Enumeration Method Research Articles

A membrane filtration method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in bathing water and other waters with high levels of background bacteria.

The presence and level of faecal indicator bacteria are important factors in estimating the microbiological quality of surface water and the risk of human infection upon exposure to this water. Until 2014, ISO 9308-1:2000 was available and used to enumerate faecal indicator Escherichia coli in bathing water. In 2014, this ISO was technically revised and replaced by ISO 9308-1:2014. This ISO introduced a less selective method for enumeration of E. coli that allows non-specific growth from waters containing high levels of bacteria, such as surface waters. This implies that currently there is no suitable reference membrane filtration method for the compliance monitoring of official bathing sites for E. coli according to the European Bathing Water Directive. Here, the performance characteristics of three chromogenic culture media, namely Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) agar, Chromogenic Coliform Agar (CCA), and CHROMagar E. coli/Coliform (ECC) were investigated at 44 °C for water with varying levels of bacteria according to ISO 13843:2017. Based on performance characteristics, colony counts, and practical usage, TBX appeared the most suitable culture medium for the enumeration of E. coli in bathing water and other waters with high levels of background bacteria, such as surface water in agricultural areas and wastewater discharge points.

Lytic Escherichia phage OSYSP acts additively and synergistically with gaseous ozone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach leaves

Bacteriophage and gaseous ozone are evolving as meritorious alternatives to conventional sanitizers in food postharvest applications. Here, we investigated the efficacy of sequential treatments of a lytic bacteriophage and gaseous ozone, during vacuum cooling of fresh produce, against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Spinach leaves were spot-inoculated with 105–107 CFU g−1 E. coli O157:H7 B6-914 and treated with Escherichia phage OSYSP spray (109 PFU g−1), gaseous ozone, or their combination. Vacuum cooling, which preceded or followed phage application but ran concomitantly with ozone treatment, was performed in a custom-made vessel at the following process sequence: vacuum to 28.5 in. Hg, vessel pressurization to 10 psig with gas containing 1.5 g ozone/kg gas-mix, holding for 30 min, and vessel depressurization to ambient pressure. Bacteriophage or gaseous ozone inactivated E. coli O157:H7, applied at different initial populations on spinach leaves, by 1.7–2.0 or 1.8–3.5 log CFU g−1, respectively. At the high inoculum levels tested (7.1 log CFU g−1), sequential treatments of phage and ozone reduced E. coli O157:H7 population by 4.0 log CFU g−1, but when treatment order was reversed (i.e., ozone followed by bacteriophage), the combination synergistically decreased pathogen’s population on spinach leaves by 5.2 log CFU g−1. Regardless the antibacterial application order, E. coli O157:H7 populations, applied initially at ~ 105 CFU g−1, were reduced below the enumeration method’s detection level (i.e., < 101 CFU g−1). The study proved that bacteriophage–ozone combination, applied in conjunction with vacuum cooling, is a potent pathogen intervention strategy in fresh produce post-harvest applications.

Green Supply Chain Management and Organizational Performance of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Firms in Lagos Nigeria

Purpose: The fast-moving consumer goods firms plays a vital role in the microeconomic and macroeconomic sectored of every economy. However, these organisations are accused of polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are not sustainable. The firms have performed below expectations attributable to non-compliance with green supply management such as green procurement, green distribution, green warehousing, materials management and reverse logistics. This study therefore investigated the effect of green supply chain management on the performance of fast-moving consumer goods in Lagos State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 418 middle and top-level management staff from selected quoted fast-moving consumer goods firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted the total enumeration method. Data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.700 to 0.892. The response rate was 100%. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (Multiple regression analysis).&#x0D; Findings: Findings revealed that green supply chain management had positive and significant effect on the performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria (Adj. R2 = 0.482, F (5, 407) = 77.600, p &lt; 0.05). The study concluded that green supply chain management practices enhanced organisational performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Recommendations: The study therefore recommended that management of fast-moving consumer goods firms in Nigeria should prioritise the implementation of green procurement, green warehousing, material management, and reverse logistics practices to enhance their overall performance. Also, the management of consumer goods firms in Lagos State should concentrate on optimising their material management processes, such as inventory control, demand forecasting, and supplier collaboration.&#x0D;

