Minimal Environmental Impact Research Articles

Di-tert-butyl Peroxide (DTBP)-Promoted Heterocyclic Ring Construction

Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl peroxide (DTBP) is one of the most widely used organic peroxides in a variety of oxidative transformations. The main factors contributing to the increasing use of DTBP are its affordability, minimal environmental impact, great effectiveness, and capacity to substitute scarce or dangerous heavy metal oxidants. We have reviewed critically and succinctly the noteworthy applications of DTBP in heterocyclic ring constructions from 2014 onwards in this decennial update. The main components of this evaluation are the pros and cons of its use, the scope of a synthetic organic transformation, and mechanistic logistics.

Electrochemical characterization and discharge performance of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 alloys as anodes for seawater battery

The abundance, environmental friendliness and high energy density of magnesium makes it an attractive option for eco-friendly battery development. This research article explores the performance of commercial magnesium alloys AZ31, AZ61 AZ91 in seawater battery applications, with a focus on corrosion resistance, discharge efficiency and long-term stability. The study highlights the role of aluminium concentration in these alloys, with a specific emphasis on how variations in concentration impact the performance metrics such as corrosion susceptibility, hydrogen evolution and anode utilization. Increasing the aluminium concentration to around 6 wt % in AZ61 not only boosts discharge activation but also enables the formation of protective magnesium aluminide (Mg17Al12), which acts as a barrier, preventing the self-peeling of corrosion products and enhancing stability during prolonged discharge. AZ61 emerges as the optimal alloy, balancing corrosion resistance, discharge efficiency, high anode utilization factor and long-term stability in highly corrosive seawater conditions. The results of electrochemical and discharge performance testing are supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The work offers a framework for future research that can boost the development on design of seawater battery with corrosion-resistant materials, high discharge efficiency and minimal adverse environmental impact.

Aliphatic substrates-mediated unique rapid room temperature synthesis of carbon quantum dots for fenofibrate versatile analysis.

The current synthetic strategies for carbon dots (CDs) are usually time-consuming, rely on complicated processes, and need high temperatures and energy. Recent studies have successfully synthesized CDs at room temperature. Unfortunately, most CDs synthesized at room temperature are obtained under harsh reaction conditions, prepared using aromatic precursors, or need a long time to generate. Therefore, an energy-free room-temperature rapid synthesis of CDs under mild conditions using aliphatic substrates is important. We aim to provide an innovative approach to synthesizing CDs to be used to develop the first fluorescence-based assay of the non-fluorescent anti-hyperlipidemic drug, fenofibrate. We report an innovative, energy-free, and room-temperature preparation of fluorescent N-doped CDs utilizing aliphatic substrates in only 20min. The synthesis was based on a self-exothermic Schiff base condensation reaction between methylglyoxal and ethylenediamine. The prepared CDs' antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and cell-imaging ability were investigated. The fluorescence signal of the CDs was quantitively quenched upon adding increasing concentrations of fenofibrate in the range of 0.50-15.0μg/mL. Therefore, the prepared CDs were applied as a nanosensor to develop the first fluorescence-based assay of fenofibrate. The reliability of the synthesized nanosensor was confirmed by the successful quantification of fenofibrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms, environmental water, weight loss herbal products, and dietary supplements. The obtained recovery ranged from 95.33 to 104.58%. In addition, the minimal environmental impact of the developed fenofibrate sensing strategy was confirmed using the recently reported metrics. The key advantage of this work is the use of an energy-free approach to synthesize CDs rapidly under mild conditions without aromatic substrates. This opens a new window for the eco-friendly synthesis of CDs that avoids the drawbacks of the traditional methods. Additionally, it is the first fluorescence nanosensor for sensing fenofibrate in various matrices, avoiding the limitations of the previous methods, such as high cost, poor selectivity, and low sensitivity.

Enhanced ultrasound-assisted controllable growth assembly of MoS2/Fe3O4 materials for piezoelectric Fenton reaction degradation of sildenafil.

