Environmental Monitoring Equipment Research Articles

GCP: A multi-strategy improved wireless sensor network model for environmental monitoring

Nowadays, smart environmental monitoring devices are widely used in various fields, and one of the most representative tools is the wireless sensor network (WSN). WSNs are easy to deploy and provide real-time information feedback, which is very suitable for environmental monitoring. As we all know, the environmental monitoring network because of the special nature of its work requirements, the need for uninterrupted and real-time transmission of monitoring data, which leads to energy consumption is extremely large, and this cannot meet the needs of its long-term work. Existing traditional routing has problems such as unscientific cluster head election and high redundancy in data transmission, which usually lead to a large amount of energy consumption, which is not conducive to the long-term stable operation of sensor networks. In this paper, we improve the traditional routing protocol and design a cluster head election method based on the genetic algorithm, which proposes a new fitness function in terms of energy, distance, and the number of nodes in the cluster, and performs the selection of cluster head nodes based on this method. In addition, we propose a new grey prediction model, which can realize the real-time update of data queues, and optimize the data transmission process of traditional WSNs based on this prediction model to reduce the amount of intra-cluster data transmission. Combining these improvements, a grey cluster prediction (GCP) model is proposed, and the performance of the model is tested based on real mine and soil data sets. The simulation results show that the model significantly reduces energy loss and extends the network life cycle while ensuring the integrity of data transmission. It can also meet the requirements of long-term stable operation of environmental monitoring equipment.

Static and dynamic strain-driven photoluminescence tuning in rare-earth doped perovskite oxide thin films

Recently, there have been significant interest in the wide potential of photoluminescence (PL) response of rare-earth doped perovskite oxide thin films in the field of optoelectronics. This work reports an effective method to modulate the PL properties of 0.8 mol%Sm3+-doped BaTiO3 (BTO:Sm) thin films through static and dynamic strain. BTO:Sm films were epitaxially grown on LaAlO3 (LAO), 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), MgO, and Mica single-crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. Compared with the BTO:Sm/PMN-PT heterostructure which experiences minimal lattice mismatch effect, the PL intensity of BTO:Sm/LAO and BTO:Sm/MgO is enhanced by 818.1% and 1014.7%, respectively, due to static tensile/compressive strain (-0.429% and 0.461%) during the epitaxial growth process. In the flexible BTO:Sm/Mica heterostructure, dynamic strain is introduced through mechanical bending. Compared with the unbent state, the u-type and n-type bending modes increase the relative changes in PL intensity (ΔI/I) by 599.0% and 768.5%, respectively. Particularly, BTO:Sm/Mica also exhibits a remarkable optical transmittance exceeding 75% (500–2500 nm). The enhancement of PL intensity is closely related to the adjustment of lattice strain, which changes the crystal field strength of the BTO:Sm and the radiative transition probability. This work provides valuable insights for designing future optoelectronic devices and environmental monitoring equipment. It has the potential to advance photonics and sensor technologies, paving the way for innovation and exploration in these fields.

Development of a new intelligent instrument for visibility and turbulence meteorological environment parameters in traffic network

The number of transport network systems in the world is increasing and the transport network passes through different geographical environments, there is an urgent need to develop an environmental meteorological monitoring equipment for the transport network security. So, in this study, a new intelligent instrument for monitoring the visibility and turbulence meteorological environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) of traffic networks (IVMPT) is developed. The feasibility of simultaneous measurement of visibility, turbulence and various meteorological elements is verified. The atmospheric visibility is measured based on the extinction principle and the atmospheric turbulence in a certain range based on the light intensity scattering principle. The commercial Visibility instrument (DNQ2-1) and Micro-temperature Sensor are used to compare with our new instrument. The results show that the difference between the visibility and turbulence measurements and the comparison instrument is 3% and 8.4%, respectively. After comparative examination, the new instrument meets the design requirements. In addition to environmental meteorological monitoring applications in the transport network, the instrument provides a new scientific instrument for the study of aerosol-turbulence interactions in basic science issues.

Assessing environmental performance with big data: A DEA model with multiple data resources

Big data generated by environmental monitoring equipment create a good opportunity for improving performance evaluation results while also posing a challenge for DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model construction. This paper constructs four DEA models to deal with streaming data combined with traditional statistical data when considering undesirable output. Classic ways of transforming streaming data and LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) regression are both used for transforming streaming data in the new DEA approach. An empirical study shows the results of dimension reduction of big data and the difference in efficiency scores obtained based on them. Also, a robustness analysis illustrates how the number of variables influences the efficiency result. The models presented in this paper are utilized to calculate the environmental efficiency of 252 of China’s cities in 2020, considering both statistical data and daily air quality index data. The efficiency results also show a link between efficiency and city size by dividing all cities into five categories.