Moderating Role of Marketing Audit on the Effect of Strategic Marketing Planning on Organisational Performance of Selected Quoted Consumer Goods Manufacturing Companies in Lagos

Purpose: Recently, business uncertainty and pressures have challenged routine activities in consumer goods manufacturing companies (CGMC), resulting in dwindling performance due to their inability to respond swiftly and correctly to strategic marketing planning practices. However, proactive manufacturing businesses strive to evaluate their operational activities and thus put measures in place to improve their performance as a condition of continuous existence and future development. Such organisations analyse their routine functions periodically, through operational methods that allow the evaluation of their market strategy, current performance and function as management guides. The study therefore investigated the moderating role of Marketing Audit (MA) on strategic marketing planning and organisational performance of selected quoted consumer goods manufacturing companies in Lagos,&#x0D; Methodology: Survey research design was used for this study. The population was 594 staff in the sales and marketing departments of the selected CGMC in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted total enumeration method. Purposive sampling technique was employed. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (multiple regression) statistics.&#x0D; Findings: The findings showed that marketing audit has a significant moderating effect on the effect of strategic market planning on organisational performance of selected quoted consumer goods manufacturing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. &#x0D; Recommendations: The study therefore recommends that top management of CGMCs should review the companies MA on marketing strategy process of personnel with correct organizational values and attitudes.&#x0D;

The Possibility of Using the Electronic Control at Jordanian Public Universities and the Obstacles that Hinder its Use from the Point of View of the Auditors of the Jordanian Audit Bureau

The study aimed to identify the possibility of using electronic control in the Jordanian public universities and the obstacles that impede its use from the point of view of the auditors of the Jordanian Audit Bureau. The study was conducted on auditors of the Audit Bureau at public universities. In order to measure the variables of the study, a questionnaire was designed and arbitrated by academics in Jordanian universities, and the descriptive analytical approach was used. Due to the small size of the study population of (40) auditors, the comprehensive enumeration method was used, and the number of valid questionnaires for analysis was (34), the study concluded that there is a significant possibility to apply (dimensions of financial, accounting, and administrative electronic control) arranged according to statistical importance in auditing processes, and that there are statistically significant obstacles to the electronic control. The dimensions of electronic control came to a high degree (financial control, accounting control, administrative control) arranged according to statistical importance and obstacles to apply electronic control to all fields to a moderate degree, and that one of the most important obstacles to the application of the electronic control is the universities’ fear of disclosing the financial data. The study recommended the need to apply the electronic control in its all fields in public universities and to remove the obstacles that hinder its application.&#x0D;

Detection of Alicyclobacillus spp. and Identification of Guaiacol Production Using the GENE-UP® PRO ACB, IFU Method No. 12, and Cosmo Bio Assays

Some species of Alicyclobacillus spoil beverages by producing guaiacol. Current culture-based methods detect the presence of Alicyclobacillus spp. and a subsequent peroxidase assay determines if the isolate can produce guaiacol. However, these methods are time-consuming and can yield false negatives due to differences in growth optima among species. The purpose of this study was to compare a RT-PCR-based method, the GENE-UP® PRO ACB assay, to the IFU Method No. 12 Enumeration and Enrichment methods. Ten species of Alicyclobacillus were detected using the tested RT-PCR assay, while A. dauci and A. kakegewensis were not detected using either IFU protocol. Low concentrations (1–10, 10–100, and 100–1,000 CFU/10 mL) of A. acidoterrestris, A. suci, and A. acidocaldarius were tested in five matrices. The proportion of positive samples identified using the tested RT-PCR assay (62/84) or the IFU Enrichment protocol (62/84) did not differ significantly from the proportion of inoculated samples (63/84). However, the IFU Enumeration method (32/84) detected statistically fewer positives. Additionally, methods identifying guaiacol production were compared. The proportion of correctly identified guaiacol producers using the tested RT-PCR assay (51/63) was not significantly different than those identified using the 3 h Cosmo Bio assay (54/63). Finally, four commercial samples of orange juice and sucrose solution were tested. Alicyclobacillus spp. were identified in all four samples using the IFU Enrichment method and in two samples using the tested RT-PCR assay. However, Alicyclobacillus was not detected in any sample using the IFU Enumeration method. Overall, this study showed consistent detection of Alicyclobacillus spp. using either the IFU Enrichment protocol or the tested RT-PCR assay, which both outperformed the IFU Enumeration protocol. Both the 3 h guaiacol bioassay and the tested RT-PCR assays consistently differentiated guaiacol-producing and nonproducing strains.