The Fenton technique is known for its high efficiency and minimal environmental impact; however, its degradation reaction process requires a sustained acidic environment. In this study, nanoflower and cookie-like morphologies of composite piezoelectric materials were synthesized for ultrasound-driven piezoelectric-Fenton degradation of sildenafil. The most effective assembly method involves growing MoS₂ on the rough-surfaced Fe₃O₄ microspheres as a substrate. Characterization and degradation results indicate that these piezoelectric materials utilize different assembly modes when operating under neutral conditions, and evaluate in depth the effect of various factors such as pH, H2O2 dose and ultrasonic (US) power on the degradation of sildenafil. Both composites exhibit the ability to initiate reactions neutrally and sustain some degradation efficacy in a neutral environment. The composite catalyst almost completely removed 50 mg L-1 of sildenafil within 60 min, and AFM characterization showed a piezoelectric response of 56 pm/V for the core-shell nanoflower catalyst. These data suggest that the assembly of Fe3O4-based surface-grown MoS2 allows constructing of more active sites and provides favourable reaction efficacy for the Fenton reaction. The free radical experiments have shown that ·OH radicals are the main reactive species in the process. This work explored the effect of different assembly methods of composite piezoelectric material on the degradation reaction and provided new ideas for the subsequent construction of composite material systems.

Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Co-Delivery of Cycloxaprid and Pooled siRNAs to Enhance Control Efficacy in Diaphorina citri.

RNA pesticides have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemical pesticides due to their high specificity and minimal environmental impact. However, the instability of RNA molecules in the environment and the challenges associated with their effective delivery to target pests limit their broader application. This study addresses these challenges by developing a dual delivery system using chitosan (CS) and Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) to enhance the delivery and efficacy of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cycloxaprid against Diaphorina citri, a vector of citrus greening disease. The CS-MOF nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Insect bioassays demonstrated that the codelivery system significantly improved insecticidal activity, achieving over 80% mortality in D. citri within 2 days. The results indicate that the encapsulation of dsRNA within MOFs enhances its stability, while the controlled release properties of the nanoparticles improve the efficacy of cycloxaprid. This novel approach shows great potential in overcoming the limitations of RNA pesticides and offers a sustainable solution for pest management in agriculture. Future research should optimize the delivery system, conduct field trials, and explore its applicability to other agricultural pests.

Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recover Vanadium and Aluminum from the Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing Spent Catalyst

ABSTRACT The current study investigated a comprehensive hydrometallurgical process designed for the selective recovery of vanadium (V) and aluminum (Al) from spent catalysts used in sulfuric acid manufacturing (SAM), to promote sustainable recycling of industrial waste. The process began with alkaline leaching using 0.5 M NaOH which effectively dissolved both metals under optimized conditions (25°C, 10 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 100 g/L), resulting in a silica-rich residue. The resulting leach liquor, containing vanadium (V(V)) and aluminum (Al(III)), was subjected to solvent extraction with 10% Aliquat 336. Vanadium was selectively extracted at a pH of approximately 2, using an organic-to-aqueous (O/A) ratio of 1:1. Then, vanadium was stripped from the loaded organic phase using NaOH, producing a vanadium-enriched aqueous solution. Vanadium precipitated as ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) at 60°C and a pH around 7, using ammonium chloride. Concurrently, aluminum was recovered from the raffinate by precipitation as aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) at a pH of approximately 7.1, using sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid as pH adjuster. The developed process demonstrated high metal recovery rates with minimal environmental impact. This study underscores the effectiveness of integrating leaching, solvent extraction, and precipitation techniques for sustainable resource recycling from industrial waste.

Phthalonitrile resins based on biomass vanillin with high storage modulus and good processing window

Bio-based phthalonitrile resins were synthesized using a two-step process. Initially, vanillin underwent a nucleophilic reaction with nitro and potassium carbonate to form intermediates, which were then dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide. The intermediate was divided into two portions, with 4,4’-oxydianiline and 4,4’-methylenedianiline added to each portion, respectively, to produce two different vanillin-based phthalonitrile monomers: OVA monomer and DVA monomer. The successful synthesis of these two bio-based phthalonitrile monomers was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to study the processability of the monomers, revealing that OVA monomer and DVA monomer had a wide processing window of 110°C and 69°C, respectively, which were advantageous for resin processing. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the storage modulus of the OVA and DVA resins reached 4818 MPa and 3526 MPa, respectively, with a 24-h water absorption rate of only 1.03% and 0.90%. This study presents a viable method for synthesizing bio-based phthalonitrile resins, which can be widely utilized as functional and structural materials in daily life due to their renewability, degradability, and minimal environmental impact.

