Environmental Safety Standards Research Articles

Study on the Optimization of Three-Layer Glass Thickness Using Ant Colony Algorithm to Reduce UV Transmission

This study introduces an ant colony algorithm-based method for optimizing the thickness of triple-layer glass to minimize ultraviolet (UV) transmission, thereby enhancing protection against harmful rays within indoor environments. A physical model of triple glazing was employed to systematically analyze how variations in glass thickness impact UV transmittance. Utilizing the ant colony algorithm, the research team conducted extensive iterative optimizations to determine the most effective thickness combinations, which proved successful in substantially reducing the transmission of particularly damaging short-wave UV rays. Extensive simulations conducted in MATLAB supported the experimental results, confirming the significant improvement in UV protection offered by the optimized glass structure. This innovative approach not only establishes a solid foundation for the future development of advanced glass design but also underscores the versatility and efficacy of the ant colony algorithm in material engineering. Looking ahead, the research will focus on refining the algorithm's parameters to enhance its precision and extend its application to other areas of architectural and material science, aiming to meet broader environmental and health safety standards.

Thermal insulation materials based on eucalyptus bark fibres

The civil construction industry significantly contributes to global energy consumption, prompting a shift towards sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impacts throughout the building lifecycle. Traditional thermal insulation materials, such as polyurethane foam and mineral wool, are cost-effective but fail to meet environmental safety standards. In this context, plant-based materials have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative for thermal insulation, with agroforestry waste offering a sustainable raw material source. This waste is abundant and often improperly disposed of, thus utilizing it can reduce the environmental footprint of the agroforestry sector. This study focuses on developing thermal insulation plates using eucalyptus bark fibres, with some samples incorporating wheat straw. Various methods were employed: sodium silicate as a binder in some samples, while others used a binder-free method involving pulping bark in lye, and some included carbonised eucalyptus bark. The primary goal was to evaluate properties like thermal conductivity and moisture sorption. The electron microscope analysis provided insights into the microstructure of the fibres, explaining their insulation mechanisms. The thermal conductivity of the plates ranged from 0.036 to 0.059 W/(m·K) at a density of 80–220 kg/m3, influenced by the preparation processes (mechanical grinding, lye pulping, carbonization) and binder use. Eucalyptus bark fibre samples demonstrated low moisture sorption for plant-based materials, with 9.4–14.5 % at 60 % relative humidity and 21.6–38.5 % at 97 % relative humidity. Additionally, the samples showed high resistance to fungal growth when wet, suggesting good durability for thermal insulation applications. Overall, the study's results indicate that eucalyptus bark fibres hold significant promise as a sustainable raw material for producing thermal insulation, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional materials while enhancing the durability and effectiveness of insulation in construction.

Water Quality Identification and Analysis of Saguling Reservoir, West Bandung Regency

The Saguling Reservoir in West Bandung Regency is crucial for local water supply and biodiversity. However, water quality has significantly declined due to human activities, environmental changes, and poor waste management. This degradation jeopardizes the reservoir's clean water supply and the ecological health of surrounding communities. This research used the STORET (Storage and Retrieval) method to assess water quality through purposive sampling in the most affected zones, analyzing physical, chemical, and biological parameters at multiple depths. Key indicators, such as dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, and heavy metal presence, were measured. Results show severe water quality deterioration, especially in deeper sections with less sunlight and aeration. Elevated nitrate and phosphate levels, mainly from agricultural runoff and residential waste, exceeded environmental safety standards. Toxic heavy metals like lead and mercury were also detected, posing serious risks to aquatic life and human health. The study highlights that deeper water zones are critically impacted by pollutants, stressing the need for better regulatory frameworks and waste management. Immediate strategic interventions are crucial to restore and protect the Saguling Reservoir's water quality for future generations.

