Environmental Protection Measures Research Articles

RISK MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM FOR ENSURING THE SANITARY SAFETY OF THE POPULATION IN THE AREA OF THE OIL REFINERY

The article reveals the main features and characteristics of the algorithm of actions to ensure environmental safety of the population in the areas of oil refineries based on the mechanism of health risk assessment at all stages of the life cycle of environmentally hazardous production facilities. Methodologically, the algorithm implements the provisions of existing standards, regulatory documents and recommendations on health risk assessment of the population and is a sequence of procedures for making informed decisions on ensuring that health risk to the population exposed to potential negative environmental impacts meets the regulatory level. Application of the algorithm ensures compliance with the regulatory level of environmental impacts on the border of the sanitary protection zone of oil refineries and adjacent residential areas.A special emphasis is made on the stages of design and operation of environmentally hazardous objects, when the level of created health risks is especially sensitive to the results of decisions made. Timely identification of hazards and assessment of health risks at the design stage helps to choose the location of environmentally hazardous facilities, considering created risks in specific industrial and urban conditions. At the operation stage, the areas with highest risk levels of the sanitary protection zone boundary and the industrial site are identified, as well as priority production facilities and chemical toxicants (in terms of created risks). This gives a reason for adjusting the programs of industrial and environmental control, for specifying the priority of investment programs and plans of environmental protection measures. In practical terms the specific features of actions in conditions of high risks are defined to ensure the health risk meets the regulatory level in functioning of environmentally hazardous oil refining object, avoiding significant financial environmental costs as a result of making ecologically insufficiently justified planning and technological decisions at the design stage. The algorithm is universal, because it can be used for the existing production facilities and new construction projects, regardless of industry specifics.

Target the neglected VOCs emission from iron and steel industry in China for air quality improvement.

Recent years have witnessed significant improvement in China's air quality. Strict environmental protection measures have led to significant decreases in sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and particulate matter (PM) emissions since 2013. But there is no denying that the air quality in 135 cities is inferior to reaching the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012) in 2020. In terms of temporal, geographic, and historical aspects, we have analyzed the potential connections between China's air quality and the iron and steel industry. The non-target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from iron and steel industry, especially from the iron ore sinter process, may be an underappreciated index imposing a negative effect on the surrounding areas of China. Therefore, we appeal the authorities to pay more attention on VOCs emission from the iron and steel industry and establish new environmental standards. And different iron steel flue gas pollutants will be eliminated concurrently with the promotion and application of new technology.

Multi-level responses of oysters Crassostrea virginica for assessing organochlorine pesticides in a Ramsar coastal lagoon in southern Mexico

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been intensively used without proper regulation and control in Latin America due to the prevalence of diseases and pests, thus posing potential risks to nontarget organisms. Initiatives for ecosystem preservation, such as to designate protected areas, may not be enough to avoid contamination by OCPs, considering that protected areas tend to be permeable to diffuse sources. Here, we investigate multi-level responses of the oyster Crassostrea virginica to OCPs in Laguna de Términos, a RAMSAR coastal lagoon in the southern Gulf of Mexico. For this aim, OCPs occurrence and concentrations in the water, sediment, and in oysters from 3 settlement banks were assessed. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic biochemical biomarkers were quantified in the oysters’ mantle and digestive gland, and the human health risk due to oyster consumption was also evaluated. OCPs in water were below detection limits. Fourteen OCPs were detected in sediments (∑OCPs mean of 49 ngg−1) and 7 in oyster tissues (∑OCPs mean of 121 ngg−1). The occurrence of OCPs was related to the land uses along the watersheds of the rivers that drain into the lagoon. Biochemical responses were correlated with OCPs (∑HCH, ∑DDT, heptachlor and endosulfan) in sediment, and oyster tissues. OCPs in oyster tissues showed a strong association with pro-oxidant forces and oxidative stress responses (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation), and neurotoxicity (Acetylcholinesterase), suggesting that the current OCPs contamination exerts significant stress. Our study also shows that the consumption of oysters from the lagoon increases the potential human health risk. Considering that Laguna de Términos is a protected Ramsar site, we suggest that environmental protection measures should be increased and that a monitoring program for OCPs exposure is necessary to assess the effects on this ecosystem.