Parasitism by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Insect Host Defense Strategies

Entomopathogenic fungi, a group of insect pathogens, are characterized by high insecticidal efficacy and minimal environmental impact. They are commonly used as biopesticides for pest control due to their significant practical value. We here classify entomopathogenic fungi according to the process of fungal infection in hosts, changes in host behavior during infection, and mechanisms of spore transmission, and review the strategies employed by insects to resist infection, including physical barrier defenses, immune system defenses, and behavioral avoidance of fungal pathogens. This review also discusses the pathogenic mechanisms of fungi on insects and the closely linked co-evolution between fungal pathogens and insect defenses. In conclusion, a perspective on future research is provided, emphasizing the impact of insect population density and spore concentration in the environment on disease outbreaks.

Enhancement of blasting techniques for reducing seismic and acoustic nuisances: A case study of El-Hassa Quarry, Algeria

The minimal environmental impact, the size of the fragments obtained, and the maximum amount of blasted rock are major concerns for optimizing blasting in mines. The study undertaken in this work allowed us to clarify some points related mainly to blasting. The significance of the latter comes from the fact that it is the main operation in a technology chain, on which the success of extraction technology and exploitation in general depends. Seismic waves, sound waves, and their effects on the environment were always a substantial problem. In this context, significant results were obtained by using the technique of combining electric detonators with micro delays (EDM) and delays (EDD) whose use of a sequential exploder gave a wide interval to decrease the instantaneous load by the possibility of having a blasting with 231 delays. Therefore, the decrease in particulate speeds and vibrations facilitates protection of the environment as well as the elimination of noise.

The Potential of Eurycoma longifolia, Curcuma zedoaria, and Allium sativum extracts as phytobiotics in improving the health and survival of vannamei shrimp Penaeus vannamei

The production of shrimp has been challenged by various factors such as diseases. Therefore, the health of cultured shrimp is essential for successful farming practices. The application of medicinal plants brings about numerous benefits in aquaculture including simplicity in usage, biodegradability, and minimal environmental impact over extended periods. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of E. longifolia, C. zedoaria, and A. sativum to improve the immune response and resistance of vannamei shrimp as an effort to prevent Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. The study consised of two phases: an in vitro phase to determine the compounds contained in three medicinal plants as antibacterials followed by an in vivo phase to evaluate the effect of the medical plants extract on immune response, and robustness against V. parahaemolyticus. The results from the first phase revealed that bioactive compounds present in EL16 were more varied and had higher concentrations with a lower bactericidal values when compared to those found in AS64 or CZ64. On the second phase of the experiment, the medicinal plant extract was added into the feed with a dose that was determined according to the first phase results. The treatments tested in the second phase were 1.6% E. longifolia extract dietary addition (EL16), 6.4% C. zedoaria extract dietary addition, 6.4% A. sativum extract dietary addition and phytobiotics mixture of 1:1:1 (C1) dietary addition, as well as no phytobiotic for negative control treatment and positive control. The results from the second stage demonstrated that dietary phytobiotic extracts addition enhances the immunological responses and improved the shrimp survival against V. parahaemolyticus challenge compared to the control group. In conclusion, E. longifolia, C. zedoaria, and A. sativum showed different bioactive compound profiles which affect its efficacy against V. parahaemolyticus both in vitro and in vivo, with EL16 showed higher efficacy.

Sustainability assessment of the micellar optimized HPLC method for concomitant quantification of a common triple regimen for cardiovascular disorders: application to marketed formulations and in vitro dissolution testing.