A Wind-Driven Rotating Micro-Hybrid Nanogenerator for Powering Environmental Monitoring Devices.

In recent years, environmental problems caused by natural disasters due to global warming have seriously affected human production and life. Fortunately, with the rapid rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the decreasing power consumption of microelectronic devices, it is possible to set up a multi-node environmental monitoring system. However, regular replacement of conventional chemical batteries for the huge number of microelectronic devices still faces great challenges, especially in remote areas. In this study, we developed a rotating hybrid nanogenerator for wind energy harvesting. Using the output characteristics of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with low frequency and high voltage and electromagnetic generator (EMG) with high frequency and high current, we are able to effectively broaden the output voltage range while shortening the capacitor voltage rising time, thus obtaining energy harvesting at wide frequency wind speed. The TENG adopts the flexible contact method of arch-shaped film to solve the problem of insufficient flexible contact and the short service life of the rotating triboelectric generator. After 80,000 cycles of TENG operation, the maximum output voltage drops by 7.9%, which can maintain a good and stable output. Through experimental tests, the maximum output power of this triboelectric nanogenerator is 0.55 mW at 400 rpm (wind speed of about 8.3 m/s) and TENG part at an external load of 5 MΩ. The maximum output power of the EMG part is 15.5 mW at an external load of 360 Ω. The hybrid nanogenerator can continuously supply power to the anemometer after running for 9 s and 35 s under the simulated wind speed of 8.3 m/s and natural wind speed of 5.6 m/s, respectively. It provides a reference value for solving the power supply problem of low-power environmental monitoring equipment.

Monitoring as a tool to evaluate preservation possibilities. Results from the CULTCOAST project

The CULTCOAST research project has installed environmental monitoring equipment at two cultural heritage sites in northern Norway: one at the coal mine site of Hiorthhamn on Svalbard, one at the settlement mound site Sjåberget on Andøya in Nordland County. Both these coastal heritage sites are situated north of the Arctic circle, in the areas most impacted by climate change. Whereas the global temperature increase since 1970 is just above 1°C, in Svalbard the increase is now 4°C. This is the first example of using this specific type of sensors to monitor the ongoing changes and their possible impacts on preservation of heritage sites.

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH3 and NOx, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.

Food cold chain management improvement: A conjoint analysis on COVID-19 and food cold chain systems

Cold chains are effective in maintaining food quality and reducing food losses, especially for long-distance international food commerce. Several recent reports have demonstrated that frozen foods are serving as carriers of SARS-CoV-2 and transmitting the virus from one place to another without any human-to-human contact. This finding highlights significant difficulties facing efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 and reveal a transmission mechanism that may have substantially worsened the global pandemic. Traditional food cold chain management practices do not include specific procedures related to SARS-CoV-2-related environmental control and information warnings; therefore, such procedures are urgently needed to allow food to be safely transported without transmitting SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a conjoint analysis of COVID-19 and food cold chain systems was performed, and the results of this analysis were used to develop an improved food cold chain management system utilizing internet of things (IoT) and blockchain technology. First, 45 COVID-19-related food cold chain incidents in China, primarily involving frozen meat and frozen aquatic products, were summarized. Critical food cold chain control points related to COVID-19 were analyzed, including temperature and cold chain requirements. A conceptual system structure to improve food cold chain management, including information sensing, chain linking and credible tracing, was proposed. Finally, a prototype system, which consisted of cold chain environment monitoring equipment, a cold chain blockchain platform, and a food chain management system, was developed. The system includes: 1) a defining characteristic of the newly developed food cold chain system presented here is the use of IoT technology to enhance real-time environmental information sensing capacity; 2) a hybrid data storage mechanism consisting of off-chain and on-chain systems was applied to enhance data security, and smart contracts were used to establish warning levels for food cold chain incidents; and 3) a hypothetical food cold chain failure scenario demonstration in which information collection, intelligent decision making, and cold chain tracing were integrated and automatically generated for decision-making. By integrating existing technologies and approaches, our study provides a novel solution to improve traditional food cold chain management and thus meet the challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Although our system has been shown to be effective, subsequent studies are still required to develop precise risk evaluation models for SARs-CoV-2 in food cold chains and more precisely control the entire process. By ensuring food safety and reliable traceability, our system could also contribute to the formulation of appropriate mechanisms for international cooperation and minimize the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on international food commerce.

Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.

Predicting the Environmental Conditions of Megacities

The prediction of the environmental conditions in megacities is considered, taking account of highways. Modernization of smart transportation systems by means of environmental monitoring equipment is analyzed. An environmental monitoring module integrated in a smart transportation system is described.