Sustainability of Italian seaports located near contaminated sites: results of an exploratory analysis.

Ports are strategic areas of economic importance, but they are also very critical contexts. Many Italian ports are included in contaminated sites of concern for remediation, with the presence of pressure factors that overload the burden capacity of local ecosystems and communities. The aim of this study is to characterize Italian seaport areas through a general theoretical path on the theme of ports-sustainability-local communities, identifying the ports located in municipalities included in contaminated sites studied by the SENTIERI Project (Epidemiological Study of Residents in Italian Contaminated Sites). Many of the selected ports, are being part of complex industrial areas, where, in addition to the port area, there are other sources of environmental contamination potentially harmful to health. Excesses risk were observed for mesothelioma and for respiratory diseases, pathologies for which there is epidemiological evidence of an excess of risk associated with residence in port areas. The strong environmental pressures that characterize these areas make it necessary to adopt adequate environmental and health protection measures.

The Impact of Officials’ Off-Office Accountability Audit of Natural Resource Assets on Firms’ Green Innovation Strategies: A Quasi-Natural Experiment in China

It is important to assess the factors that affect firms’ strategies for environmental improvement. Taking China’s pilot of officials’ off-office accountability audit of natural resource assets (hereafter accountability audit) that commenced in 2014 as an exogenous shock to government audits of leading officials, we use a difference-in-differences method (DID) to examine the impact of government audits on firms’ green innovation strategies. Our results show that the accountability audit increases the proximity between firms’ previous and present green innovation fields and enhances incremental rather than radical green innovation. Furthermore, these influences are stronger in the case of pressure from local governments for firms to adopt environmental protection measures, government control of firms, and market performance pressures than in other cases. In addition, the accountability audit drives investment in environmental protection toward green innovation in existing fields. Finally, the accountability audit increases firms’ economic value added and disclosure of social responsibility information. Overall, our study provides evidence that firms conduct similar and known green innovations in response to government audits.

RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTISE

This article discusses issues related to the procedures for assessing the impact on the environment, environmental expertise and strategic environmental expertise of the planned economic and other activities in national legislation and international documents. The actual problems of the lack of a specific range of objects of expertise and other mechanisms of environmental protection measures are determined.

Does environmental regulation improve public health? Evidence from China's Two Control Zones policy.

Improving public health is the premise of sustainable human development and an essential condition of economic growth. However, increasing severe environmental pollution poses a threat to public health. Implementing environmental regulation policy has become a meaningful way to control environmental pollution and the basis and guarantee for achieving public health. This paper aims to study the impact of environmental regulation on public health. The Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy is the earliest and stricter environmental regulation in China. Based on the policy experiment of TCZ, this paper analyzes the role of TCZ policy in improving public health using the DID model and data from 112 cities. The study finds that the TCZ policy can significantly improve public health, and this improvement effect was continuous and lagging. The results of benchmark regression show that the implementation of the TCZ policy has reduced the incidence rate of respiratory diseases in TCZ areas by 5.7%. When considering city heterogeneity in terms of economic and geographical conditions, the study further found that the impact of improvement is largest for cities in more heavily non-provincial capital and central and western regions, respectively. In addition, the results of mediating test show that TCZ policy improves public health by reducing environmental pollution. Our research fills the gap in the literature on the micro effects of environmental regulation policy on public health in developing countries. The government should prioritize environmental pollution control through reasonable environmental regulation policies. The government should strengthen environmental information disclosure to remind the public to deal with air pollution. The government and enterprises also should take various environmental protection measures to reduce air pollution emissions.