Hypertension and dyslipidemia are two of the most frequently co-occurring cardiovascular risk factors. The combined regimen of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), rosuvastatin (ROS), and losartan (LOS) helped in the successful management of both conditions. This work's objective is to develop an eco-friendly, sensitive, simple, and reliable chromatographic method for the simultaneous estimation of HCTZ, ROS, and the LOS ternary mixture in their pure form, and pharmaceutical formulations. Utilizing sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in combination with polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether (Brij-35) could be a greener option with minimal environmental impact in liquid chromatographic separation techniques. Therefore, a micellar HPLC protocol was optimized and validated employing a mobile phase comprising a mixture of micelles of SDS (0.15 mol L-1) and Brij-35 (0.03 mol L-1) with 0.01 M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer, pH 3.5. The cited drugs were detected at 230 nm within five minutes, using a symmetry RP-C18 column, an isocratic elution mode, and a flow speed of 1 mL min-1. Method validation was successfully performed as stated by ICH. The suggested HPLC approach was effectively applied to determine the mentioned drugs in three pharmaceutical preparations. It was also employed for monitoring their in vitro release pattern using two innovator tablet formulations, applying the USFDA guidelines. The applied procedure was evaluated and compared with previously published HPLC approaches using various metrics, including the Eco-Scale Scoring method (AES), the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) for greenness, the most current Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) for blueness, and the more inclusive RGB 12 algorism for whiteness assessment.

Aquaponics Advancements: A Comprehensive Exploration of Sustainable Aqua-Agriculture Practices in the Indian Context

Aquaponics, an innovative and symbiotic approach to agricultural practices, has gained increasing attention as a potential pathway to enhance the sustainability of ‘Aqua-Agri’ farming in India. This review comprehensively explores the current state of aquaponics in the Indian context, examining its overview, suitability, challenges, and potentiality. The analysis encompasses the ecological dynamics of aquaponic systems, emphasizing the efficient utilization of resources in Indian context, minimal environmental impact, and the potential for increased yields in both fish and plant production. Additionally, it explores successful case studies, showcasing the viability and adaptability of aquaponics across diverse regions in India. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and policy recommendations to foster the widespread adoption of aquaponics as a transformative and sustainable method within the aquaculture sector in India.

Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite Film: An Efficient Visible Light-Responsive Photocatalyst and Antimicrobial Agent

Biopolymer-based nanocomposite film is an efficient material for addressing the increasing levels of pollutants in the environment and also for the production of antimicrobial packing material due to its good film-forming properties, biodegradability, and minimal environmental impact. In particular, chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/g-C3N4 (CS/PVA/g-C3N4) nanocomposite films with different weight percentages of PVA were prepared using simple methodologies and characterized using XRD, TGA, FT-IR, DSC, FE-SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping analysis. The XRD and FT-IR results validated the nanocomposite film formation. The FE-SEM images showed the smooth surface of the composite films without any wrinkles; the smoothness of the film increased with increases in the PVA loading, and the surface morphologies of the films were largely unchanged. The EDX and elemental mapping analysis validated the presence and uniform dispersion of g-C3N4 within the nanocomposite film. The photocatalytic activity of the CS/PVA/g-C3N4 composite films was assessed by the degradation of rhodamine B dye (RhB) and acetophenone under direct sunlight irradiation. The CS/PVA/g-C3N4 nanocomposite films exhibited superior degradation efficiency toward the RhB dye and acetophenone compared to the bare polymeric film and the g-C3N4 material. The order of degradation for the RhB dye and acetophenone was CS/PVA (1.0) g-C3N4 (95.34%, 33.33%) > CS/PVA (1.5) g-C3N4 (93.18%, 31.31%) > CS/PVA (0.5) g-C3N4 (93.02%, 29.29%) > CS/PVA (90.69%, 26.26%) > g-C3N4 (87.56%, 24%), respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposite films was tested against E. coli, Pseudomonas sps., Klesiella sps., and Enterococcus sps., and the CS/PVA (1.5)/g-C3N4 nanocomposite film offered better antimicrobial properties than the other composite films and bare materials. In conclusion, these biopolymer-based nanocomposites are highly efficient and provide a promising path for the development of various biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for environmental remediation and antibacterial packing applications.