SECONDARY POLYMERS AS A PROSPECTIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-OCTANE AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE

The article analyzes the possibility of expanding the raw material base of the production process of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline of the A-92 and A-95 brands due to the involvement of secondary polymer raw materials. The types of raw materials that will make it possible to obtain basic fractions or components of commercial gasolines that will be used in the production of commercial automobile gasolines that, according to their chemical composi- tion and properties, will meet the requirements of environmental safety standards adopted in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union have been determined. It was established that the main raw material capable of replacing oil and gas condensate is secondary polyolefin raw material, represented by polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), and the main process of its processing is thermal or thermocatalytic pyrolysis. Priority is given to raw materials that are directly generated in production in the form of waste and raw materials that come from sorting points. At the same time, secondary polymer raw materials, regardless of their source of origin, must undergo a stage of preliminary preparation, which includes sorting, crushing, washing and drying of raw materials. Practical studies have shown that this process is implemented on reactor-type installations at temperatures of 320–450 °C and pressures of 0.1–3.5 MPa and allows obtaining a significant yield (35–70 %) of the liquid product of pyrolysis – a gasoline fraction with a boiling point of 30–200 °C. Along with liquid products, more than 15 % of gases (ethylene, propylene and butylene) are formed, which should be processed into polymer gasoline (base fraction) and high-octane components – alkylates. As a result of the research, a scheme for the production of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline from secondary polymer raw materials (HDPE, LDPE and PP) is proposed, which is based on the rational use of production resources and production by-products.

Laboratory evaluation of cutback bitumen modified with cup lump rubber

Abstract This research introduces a novel approach to addressing challenges in conventional asphalt used for road construction by incorporating cup lump rubber into cutback bitumen. The study investigates the viscosity and flash point of the resulting cutback bitumen to identify the optimal solvent percentage for achieving a lower mixing and compacting temperature range. Various diluent percentages were tested, ranging from 40% to 50%, across temperatures from 30°C to 70°C. Results indicate that higher diluent percentages lead to decreased viscosity in the blended bitumen. The most efficient solvent content for producing cutback bitumen-modified cup lump rubber is identified at 45% and 50% by weight of the bitumen, offering a reduced mixing and compaction temperature range. However, higher diluent content increases volatility potential and reduces the flash point. Additionally, toxicity testing reveals that lead and zinc are consistently present in cup lump rubber-infused samples, albeit below hazardous waste limits set by TCLP. The absence of lead in unmodified cutback bitumen underscores its compliance with environmental safety standards. These findings underscore the minimal environmental impact of this innovative modified bitumen formulation.

The Effect of Renewable Phosphorus Biofertilizers on Selected Wheat Grain Quality Parameters

Recycling and reusing phosphorus in agriculture can reduce the consumption of natural phosphorus resources, which are continuing to shrink. Phosphorus fertilizers made from renewable raw materials (sewage sludge ash, animal bones, dried animal blood) and activated with phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (Bacillus megaterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) offer an alternative to conventional fertilizers. These products should meet consumer and environmental safety standards. In this paper, based on field experiments conducted in northeast Poland, the effects of waste-derived biofertilizers on selected parameters of wheat yield quality are discussed. The study focuses on the technological properties of the grain (hectoliter weight, hardness index, Zeleny index, starch, wet gluten, and protein content), the content of proteogenic amino acids, macro- and micronutrients, and selected toxic elements in the grain. The quality parameters of wheat grain were not affected by the tested biofertilizers applied in P doses up to 35.2 kg ha−1, nor by conventional fertilizers.

Systematic assessment of a multi–solid waste cementitious material: Feasibility and environmental impact