Analysis of environmental expenditure in Kazakhstan

Environmental protection is an essential direction among the issues protectingthe national interests of any state. Today the question is highly relevant; it becomes the subjectof interest and new researches by academic economists. The future well-being of mankind andthe sustainable development of the economy are due to the successful solution of the problemof environmental protection as one of the most debated issues of our time. To a large extent,the successful implementation of this activity depends on the volume of investments and theeffectiveness of environmental protection measures. The purpose of the article is to analyze theexpenditure of environmental protection for adequacy to high man-made loads. In the processof researching the expenditures of environmental activities, methods of logical, statistical andcomparative analysis were used. In this research, firstly, identified priority areas for environmentalactivities in Kazakhstan, secondly, a decrease in the share of environmental protection expendituresas a percentage of the country’s GDP, and also an analysis of the environmental costs of the Republicof Kazakhstan for 2013~2017 by regions. The research confirmed that despite the annual increasein the cost of environmental protection in Kazakhstan, environmental protection is ineffective.The results of the research show that in order to level the negative impact on the environment, itis necessary to increase the costs of environmental protection activities as a percentage of GDP,including research and development in the field of environmental protection.

Assessment and mechanism analysis of plant salt tolerance regulates soil moisture dynamics and controls root zone salinity and sodicity in seasonally irrigated agroecosystems

Soil water deficit and saline-alkaline stress impose severe constrains to agriculture and vary across different salt-tolerant crops. Yet, the effects and mechanisms of plant salt tolerance on long-term soil water budget and future root zone (both primary and secondary) salinization and alkalization trends under changing environments in irrigated agroecosystems have not been fully understood, particularly driven by seasonal irrigation practices and stochastic climate conditions. Here, we introduce a robust species-dependent soil water, salinity, and sodicity coupled model that enables explicitly simulation to the feedback between evapotranspiration and salinity being shaped by plant salt tolerance and saturated hydraulic conductivity as affected by salinization and alkalization in seasonally irrigated agroecosystems. Using this model in conjunction with field comprehensive measurements from a typical arid inland river basin in Northwest China, we find that the species-dependent model performed well in simulating the root zone moisture (s), salinity (Cs) and sodicity (Ex) dynamics as driven by seasonal irrigation and random precipitation under different salt-tolerant crops, with average consistency measure (CM) reaching to 0.825 ± 0.017, 0.819 ± 0.027 and 0.728 ± 0.033, respectively. Stochastic simulations indicate that plant salt tolerance plays a predominant role in regulating the feedback of vegetation on soil water budget and root zone salinity and sodicity levels over time in seasonally irrigated agroecosystems. In contrast to salt-sensitive species, salt-tolerant plants seems to exhibit higher efficiency in water extraction from soil, with higher evapotranspiration rates, less frequent leaching events and greater capillary upflow fluxes, thereby lowering soil moisture and boosting salinization and alkalization in the root zone, particularly in arid climates. Sensitivity analysis revealed that plant salt tolerance, together with climatic forcing and anthropogenic perturbations, can significantly modulate the soil water balance and determine the possible trends of root zone salinization and alkalization in future, thus controlling potential risks of soil degradation related to reducing soil hydraulic conductivity Ks(Cs, Ex) in irrigated agroecosystems. Notably, since Ks(Cs, Ex) decreases with plant salt tolerance increases, salt-resilient species have the potential to exacerbate soil degradation. Our results emphasize the importance of comprehensively considering plant salt tolerance for assessing the sustainability of agricultural management practices and environmental protection measures, as well as proposing adaptive strategies under global changes.

Monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality in Lanzhou: Implications for future control strategies

China implemented a one-month lockdown after the 2020 Spring Festival to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The closure measures provide a rare opportunity to understand the resulting changes in air pollution levels and to test the effectiveness of previous environmental protection measures. We used the time series decomposition method to quantify the air pollution in Lanzhou during the closure period. The results showed that during the epidemic lockdown period, although the concentration of SO2 in Lanzhou decreased substantially, there was a significant increase in the concentration of O3 (by 19.14%), followed by a gradual return to the normal level. Most of the changes during the COVID-19 lockdown were within the range of fluctuations over the past five years. The trend of decreasing SO2 and CO in 2020 was less than that during 2015–2019, and the continuous decline of the PM10 concentration exceeded expectations. NO2, PM2.5 and O3 maintained the trend of the previous five years. Our results show that temporary social closure measures have a limited effect on improving air quality in Lanzhou, and they emphasize the importance of reducing the O3 concentration in the future.

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil Around Copper Smelting Sites

Copper smelting can cause heavy metal pollution in surrounding soil and threaten human health. This study examined the characteristics, distribution, and health risk of heavy metals in soil with different land uses around 40 copper smelting sites at home and abroad by collecting published literature data. The results showed that the mean values of ω(As), ω(Cd), ω(Cu), ω(Pb), and ω(Zn) in the soil around the copper smelting sites were 196, 10.5, 1948, 604, and 853 mg·kg-1, respectively. The order of Igeo was Cd(5.63)>Cu(3.88)>As(2.96)>Pb(2.30)>Zn(1.27), and the accumulation of Cd and Cu was the most serious. High Nemero index (NIPI) values were found in the soil around smelting sites with a long history of smelting, outdated process, and insufficient environmental protection measures. Significant correlations were found between the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil, which decreased with the sampling distance. The heavy metals mainly accumulated within 2-3 km from the smelting sites. Compared with the smelting history, scale, and process, land use type had a lower effect on soil heavy metal concentrations. The heavy metals in the soil around copper smelters may pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks on residents. The high health risks were mainly caused by As and Pb in smelting production areas, and Pb in woodland. These results may guide the risk prevention of heavy metal pollution in the soil around smelting sites.

Environmental Performance of Regional Protected Area Network: Typological Diversity and Fragmentation of Forests

Protected areas (PAs) are among the main tools for preserving biodiversity and creating an environment for the natural course of ecological processes. The identification of forest biodiversity is especially important for large metropolitan areas. An obvious problem in assessing the efficiency of the PAs network is the lack of up-to-date cartographic materials representing the typological diversity of vegetation. The aim of the paper is to identify forest biodiversity and fragmentation in the example of the Moscow region (MR)—the largest metropolis in Eastern Europe. The typological classification was carried out at a detailed hierarchical level—33 association groups (ass.gr.) considering the diversity of the land cover. A random forest algorithm was used for cаrtographic mapping (overall accuracy 0.59). Remote sensing (RS) data included Sentinel-2A, DEM SRTM, and PALSAR radar images. Six fragmentation metrics were calculated based on the raster map of forest typological diversity. A significant correlation between the forest diversity and PAs forest patch fragmentation metrics was noted. It has been established that the PAs proportion of the territory accounts for almost 20% only within the northernmost district and noticeably decreases to the south to 1–2%. At the same time, fragmentation noticeably increases from Northeast to Southwest. The category of PAs does not affect the state of the forest cover. Additionally, there was no direct influence of the anthropogenic factor from both local sources and a large regional source, i.e., the city of Moscow. It is shown that the average area of PAs, supporting 75% of the typological diversity of regional communities, was about 1000 ha. The results of the study suggest that there is a general lack of environmental protection measures in the region. It is recommended to increase the area of PAs, primarily for less fragmented forest patches, including indigenous forest-steppe and forest types of communities.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ МІСЦЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО АУДИТУ В УПРАВЛІННІ ФЕРМЕРСЬКИХ ГОСПОДАРСТВ