INCAnSat: CanSat for Education and Environmental Monitoring

Training new professionals in space technology for developing countries is challenging, especially if there is no aerospace engineering undergraduate program. The development of a CanSat can be an excellent introduction to give basic knowledge to undergraduate students about space technology. A CanSat prototype's development also can help extract data from the environment, such as pressure, temperature, and air quality. Due to the pollution in Peru, which affects human health and global warming, as there is not environmental monitoring equipment in certain Lima districts, it is not easy to have ecological record data. A place was chosen for the data collection or test section where the population and vehicles commonly transit. The data collection obtained from the launch test indicates that our project's reliability will depend on the height and how polluted the place is to be sensed. This study showed results with indicators of an approximate height of 16 m, with a reference pressure of 100,439 Pa, in a temperature range of 25 °C to 28 °C and constant air quality at 1023 ppm; thus demonstrating the usefulness of the purpose of this project.

Proposed Managements of 137Cs Contaminated Soil: Case Study in South Tangerang City

Recently, BAPETEN found contamination of 137 Cs while testing environmental radiation monitoring equipment in an area in South Tangerang City. The area, therefore, needs to be cleaned up by performing decontamination followed by the activity of treating the contaminated soil. The decontamination works were carried out by excavating the contaminated soil on the surface to a depth of more than 1.5 m, and then the soils were put into the 100L drum. Decontamination work resulted in a significant reduction dose exposure in the area to 0.3-0.75 m Sv/h. The drums containing contaminated soil were then sent to the interim storage facility in BATAN Serpong facility for further treatment. To resolve the 137 Cs contaminant, some alternatives in the decontamination and management of the contaminated soils were studied. Some techniques and strategies for decontamination and managing 137 Cs are presented in this paper. Management that involves wet and dry methods will be proposed in this paper. By comparing and evaluating various alternative management methods, an appropriate method for treating the contaminated soil in South Tangerang City can be obtained. The objective of the study was to find a suitable management method for the contaminated soil based on the proposed alternative management methods. In the present case, the compaction method seems promising for use soon.

Integrated Navigation System of Single-Axle Wheeled Robot With Two Degrees of Freedom Rotating Platform

A complex navigation system for a uniaxial wheeled robot with a two degrees of freedom rotating platform, which is a carrier of environmental monitoring equipment, is proposed. The navigation system includes an odometric subsystem, a block of inertial sensors, laser altimeters, and a receiver of the global navigation satellite system. Integration is carried out based on the use of the Kalman filter, taking into account the possibility of deformation of the wheels and their slippage when the robot moves relative to the non-horizontal underlying surface. The results of semi-natural modeling confirmed the effectiveness of the decisions made.

Influencing Factors Analysis of Ammunition Storage in Reef Environment and Countermeasures

To explore the characteristics of ammunition storage environment in islands of West China Sea and South China Sea and the mechanism of environmental factors affecting ammunition quality change and propose countermeasures, the characteristics of high temperature and humidity, high salt spray and ammunition storage in the sand islands and reefs in southwest China were analysed. During the process of ammunition storage in the west and south China sea islands environment, its quality is affected by many complex factors, among which temperature, humidity and salt fog are the most important factors that result in the change of ammunition quality. For the environment characteristic and the actual situation of the reef storage, some measures are put forward by increasing environmental monitoring equipment and accurately recording the environment parameter, improving the ammunition storage surrounding natural environment, strengthening warehouse construction to improve the heat insulation and moisture proof ability, and strictly implementing the storage environment inspection. The countermeasures proposed can effectively improve the quality of ammunition storage, prolong the life of ammunition and ensure the reliability of ammunition.

Development and application of multi servo motor system of environmental monitoring equipment based on DSP control

This paper provides a solution of synchronous control of 10-way Panasonic A6 servo motor using DSP chip (TMS320F28379D), which can obtain good dynamic performance and motion position control accuracy. The system uses PID control algorithm to realize intelligent control of position and speed of ten servo motors, and uses database to record the dynamic data of speed, time, distance and power of each servo motor. It can be used in the driving device of environmental monitoring equipment.