This study systematically assessed the feasibility of replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with a multi–solid waste cementitious material (MSC) composed of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), steel slag (SS), red mud (RM), fly ash (FA), limestone powder (LP), and desulfurized gypsum (DG) in specific proportions of 28%, 25%, 21%, 11.5%, 9%, and 5.5%, respectively. The hydration characteristics were analyzed using hydration heat, XRD, TG–DTG, FTIR, and SEM–EDX tests. The heavy metal content and leaching concentration of the MSC were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). The unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), and water stability of the MSC-stabilized clayey sand and stone chips were investigated. The results showed that synergistic hydration among multiple solid wastes generated abundant hydration products, including Ca(OH)2, C–(A)–S–H gels, and AFt crystals, which formed dense and compact microstructures. Furthermore, Pb and Cd in the raw material were effectively solidified by MSC hydration, with leaching concentrations as low as 0.181 and 0.002 mg/L, respectively. The contents and leaching concentrations of the other heavy metals were significantly lower than their limits. The pH of the MSC mortar leachate was stable at 11.56 with curing age, which complied with environmental safety standards. Moreover, MSC as a binder demonstrated higher UCS, ITS, and water stability in comparison to OPC. When MSC was added at a 6% dosage to stabilize clayey sand and stone chips, the UCS values measured after 7 days of curing were 2.82 MPa and 4.83 MPa, respectively. Finally, the MSC was successfully applied in practical projects, demonstrating its promising application prospects.

Green and Eco-friendly Synthetic Strategies for Quinoxaline Derivatives

Abstract: Advancement in green synthetic methodologies has brought a revolution in heterocyclic synthesis. Green synthesis has bypassed the classical procedures involving toxic/hazardous solvents or catalysts and improved the current environmental safety standards by many folds. Green chemistry research has continuously made significant contributions to the development of heterocyclic scaffolds both at laboratory and commercial scales. Researchers are continuously developing and exploring the principles of green chemistry for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Quinoxaline lies in the category of versatile heterocyclic motifs, which possesses a wide diversity in its derivatives as well as a broad profile of its therapeutic potential. In the past decades, many new green synthetic protocols have been developed and employed successfully for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives. These include the use of reusable nanocatalysts, polymers, various green solvents, tonsils, catalysts, water as a catalyst, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic waves, non-toxic metal catalysts, surfactants, etc. The present review focuses on various green synthetic procedures reported for quinoxalines along with the specializations and applications of the reactions.

Strategic approach to the application of economic levers in environmentally safe agriculture

This article examines the issue of application and implementation of economic levers for ecologically safe goods of agricultural origin as a part of a complex of measures of the general environmental policy of the state in the long term, which is regulated by the current norms of Ukrainian legislation. The toolkit for this category of goods is presented in the form of state and commercial means that regulate the sale and use of environmentally safe goods and services, not limiting their direction only to the greening of the production process of agriculture, but also to the comprehensive solution of modern problems of environmental awareness of society and solution of urgent problems of the economy of nature use. At the same time, both at the level of the average individual and at the level of the industrial consumer of agricultural resources, as well as the interests of the state in the context of ensuring environmental safety standards are taken into account. Consideration of this issue was carried out using the assessment of four categories of economic levers: taxes on ecological products of agriculture, tax differentiation of this category of goods, a system of incentives for the transformation of the agricultural production process to a resource-saving business model, the responsibility of producers for causing damage to the surrounding natural environment of the agricultural sphere as at the state level and at the level of individual producers. It was determined that each of these levers has certain advantages and disadvantages, as a result of which it is appropriate to use them in connection with certain measures within the framework of the general environmental policy for certain goods, while in other cases they are less effective. At the current stage of the development of the environmental policy of Ukraine, the main task is to determine the appropriate tools for solving a specific environmental problem, in particular — the post-war restoration of agricultural resources, the elimination of the consequences of the active phase of hostilities of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the medium and long term, as well as increasing the further level of environmental information support for the purpose of solving environmental problems of the post-war restoration of agricultural resources.

Identification of acetaldehyde based on plasmonic patterns of a gold nanostructure conjugated with chromophore and H2O2: a new platform for the rapid and low-cost analysis of carcinogenic agents by colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS).