At the article is justified the importance of the development of farming in the countryside to ensure the efficiency of commodity production, which confirms the feasibility of creating farms. The main problems that slow down their development are identified, as well as a number of practical recommendations for improving the current organizational and economic support of farms are given. The main aspects of the implementation of the financial and environmental audit are analyzed and developed. The legislative requirements for financial and environmental audits are considered, distinctive and common features are revealed. The results of the analysis are confirmed the importance of separating the financial and environmental audit as a separate type of audit, which will be jointly conducted by financial and environmental auditors. The basic principles of auditing of environmental activities are defined. The corresponding stages are proposed, indicating the main key aspects of the financial and environmental audit. The issues of environmental protection and audit procedures are explored in a separate projection. The scheme of relationships between the main production processes, environmental risks, environmental protection measures and audit procedures is highlighted to increase the effectiveness of the financial and environmental audit. The priority of risks for each stage of production during the analysis of the effectiveness of the implemented environmental protection measures is determined. A detailed description of current international standards of financial and environmental audit and their comparative analysis is given. Conclusions regarding the prospects of implementing international environmental protection measures into the domestic regulatory system and their impact on the management system and financial results of specific farms are formed. The experience of foreign countries, which shows that a change in the orientation of socio-economic development will contribute to the introduction of new and improvement of existing mechanisms of state control in the field of environmental protection are considered. Most popular of them is a financial-environmental audit in farms. It is emphasized that one of the achievements of Ukraine's environmental policy is the introduction of environmental audit. This tool is one of the priority directions of state policy in the field of environmental protection, resource use and ensuring environmental safety.

Strategic prerequisites and prospects of environmental management on the example of EuroChem-BMU LLC

EuroChem is located in the Krasnodar Territory, Belorechensky District. Production processes were analysed. The implementation of environmental protection measures aimed at reducing environmental impact is noted. The costs of environmental protection measures are calculated. It is one of the leading suppliers of mineral fertilisers in Russia and the CIS. The size of the sanitary protection zone has been established. Along with the development of production aimed at increasing production, the company's subdivisions carry out environmental protection measures aimed at reducing the impact on the environment. The costs of environmental protection measures have been calculated.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНА СКЛАДОВА УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ В ОТГ ЯК ВАЖЛИВИЙ ЧИННИК РЕСУРСОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ І РОЗВИТКУ РЕГІОНУ

The article is devoted to the study of the ecological state of land in Ukraine and the Kharkiv region, as well as the issue of land resource management in the OTG for the purpose of land protection. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, graphic (when studying the state of land resources, organic production), system-analytical, inductive (for summarizing research results, forming conclusions and recommendations). The main problems of the ecological condition of land resources in Ukraine and in the Kharkiv region were identified and investigated. It was established that the level of fertility of the region is sufficient for agricultural production, but there are a number of negative factors: mining of a large part of the territory, soil degradation, exogenous geological processes. A significant negative impact of military operations and minefields on the state of the environment and, in particular, on land resources in the occupied part of the Kharkiv region was revealed. It may take decades to eliminate the adverse factors caused by war. The development of the production of organic products in Ukraine was analyzed. The dynamics of the export of organic products from Ukraine to the EU countries was studied, as well as the volume of sales on the domestic market was analyzed. On the basis of the conducted research, it is proposed to stimulate organic production in UTC for the development of the region and filling of the local budget. The management of land resources from the point of view of environmental problems in the context of decentralization of power was studied using the example of the Zmiiv urban territorial community. The plan of environmental measures of the governing body of the Zmiiv city territorial community was studied. A number of preventive measures are proposed for further improvement of the ecological condition of land resources. One way to improve the environmental situation in the Kharkiv region is to involve representatives of local businesses and volunteers in environmental and environmental protection measures. The organization of such events should be carried out by the governing body of the united territorial community.

Exploration on Environmental Protection Supported by Big Data

With the rapid development of social economy, environmental problems are becoming increasingly severe, and human society is facing serious environmental pollution. Therefore, it is very necessary to apply big data technology to environmental protection work. Through the analysis of the application characteristics of big data technology, it can be seen that big data technology has made environmental protection work data-driven, and also further embodied the fundamental value of environmental protection. This article analyzed the changes in the environment by establishing environmental protection measures and applying big data, and calculated whether there was a significant improvement in the environment supported by big data technology. This article calculated the dust reduction data after the intervention of big data environmental protection measures in 2022 through experiments, which was significantly lower than the dust reduction data in 2019. Therefore, it has great advantages in environmental detection and other aspects.