Evaluation of the Hydrodynamic Impacts of Tidal Turbine Arrays in Jiaozhou Bay

In this paper, a hydrodynamic model of Jiaozhou Bay was developed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System and validated against observed tidal levels and current data. The model accurately characterizes the tidal and current features of the region. Based on this model, the spatial and temporal distributions of flow fields and tidal energy resources were analyzed. A 100-turbine tidal power plant was simulated utilizing a momentum-based approach that accounts for resource distribution, bathymetry, topography, and turbine parameters. The resulting hydrodynamic changes, including velocity variations peaking at 0.5 m/s within the turbine deployment zone and tidal level shifts confined to the bay (maximum change in ~10 cm), emphasize the importance of localized environmental assessments. However, the findings also highlight broader considerations for the sustainable development of tidal energy in semi-enclosed bays worldwide, where strategic siting and design can mitigate larger ecological disturbances. These findings may provide a scientific foundation for balancing clean energy extraction with minimal environmental impact, thus contributing to global efforts to develop more resilient and sustainable coastal energy systems.

Vegetable Fibers in Cement Composites: A Bibliometric Analysis, Current Status, and Future Outlooks.

The use of vegetable fibers (VFs) in cement-based composites has increased in recent years owing to their minimal environmental impact and notable particular properties. VFs have aroused interest within the scientific community because of their potential as a sustainable alternative for construction. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of VFs in cement composites using data from the Scopus database and scientometric tools to explore publication trends, influential sources, and research directions. Key findings reveal a steady increase in publications, with Construction and Building Materials identified as a leading journal in the field and China and Brazil as prominent contributors in terms of publications and citations. The analysis highlights a strong focus on mechanical properties and durability, reflecting the interest of the scientific community in optimizing VF composites for construction. Furthermore, this study includes a revision of the most influential studies addressing VF classification, durability improvements, and advanced applications of VFs in building applications. Finally, future research opportunities are outlined, emphasizing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), industry integration, CO2 absorption, and the application of machine learning techniques to advance the development of VF composites. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the field, suggesting future guidelines and promoting collaborative research.

Improved interlayer bonding of 3D printed fiber reinforced geopolymer by healing agents: properties, mechanism, and environmental impacts

The weak interlayer bonding significantly impacts the mechanical properties of 3D printed fiber reinforced geopolymer (3DP-FRG). Three mineral-based and one polymer-based interlayer healing agents (IHAs) were used to enhance the interlayer self-healing properties. The effects of IHAs on interlayer bonding properties, self-healing mechanisms, and environmental impacts were investigated. The results showed that IHAs improved the 28 day interlayer tensile and shear bonding strength by 38.87% and 22.19%, and reduced 1, 3, and 7 days shrinkage by 43.61%, 22.17%, and 9.10%. The main interlayer self-healing products were geopolymer gel, calcite, and albite. Mineral-based IHAs and precursors dissolved rapidly, forming free [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5- monomers. Polymer-based IHA prevented interlayer water evaporation and accelerated the migration rate of monomers. The lifecycle assessment from ‘cradle to gate’ indicates that 3DP-FRG has a minimal environmental impact. Carbon emissions and embodied energy of 1 m3 3DP-FRG could reach 313 kg and 900 MJ.

Renewable energy innovations: fulfilling SDG targets

Abstract Addressing the urgent global concern of transitioning to sustainable energy sources involves navigating a complex landscape of opportunities and challenges. Factors such as the growing global population, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, inefficient energy consumption, and the adverse impacts of climate change, all contribute to the need for renewable and green energy solutions. The emissions linked to energy are currently at record levels, with the energy sector being accountable for nearly three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions. Innovation in technology, corporate processes, and regulations is vital for the energy transition to thrive on all levels. Investing funds into renewable energy technology and practices may enhance future energy systems’ resilience, equity, and sustainability. The advantages of renewable energy include minimal environmental impact, a stable supply of energy even in harsh weather conditions, and the ability to effectively reduce pollutants. Renewable energy has several benefits such as boosting economic growth, creating jobs, and improving energy security. However, there are some challenges related to renewable energy storage, which scientists are working to address. Public education is key to creating an environment that supports the expansion of renewable energy sources. Keeping up with technological advancements, industry trends, and policy updates is crucial to adjusting techniques and strategies in response to changing challenges and opportunities. To evaluate the effectiveness of innovative solutions and guide future decision-making, it is recommended to establish monitoring and evaluation systems that track the performance, impact, and outcomes of renewable energy innovations.