Acetaldehyde, a prevalent carbonyl compound in fermented foods, poses challenges in various applications due to its reactivity. This study addresses the need for efficient acetaldehyde detection methods across biotechnological, environmental, pharmaceutical, and food sectors. Herein, we present a novel colorimetric/UV spectrophotometric approach utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), particularly gold nano-flowers (AuNFs), for sensitive acetaldehyde identification. The method exhibits a notable sensitivity, detecting acetaldehyde at concentrations as low as 0.1 μM. The mechanism involves the interaction of acetaldehyde molecules with AuNFs, leading to a significant change in the absorbance spectrum, which serves as the basis for detection. Moreover, its applicability extends to human biofluids, notably urine samples. Integration with a cost-effective one-drop microfluidic colorimetric device (OD-μPCD) enables the development of an affordable test strip (CATS). This semi-analytical device, employing a multichannel OD-μPCD, facilitates real-time analysis of acetaldehyde in human samples. Our findings demonstrate the pioneering utilization of AuNPs for selective and sensitive acetaldehyde detection, promising advancements in environmental and occupational safety standards, and laying a foundation for enhanced detection and monitoring of related volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Towards A Design Approach to Achieve Environmental Safety in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Units in Hospitals Using Nanotechnology

In The environmental safety was investigated in this study, with an initial focus on defining the general concept of environmental safety. Subsequently, the study delved into the environmental safety within hospitals, particularly in diagnostic and treatment spaces. Air pollutants and their types were examined, along with permissible levels, emphasizing the adverse effects of increased pollutants on human health. Additionally, attention was given to the physical hazards within these spaces, such as temperature, noise, and lighting. In the context of studying diagnostic and treatment spaces in hospitals, a review was conducted on the currently used traditional finishing materials and an evaluation of their harmful effects. The concept of "sick buildings" and its impact on human safety was also explored. The study placed a particular emphasis on nanotechnology and how nano-materials can be employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of non-compliant "sick buildings" with environmental safety standards. Global examples of nano-applications were analyzed, along with an examination of a hospital in Egypt that utilizes nano-technology in its glass structure. Furthermore, a simulation was performed on a local hospital to measure the difference in carbon dioxide emission within the space. This comparison was conducted between the current state of the building using traditional finishing materials and the scenario where nano-alternatives are employed in the glass and thermal insulation of exterior walls.

A Bayesian Network Model for Risk Management during Hydraulic Fracturing Process

The escalating production of shale gas and oil, witnessed prominently in developed nations over the past decade, has sparked interest in prospective development, even in developing countries like Algeria. However, this growth is accompanied by significant opposition, particularly concerning the method of extraction: hydraulic fracturing, or ‘fracking’. Concerns regarding its environmental impact, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and potential health effects have sparked widespread debate. This study thoroughly examines these concerns, employing an innovative approach to assess the risks associated with hydraulic fracturing operations in shale gas reservoirs. Through the integration of diverse data sources, including quantitative and qualitative data, observational records, expert judgments, and global sensitivity analysis using the Sobol method, a comprehensive risk assessment model, was developed. This model carefully considered multiple condition indicators and extreme working conditions, such as pressures exceeding 110 MPa and temperatures surpassing 180° F. The integration of these varied data streams enabled the development of a robust Bayesian belief network. This network served as a powerful tool for the accurate identification of process vulnerabilities and the formulation of optimal development strategies. Remarkably, this study’s results showed that this approach led to a notable 12% reduction in operational costs, demonstrating its practical efficacy. Moreover, this study subjected its model to rigorous uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, pinpointing the most severe risks and outlining optimal measures for their reduction. By empowering decision-makers to make informed choices, this methodology not only enhances environmental sustainability and safety standards but also ensures prolonged well longevity while maximizing productivity in hydraulic fracturing operations.