Methodological principles of forming a mechanism for assessing environmental damage from the functioning and development of industrial real estate within the boundaries of the urban environment

It is not possible to imagine the implementation of investment and construction projects for industrial purposes in isolation from the environment. During the construction and further operation of enterprises, it is necessary to remember the close relationship between nature and man and plan the processes of waste disposal from harmful substances. In pursuit of profit, management often forgets about air and water purification measures, which causes deterioration of the natural environment around the enterprise, complaints from residents, loss of business reputation, and often financial losses due to the need to eliminate the consequences of emissions. Thus, during the construction of industrial facilities, an important task is not only the calculation of profits from operation, but also environmental protection measures, which must necessarily be carried out by enterprises. The growth of the country's economy largely depends on the growth of gross domestic product (GDP). In 1934, when this indicator was first introduced, it was most often used to understand how much the country is ready for hostilities and how many products enterprises can produce to ensure stable functioning. Later, in the 40s, the indicator was associated with the volume of industrial production, since the service sector at that time was poorly developed. And accordingly, the calculation of the GDP indicator was a very necessary mechanism: the growth of GDP per capita from one thousand to 10 thousand. dollars meant a rapid leap in the material well-being of the population.

МІСТОБУДІВНЕ, ЕКОЛОГО-ГІГІЄНІЧНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ НОРМУВАННЯ САНІТАРНО-ЗАХИСНИХ ЗОН ДЛЯ ОБ'ЄКТІВ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ – АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ЗАПРАВНИХ СТАНЦІЙ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

B a c k g r o u n d . In connection with the shortage of land resources in the largest cities and megalopolises, the issue of the location of existing automobile refueling stations (ARS) and the design of prospective residential buildings close to them, as well as the location of projected ARS in already established suburban areas, are becoming increasingly important. This is happening against the background of rapid motorization of modern society. This also necessitates the formation of new approaches to solving modern problems in the planning and development of the territories of settlements, namely state regulation on the standardization of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) for modern ARS. The purpose and task of the research is to carry out the ecological and hygienic substantiation of the regulation of SPZ for infrastructure objects – modern ARS, taking into account their differentiation in terms of capacity and degree of impact on the environment and the level of fire safety, as a component supply of public administration, to regulate the urban planning situation and make administrative and management decisions. The subject of the study is the achievement of safe conditions for the location of ARS on the territory of populated areas by means of ecological and hygienic standardization of the SPZ for them. The object of the study is the ecological, hygienic and fire safety of ARS for the population of residential and public buildings adjacent to the territory of the ARS as a component supply of public administration. M e t h o d s . In the research process, abstract-logical, theoretical, modeling, instrumental and statistical and method of legal regulation – standardization of SPZ of infrastructure objects – modern ARS. R e s u l t s . The article presents the results of comprehensive studies on the justification of the standardization of new SPZ for modern ARS according to urban planning, ecological and hygienic criteria and the level of fire safety as a component supply of public administration. The establishment of SPZ for ARS is substantiated, taking into account their differentiation in terms of capacity, the state of implementation of environmentally friendly fuel handling technologies and the level of fire safety, which is important for making administrative and management decisions regarding the development of the territories of settlements adjacent to them. The introduction of environmentally friendly equipment and modern technologies, the implementation of environmental protection measures during fuel storage at ARS are effective measures, both at the local self-government level and at the state level, which will slow down climate change on Earth. According to the research results, the classification of ARS according to the ecological and hygienic characteristics of gross emissions from sources of atmospheric air pollution is proposed: small, medium and large ARS, which is important from the point of view of urban planning. С o n c l u s i o n s . On the basis of a comprehensive approach, the adequacy of the standard SPZ of 50 m for small and mediumcapacity ARS has been proven, and the creation of a new safe for the health and life of the population, from the point of view of urban planning, the size of the SPZ of 100 m for large-capacity ARS has been substantiated. It is proposed to approve the new standard of 100 m for high-capacity ARS at the state level by making changes to the existing regulatory framework of urban planning and sanitary legislation. It is substantiated as a component supply of public administration, the introduction of the range of changes in the sizes of SPZ for modern fire- and explosive-hazardous facilities in the legislation and practice of Ukrainian entrepreneurship on the basis of urban planning, ecological and hygienic justification and the level of fire safety. The vector of further research should be aimed at the further implementation into the national urban planning, environmental and sanitary legislation of the requirements of the EU Directives, foreign experience in strengthening fuel quality control, ARS emission control and the introduction of advanced technologies and environmental protection measures at ARS, the use of modern transport to reduce negative impact on the environment and adjacent residential and public buildings, which will serve the formation of modern, environmentally conscious, independent domestic entrepreneurship.

