resource factors increases the regional carrying capacity threshold. (2) The regional carrying capacity, economic-social, resource and environmental subsystems of the Yangtze River Economic Belt are steadily improving, and the overall trend is positive. The quantified dynamic evaluation of regional economic-social, resource and environmental carrying capacity provides a theoretical support for the construction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt eco-priority green development demonstration area.

Causal Analysis and Prevention Measures for Extreme Heavy Rainstorms in Zhengzhou to Protect Human Health.

This study focused on the extreme heavy rainstorm that occurred in Zhengzhou in July 2021; approximately 380 people were killed or missing as a result of this storm. To investigate the evolution behaviors of this rainstorm and take corresponding prevention measures, several methods and models were adopted, including cloud modeling, preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), fault tree analysis (FTA), bow-tie modeling, and chaos theory. The main reasons for this rainstorm can be divided into the following three aspects: force majeure, such as terrain and extreme weather conditions, issues with city construction, and insufficient emergency rescue. The secondary disasters caused by this rainstorm mainly include urban water logging, river flooding, and mountain torrents and landslides. The main causes of the subway line-5 accident that occurred can be described as follows: the location of the stabling yard was low, the relevant rules and regulations of the subway were not ideal, insufficient attention was given to the early warning information, and the emergency response mechanism was not ideal. Rainstorms result from the cross-coupling of faults in humans, objects, the environment, and management subsystems, and the evolution process shows an obvious butterfly effect. To prevent disasters caused by rainstorms, the following suggestions should be adopted: vigorously improve the risk awareness and emergency response capabilities of leading cadres, improve the overall level of urban disaster prevention and mitigation, reinforce the existing reservoirs in the city, strengthen the construction of sponge cities, and improve the capacity of urban disaster emergency rescue.

An Evaluation of the Coupling Coordination Degree of an Urban Economy–Society–Environment System Based on a Multi-Scenario Analysis: The Case of Chengde City in China

Sustainable urban development requires the coordinated development of economic, social, and environmental subsystems. Evaluating the coordination degree of different urban subsystems is of great significance to supporting sustainable urban development. This study explores the method of combining a scenario analysis with the coupling coordination degree model, proposing a new approach to measure the correlation between the level of urban sustainable development and the coupling coordination degree of urban subsystems. This method is used to analyze the correlation between the sustainable development level of 11 district-level and county-level administrative regions in Chengde City and the coupling coordination degree under different scenarios. The evaluation results show that, under different scenarios, the coupling coordination degree of the 11 administrative regions in Chengde City is at three levels: imminent imbalance, near coordination, and primary coordination. Compared with the business-as-usual scenario, the changes in the coupling coordination degree of all administrative regions in Chengde City under the economic-led scenario, social-led scenario, and environment-led scenario are in line with the level of sustainable development evaluation outcomes. The results confirm that there is a correlation between the level of urban sustainable development and the coupling coordination degree in different scenarios.

Study on Coupling and Coordinated Development of Ecological Environment-Energy Consumption-Regional Economic Growth in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay

Environment, energy, and economy often constitute an interrelated and contradictory ternary system. In this study, Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay Area is taken as the main research object, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is taken as the reference object. By constructing the index system of 3E system coordination evaluation model, the coordination degree and coordination status of ecological environment, energy consumption, and economic growth subsystems of the two areas are compared and analyzed, and the coupling relationship between 2E and 3E systems of Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is further studied. The results show that the eco-environmental coordination degree and energy consumption coordination degree of the cities in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay are between 0.4248–0.5668 and 0.4528–0.5874, respectively, which are in the state of weak coordination to primary coordination, while the economic growth coordination degree is between 0.5022 and 0.6878, which is in the state of primary coordination to intermediate coordination. The coupling of 2E system in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area shows linear growth and nonlinear growth, respectively (R2 = 0.997), presenting a good coupling development overall. The coupling levels of ecological environment-energy consumption, ecological environment-economic growth, and energy consumption-economic growth in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay increase by 18.94, 86.72, and 98.20% respectively. The coupling of 3E systems between Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area presents a nonlinear development trend that is increasing year by year (R2 > 0.99), but the coupling level of 3E systems between the two is still low, both of which are in the primary/weak coordination state, while the overall growth rate of 3E system coupling in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay is higher than that of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.