Efficiency of limiting nitrogen oxides emissions by exhaust gas recirculation systems of marine internal combustion engines

The subject of this study is systems for ensuring environmental safety of marine internal combustion engines, in particular, technologies for limiting emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The regulatory requirements for reducing emissions are presented in the paper. The main theoretical aspects of the problem of nitrogen oxides formation during combustion in a diesel engine are considered. On the basis of these theoretical aspects the effectiveness of using various methods to achieve the requirements for the permissible level of NOx concentration in the exhaust gases is assessed. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are considered as the main technologies; they allow achieving the highest indicators of nitrogen oxide emissions control in accordance with the requirements of the Tier 3 standard. Taking into account the peculiarities of the requirements for the design and layout of systems as part of a ship power plant, as well as operational and investment costs, the main attention in the work is paid to systems of indirect influence on the engine in-cylinder processes, which include exhaust gas recirculation systems. Based on the comparison of high and low pressure EGR, the advantages and disadvantages of the designs are determined. It is noted that high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation systems have a number of advantages, which primarily include the compactness and high speed of the system response to changes in operational conditions. On the example of the leading manufacturers developments, the potential capabilities of the high-pressure EGR system and the engine characteristics confirming the effectiveness of its use are demonstrated. Based on the results of the work, a conclusion about the high efficiency and expediency of using exhaust gas recirculation systems to meet the requirements of the current environmental safety standards of ship power plants is made.

The synergistic action mechanisms of ternary industrial waste stabilized lead ion contaminated soil

In this study, ternary industrial waste comprising red mud, carbide slag and phosphogypsum was combined with cement to act as a curing agent for the remediation of Pb2+-contaminated soil. The mixing proportions of the four materials were determined based on the resulting mechanical and permeability properties as well as the pH and leached Pb2+ concentration of the solidified soil. Furthermore, variations in the compressive strength, pH of leachate, permeability coefficient and leached Pb2+ concentration with the curing age were studied. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, sequential extraction and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses were performed to characterize the mineral constituents and microstructures of the solidified soil. The experimental results reveal that when cement, red mud, carbide slag, and phosphogypsum were added at mass percentages of 10 %, 2.5 %, 1.25 % and 1.25 %, respectively, the strength of the solidified soil increased and the permeability coefficient reached 10−7 cm/s. In this case, the pH value was 11.91, and the leached Pb2+ concentration was 0.403 mg/L, which comply with the environmental safety standards. Moreover, with increasing curing age, the strength increased, the permeability coefficient decreased, pH slightly increased and leached Pb2+ concentration decreased. The results revealed that the stabilization mechanism of the Pb2+-contaminated soil depends on the adsorption and physical encapsulation of the hydration products as well as the formation of a small amount of lead compounds, thus converting Pb2+ from a highly soluble state to a less reactive state.

Modeling the robust facility layout problem for unequal space considering health and environmental safety criteria under uncertain parameters

This study examines the robust facility layout problem (RFLP) while taking into account unpredictable health and environmental safety standards. This problem's major goal is to arrange the departments in various departments of a hall, allot each department the appropriate amount of space, and identify the kind of amenities and equipment needed for each chosen sector. To accomplish the aforementioned objective, five criteria were taken into account: the total cost of department transfer and selection; access to more facilities and equipment; access to firefighting equipment; access to favorable climatic conditions; and the separation of noisy departments from one another. The fuzzy programming approach is utilized in this research to regulate the uncertainty parameters due to the uncertainty of the transfer cost and transfer time parameters. Additionally, by supplying an appropriate chromosome, the precise Epsilon constraint approach, NSGA II, and MOPSO have been employed to tackle the issue. The computational sizes of larger-sized sample problems solved demonstrate the strong performance of the NSGA II in quickly finding effective solutions.

Issues of improving well construction processes and their environmental component