Investing in an Olympic agenda: from Rio to Tokyo and beyond.

This study was inspired by the considerable risks and diminishing enthusiasm among societies to invest in Olympic agendas, which traditionally involve billions of dollars, various opportunities, and complexities for host countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risks and benefits of long-term equity investments for companies and governments engaged in the Olympic movement. Qualitative methodologies were employed for this research, utilizing a multi-case approach that included 38 comprehensive interviews with companies and entities impacted by the Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Consequently, a theoretical framework titled "Risks and Opportunities Related to Olympic Investments" is presented to elucidate the dynamics of investment flows, competitive pressures in specific sectors, and future threats and trends for the Olympic movement. The research revealed that the gigantism of past editions exerted significant pressure on organizers and companies to adopt new management practices and enhance investment planning, striving for minimal environmental impact and long-term economic sustainability. These insights aid scholars, practitioners, and policymakers in making informed decisions about resource allocation in Olympic contexts, and highlight the necessity for updated strategic frameworks to ensure the viability and positive impact of future Olympic Games.

Investigating the Construction Procedure and Safety Oversight of the Mechanical Shaft Technique: Insights Gained from the Guangzhou Intercity Railway Project

Currently, subway and underground engineering projects are vital for alleviating urban congestion and enhancing citizens’ quality of life. Among these, excavation engineering for foundation pits involves the most accidents in geotechnical engineering. Although there are various construction methods, most face issues such as a large footprint, high investments, resource waste, and low mechanization. Addressing these, this paper focuses on a subway foundation pit project in Guangzhou using mechanical shaft sinking technology. Using intelligent cloud monitoring, we analyzed the stress–strain patterns of the cutting edge and segments. The results showed significant improvements in construction efficiency, cost reduction, safety, and resource conservation. Based on this work, this paper makes the following conclusions: (1) The mechanical shaft sinking method offers advantages such as small footprint, high mechanization, minimal environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. The achievements include a 22.22% reduction in construction time, a 20.27% decrease in investment, and lower worker risk. (2) Monitoring confirmed that all cutting edge and segment values remained safe, demonstrating the method’s feasibility and rationality. (3) Analyzing shaft monitoring data and field uncertainties, this study proposes recommendations for future work, including precise segment lowering control and introducing high-precision total stations and GPS technology to mitigate tunneling and assembly inaccuracies. The research validates the mechanical shaft sinking scheme’s scientific and logical nature, ensuring safety and contributing to technological advancements. It offers practical insights, implementable suggestions, and significant economic benefits, reducing project investment by RMB 41,235,600. This sets a benchmark for subway excavation projects in South China and beyond, providing reliable reference values. Furthermore, the findings provide valuable insights and guidance for industry peers, enhancing overall efficiency and sustainable development in subway construction.

Enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction using transition metal atoms on 6,6,12-graphyne: A DFT study

The escalating global population and the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions with minimal environmental impact have underscored the significance of developing renewable energy sources. Hydrogen, as an energy carrier and fuel, presents substantial advantages over other energy forms, alongside diverse applications in medical treatments and the production of critical chemicals like methane and methanol. Thus, hydrogen emerges as a potential alternative to fossil fuel, offering a stable and clean energy solution. In this study, we present a theoretical design of transition metal (TM) anchored 6,6,12-graphyne (GY) based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using density functional theory (DFT). Our findings reveal that among all evaluated systems, cobalt single-atom catalyst (SAC) anchored on 6,6,12-graphyne exhibit the highest thermodynamic stability and superior HER catalytic performance, with a remarkably low ?GH+ value of 0.042 eV. We have investigated the density of states, HOMOs, LUMOs, electron density, and band structures of our designed SACs. This work provides a practical strategy for experimental groups to effectively tune the electronic structures of catalysts and enhance their catalytic activity.