The Potential of Eurycoma longifolia, Curcuma zedoaria, and Allium sativum extracts as phytobiotics in improving the health and survival of vannamei shrimp Penaeus vannamei

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The production of shrimp has been challenged by various factors such as diseases. Therefore, the health of cultured shrimp is essential for successful farming practices. The application of medicinal plants brings about numerous benefits in aquaculture including simplicity in usage, biodegradability, and minimal environmental impact over extended periods. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of E. longifolia, C. zedoaria, and A. sativum to improve the immune response and resistance of vannamei shrimp as an effort to prevent Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. The study consised of two phases: an in vitro phase to determine the compounds contained in three medicinal plants as antibacterials followed by an in vivo phase to evaluate the effect of the medical plants extract on immune response, and robustness against V. parahaemolyticus. The results from the first phase revealed that bioactive compounds present in EL16 were more varied and had higher concentrations with a lower bactericidal values when compared to those found in AS64 or CZ64. On the second phase of the experiment, the medicinal plant extract was added into the feed with a dose that was determined according to the first phase results. The treatments tested in the second phase were 1.6% E. longifolia extract dietary addition (EL16), 6.4% C. zedoaria extract dietary addition, 6.4% A. sativum extract dietary addition and phytobiotics mixture of 1:1:1 (C1) dietary addition, as well as no phytobiotic for negative control treatment and positive control. The results from the second stage demonstrated that dietary phytobiotic extracts addition enhances the immunological responses and improved the shrimp survival against V. parahaemolyticus challenge compared to the control group. In conclusion, E. longifolia, C. zedoaria, and A. sativum showed different bioactive compound profiles which affect its efficacy against V. parahaemolyticus both in vitro and in vivo, with EL16 showed higher efficacy.