Purpose. Consistent analysis of complex issues of technical and technological components of the well construction cycle, taking into account the need to ensure the achievement of high technical and economic indicators while simultaneously complying with restrictive standards of environmental protection and technological safety. Research methodology. Theoretical and laboratory studies of the features of the use of special process fluids were carried out using modern methods of analytical analysis and experimental research, in particular through the use of general principles of mathematical and physical modeling, methods for processing research results in EXCEL, MATHCAD, instrumentation and materials. The flow of downhole circulation processes was simulated on experimental stands at the training drilling site of the Dnipro University of Technology using a ZIF-650M drilling rig and a UKB-4P drilling rig, as well as corresponding drilling and auxiliary tools. Research results. The key issues of organizing the construction cycle of wells for various purposes are considered. The features of the use of special technological fluids at different stages of the complex process of obtaining a reliable communication channel in a mountain range with a deep deposit, in the form of a well, have been studied. The essence of individual operations during flushing, securing and cementing a wellbore is analyzed. The results of studies of the technological properties of clay washing liquids treated with special chemical reagents are presented. Specific examples of approaches to ensuring the implementation of well technological operations are highlighted. The need to comply with environmental safety standards is substantiated. Originality. According to the purpose of the research, laboratory study methods have established the existence of a correlation between the concentration of surfactants (using the example of sulfonol and ditalane) and indicators of the technological properties of drilling fluids, namely viscosity and fluid loss. These characteristics change upward or downward, corresponding to the presence or absence of a background carbon-alkaline reagent. This changes the nature of the interaction of flushing fluids with the walls of the wellbore, and its positive effect is manifested in the effect of hydrophobization and minimal impact on the environment. Practical implications. The logical and consistent study of the influence of individual components of the flushing, cementing and cementing processes on the overall performance of well construction, presented in the work, allows us to evaluate potential directions for research to improve the development cycles of mineral deposits. The processes of the technological cycle of constructing wells for various purposes and other related works are considered on the basis of ensuring compliance with environmental protection standards.

The right to an enabling environment in the system of public interests of the territorial community within the implementation of the sustainable development goals

The purpose of the research was to study the essence of the right to an enabling environment in the system of public interests of a territorial society, within the framework of the implementation of the strategy for Sustainable Development in Ukraine. As the main content it is known that the national security strategy of Ukraine identifies corruption among the current and planned threats, which prevents the Ukrainian economy from depressing, makes its sustainable and dynamic growth impossible and, as a result, fuels the criminal environment. The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. The obtained results allow concluding that, the effectiveness of legal regulation of the implementation and protection of the right to a favorable environment should be directed to the implementation of environmental and economic functions of the state and, fundamentally, to strict adherence to national environmental safety standards.

Improving the efficiency of multimodal transportation of chemical products from the Volgograd region to the near and far abroad

Introduction. The industrial sector of Russia is the most important segment of the country’s economy. Until the beginning of the 21st century, large chemical enterprises in Russia were focused on the domestic market. There was a so-called supply strategy formed back in the USSR for the Union Socialist republics. The products of the chemical industry were mainly transported by road around the city and to neighboring regions, the main cargo traffic for longer distances was mastered by rail and river transport. Currently, the largest chemical industry enterprise in the Volgograd region, AO Kaustik, is actively exporting to Europe, South America and Asia. To carry out international transportation of the company’s products, hired tractors with semi-trailers that meet all modern standards of environmental safety are used. The interaction of road transport with rail, river, and sea is actively taking place, effective logistics multimodal systems for the delivery of chemical products are being organized. Road and rail transportation of products is organized with Asian countries, with European countries – by road, rail and sea, with South American countries – by sea. Today, the company’s transport carries out international multimodal transportation to the near and far abroad. The issue of improving the efficiency of road transport is relevant. The paper considers the links of the logistics system of transportation of chemical products of the enterprise between the countries, along the routes: Russia – Netherlands and Russia – Kyrgyzstan. The comparison of road and rail transportation by time and cost on Volgograd – Bishkek route is carried out. The full loading of the vehicle with transport packages according to the calculation takes place in compliance with the loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points, customs control points, movement along routes, and the work of drivers. The statistical regularities of the distribution of the execution time of elements and operations in the loading point of the enterprise are investigated. The ways of organizing the work of motor transport drivers on the international Volgograd – Bishkek – Volgograd route are considered, the calculation of the duration of the elements of the transportation process and their cost is presented.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical and economic analysis of data on the functioning of the chemical industry in the region. Graph-analytical methods are used to form transport packages and ensure that the car is fully loaded. Methods for determining the shortest distances and drawing up routes on the transport network are used. Methods of organizing the work of drivers are used to ensure single and tour work on the international route. The effectiveness of the proposed measures is evaluated by economic methods.Results. It is revealed that the chemical industry of the region has a stable economic situation that allows it to develop new international markets. The links of the multimodal logistics system for the delivery of the company’s products along Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands international routes are investigated. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points. A statistical analysis of the elements and stages of the transportation process of caustic soda was carried out. A scheme for placing transport packages with bags of caustic soda in a semi-trailer of a motor vehicle has been developed. International routes of transportation of products of AO Kaustik using road transport have been developed: Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands routes. The mode of operation of motor transport when performing international transportation using tour and single organization of drivers’ work is calculated. We recommend a tour trip as the most effective way to organize the work of drivers. Tour riding is recommended as the most effective way of organizing the work of road transport in the organization of international transportation to near and far abroad. The final price of 1 ton of transported products on the Volgograd – Bishkek route has been determined. The effective functioning of road transport in the international logistics system for the delivery of caustic soda allows you to reduce transport time, transport costs and reduce the cost of a unit of production for the end user.Conclusions. The article develops measures to improve the organization of international transportation of products of JSC «Caustic» using road transport. The final price of 1 ton of products in the Bishkek warehouse, taking into account the initial cost of granular caustic soda and transportation costs in the case of organizing a single driver’s ride, will be 83246 rubles/ton, and for tour driving, respectively, 81355 rubles/ton.