Environmental protection and energy efficiency in dermatological hospitals

The German healthcare system is responsible for 5% of the national greenhouse gas emissions with inpatient medicine in particular resulting in high energy consumption. Buildings needing renovation, ahigh demand for consumer goods with the resulting high volume of waste, and the release of greenhouse gases from anesthetic gases contribute to climate-damaging effects in clinics. In order to achieve the goal of climate neutrality by 2045 declared by the federal government, comprehensive structural changes and the establishment of sustainable measures are therefore also necessary in dermatological clinics. This work is intended to give dermatologists acompact overview of the possible fields of action. Selective literature research on sustainability in clinics and development of concrete proposals for action as well as asummary of own experiences in establishing an environmental management system at the SLK Clinics of Heilbronn. The know-how of professional climate and environmental management is often not yet available. In order to offer motivated dermatologists and employees of clinics concrete assistance, this article shows possible courses of action in the following fields: Energy management and information technology (IT), durable and consumer goods, waste management, sustainable food supply, mobility, public relations, and diagnostics and therapy. Environmental protection measures and energy efficiency in clinics are difficult to implement due to limiting factors such as staff shortages, financial constraints, and alack of instructions. As shown here, however, the implementation of these measures through resource savings, such as saving energy, is often also financially worthwhile and can make asignificant contribution to achieving climate neutrality.

УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ ЗЕЛЕНОГО ФІНАНСУВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

As many countries around the world are implementing sustainable development policies and seeking to finance environmental, climate and nature protection measures, the use of new financial instruments is becoming more widespread, with green loans and green bonds being the main ones. At the same time, their use exposes creditors and investors to significant financial risks that financial institutions and financial market regulators have not previously taken into account in their work. Therefore, the challenge is to develop new approaches to assessing and managing the risks of using green finance instruments to ensure sustainable development. On the basis of the recommendations and guidelines provided by international financial organisations, regulatory documents of central banks of OECD member countries for 2017–2022, and recommendations of the National Bank of Ukraine, the main areas of ensuring effective risk management of lending to green projects are determined, coefficients of the probability of default of the borrower in lending to green projects are calculated. A methodology has been developed to assess the concentration level of credit risks associated with green lending. The article proposes a system of liquidity ratios to secure collateral in green lending operations. A methodology has also been developed for calculating the adjusted interest rate of yield for green corporate bonds, taking into account inflation rates and the value of the established inflation target. Considerable attention is given to improving regulatory and supervisory measures by the central bank to manage the risks associated with the use of new green financial instruments. The proposed approaches can be used by domestic lenders and investors to improve the risk management of green finance in the post-war economic reconstruction period. The issues discussed in this paper are relevant to the discussion aimed at implementing balanced approaches to green finance risk management in the process of ensuring sustainable development in Ukraine.