Fog Droplet Size Distribution and the Interaction between Fog Droplets and Fine Particles during Dense Fog in Tianjin, China

From November 2016 to January 2017, there were large-scale dense fog processes in Tianjin area on the west coast of Bohai Bay, China, even strong dense fog with visibility less than 50 m occurred. Based on the observation data of fog droplet spectrum monitor, visibility sensor, environmental particle monitoring equipment and meteorological automatic station, the characteristics of fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between the fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog events were analyzed. The results show following characteristics: (1) The average concentration of fog droplets (Na), the average liquid water content (La) and the maximum liquid water content (Lmax) in the strong dense fog process are larger than those in the dense fog. The average spectrum of fog droplet size distribution conforms to Junge distribution, and they are all broad-spectrum fog with a spectrum width of about 45 μm. The average spectrum is similar to the dense fog of heavily industrialized inland in the world. (2) The maximum of fog droplet diameter during the formation stage have a good indication for the outbreak of strong dense fog. (3) The mass concentration of PM2.5 (CPM2.5) is ranged from 121–375 μg/m3, and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles is analyzed. During the formation, development and maturity stages, fog process can scavenge atmospheric fine particles, and the scavenging efficiency of PM2.5 is more remarkable than PM10. When CPM2.5 does not exceed 350 μg/m3, the increase in the concentration of fine particles is conducive to the rapid growth of fog droplets and the sharp drop of visibility. However, when CPM2.5 exceeds the critical value, the increase has a negative feedback effect on the development of the fog process. More investigations and cases are necessary to fully assess the mechanisms related to the dense fog events in Tianjin area and further analysis will be done.

Design of containerized marine knowledge system based on IoT-Cloud and LoRaWAN

Recently, the research of marine knowledge and information technology has grown rapidly by the increasing interest in the rich repository of natural resources in the sea. For marine knowledge services, accurate marine environmental data must be continuously collected to deeply understand and analyze the marine circumstances. However, there is an insufficiency of research on the observation of marine circumstances in South Korea for the marine knowledge services. The ocean data buoy, a marine environmental monitoring equipment currently operating in South Korea, is large in size and high in production cost because it consumes a lot of power for communication. Aso, it provides only marine data and lacks information on marine knowledge. In this paper, we have proposed containerized marine knowledge system by means of IoT-Cloud and LoRaWAN to improve the marine environment monitoring. The proposed system enables flexible construction of the system and can analyze the marine knowledge through visualizing the gathered data and the knowledge processing with respect to the prediction of red tide events. LoRaWAN-based IoT devices are able to collect long-range marine environmental data in an energy efficient manner. Our proposed method is helpful for researching low-cost marine monitoring buoy and flexible marine knowledge system.

Realizing Stable Artificial Photon Energy Harvesting Based on Perovskite Solar Cells for Diverse Applications.

As the fastest developing photovoltaic device, perovskite solar cells have achieved an extraordinary power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.3% under AM 1.5 illumination. However, few studies have been devoted to perovskite solar cells harvesting artificial light, owing to the great challenge in the simultaneous manipulation of bandgap-adjustable perovskite materials, corresponding matched energy band structure of carrier transport materials, and interfacial defects. Herein, through systematic morphology, composition, and energy band engineering, high-quality Cs0.05 MA0.95 PbBrx I3- x perovskite as the light absorber and Nby Ti1- y O2 (Nb:TiO2 ) as the electron transport material with an ideal energy band alignment are obtained simultaneously. The theoretical-limit-approaching record PCEs of 36.3% (average: 34.0 ± 1.2%) under light-emitting diode (LED, warm white) and 33.2% under fluorescent lamp (cold white) are achieved simultaneously, as well as a PCE of 19.5% (average: 18.9 ± 0.3%) under solar illumination. An integrated energy conversion and storage system based on an artificial light response solar cell and sodium-ion battery is established for diverse practical applications, including a portable calculator, quartz clock, and even environmental monitoring equipment. Over a week of stable operation shows its great practical potential and provides a new avenue to promote the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic devices via integration with ingenious electronic devices.

Information Integration and Environmental Monitoring for Cage Pigeons

Environmental changes in the farm can have a significant impact on the healthy growth of cage pigeons, disease prevention and the quality of pigeon meat. The stability and adaptability testing of environmental monitoring equipment and systems was completed through the pilot deployment of IoT Ranch in a pigeon farm in Beijing. An integrated program for real-time monitoring of environmental parameters of cage pigeons is implemented. Moreover, a system for informatizing and researching environmental information and real-time querying information on a webpage or mobile terminal is developed. The information-integrated environmental monitoring equipment and system can provide technical support for the modernization, automation and digital management of cage pigeons.

A laying hen breeding environment monitoring system based on internet of things

The breeding environment of laying hens has an important influence on the growth of laying hens, the prevention and control of diseases, and the yield and quality of eggs. Therefore, the real-time collection and utilization of the environment information of laying hens is the key point of breeding laying hens. In this study, the environmental information monitoring and control equipment and systems for egg-breeding laying hens were integrated and developed. The real-time monitoring of the environment information of the laying hens and the information query function on the webpage and mobile devices was realized. The stability and versatility testing of equipment and systems were completed through the pilot deployment of equipment and systems in a laying hen farm in Beijing. The design and development of the equipment and system can provide technical support for the modernization, mechanization and information management of laying hens.