Research of the efficiency using the model of the spatial hinge in an internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine is a heat system for many kinds of use in the field of engineering. The difficult economic situation around petroleum products, which is associate with their deficit and modern environmental safety standards require switching to alternative energy sources and looking for ways to modernize internal combustion engines to increase their efficiency. A large number of internal combustion engines belong to the crank group. The analysis of the crank group showed their low technical efficiency. When the piston is in the upper position at the time of ignition of the combustible mixture in the cylinder, the maximum pressure occurs. This leads to maximum driving force with a minimum crank angle. Also increases the friction of the piston on the cylinder wall, the wear of the cylinder wall, additional local heating of the surface of the cylinder and over-load of the crankshaft. Thus, a decrease in the net power resulting from the combustion of fuel in the engine occurs. To increase the efficiency of the crank mechanism, it is propose to apply a new design of the torque transmission mechanism in the engine, which will be built based on a spatial hinge. This paper presents a study of the power and kinematic parameters of the spatial hinge of an internal combustion engine.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

The socio-economic development of Ukraine requires increasing the level of food security of the state, providing the population with high-quality and ecologically safe food products in order to preserve their health and improve the welfare of society. The safety of food for the health of the population can be guaranteed only under the condition of organizing strict quality control of food products entering the domestic market, as well as through the implementation of a stimulating policy for the production of ecological products. In this connection, there is an objective need to develop and introduce a set of coordinated organizational and economic measures, which should be based on stricter public, state and self-government control over compliance with established norms and standards regarding production technologies and be implemented at all stages of the product life cycle. An important role in this context will be played by increasing the social responsibility of business, popularization of environmentally safe and energy-saving technologies, greening of all production and consumption processes, which requires coordinated cooperation of managers, managers and employees of agricultural, agro-industrial and processing enterprises, scientists, educators and the public. The legal regulation of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine has the greatest influence on the regulation of ecologically safe production of agricultural products. Ecological safety of agricultural products is the state of agricultural products, in which the state has established and established in current legislation mandatory safety parameters for this type of products, special sanitary and veterinary measures and requirements for both products and their producers, establishment of uniform standards safety, uniform systems of certification and marking, state control and supervision of the fulfillment of requirements and standards of environmental safety in the production and sale of agricultural products, as well as establishing norms of administrative, criminal, and civil liability for their violation. The main goals of state regulation of the agricultural sector are: guaranteeing the food security of the state; providing the population with quality food products; providing industry with raw materials; solving the problems of the economic and social nature of the development of the agricultural industry; ensuring the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector; increasing the export potential of the agricultural sector.