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Sales Growth of Selected Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in South-West, Nigeria

Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in the development of every nation and thus, instrumental in economic growth and development. They help in promoting prosperity by creating new jobs and increasing a region’s economic prosperity. Hence, governments in developing and developed nations see them as a means of employment, innovation and wealth creation. Nevertheless, there are still many small businesses that fail in their first few years of existence, despite all of the positive efforts, contributions, and interventions that have been put in place. This could be due to the fast- changing, increasingly competitive, and dynamism of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Therefore, this study focuses on the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in improving sales growth of selected manufacturing small and medium enterprises in South- West, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. The population of study consist of 423 owner-managers within the 6 selected ecosystems. The total enumeration method was used because the size of the population is moderate, and data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire with a Cronbach alpha value raged from 0.701 to 0.911. The data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential tools. A response rate of 95.5% was recorded. Multiple and hierarchical regression analysis were used to determine the effect of the variables using Statistical Package for Social Science version 27. The findings revealed entrepreneurial ecosystem has significant effect on waste reduction (Adj. R 2 = 0.289; F (6,397) = 28.342, p &lt; 0.05. The study concluded that entrepreneurial ecosystem has significant effect on waste reduction of selected manufacturing small and medium scale enterprises in South-West Nigeria. The study recommended that management should prioritize developing and operating in a strong entrepreneurial ecosystem to ensure long-term sustainability.

Color-encoded Escherichia coli assay via enzyme-induced etching of Au@MnO2 nanoparticles

Au@MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs), as core–shell nanostructures, have been widely used in ions, molecules and enzyme activities detection due to their stable properties and easy preparation, but their application in bacterial pathogens detection is rarely reported. In this work, Au@MnO2 NPs is employed for Escherichia coli (E. coli) detection through monitoring and measuring β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity based enzyme-induced color-code single particle enumeration (SPE) method. In the existence of E. coli, p-aminophenylβ-D-galactopyranoside (PAPG) can be hydrolyzed to generate p-aminophenol (AP) by the endogenous β-gal of E. coli. MnO2 shell reacts with AP and produces Mn2+, causing the blue shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak and color change of the probe from bright yellow to green. With the SPE method, the amount of E. coli can be quantified readily. The detection limit reaches 15 CFU/mL with dynamic range from 100 to 2900 CFU/mL. Besides, this assay is effectively employed to monitor E. coli in river water sample. The designed sensing strategy provides an ultrasensitive and low cost way for E. coli detection and has the possibility to detect other bacteria in environmental monitoring and food quality analysis.

An Interpretable Multitask Framework BiLAT Enables Accurate Prediction of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors.

The cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are protein-serine/threonine kinases with crucial effects on the regulation of cell cycle and transcription. CDKs can be a hallmark of cancer since their excessive expression could lead to impaired cell proliferation. However, the selectivity profile of most developed CDK inhibitors is not enough, which have hindered the therapeutic use of CDK inhibitors. In this study, we propose a multitask deep learning framework called BiLAT based on SMILES representation for the prediction of the inhibitory activity of molecules on eight CDK subtypes (CDK1, 2, 4-9). The framework is mainly composed of an improved bidirectional long short-term memory module BiLSTM and the encode layer of the Transformer framework. Additionally, the data enhancement method of SMILES enumeration is applied to improve the performance of the model. Compared with baseline predictive models based on three conventional machine learning methods and two multitask deep learning algorithms, BiLAT achieves the best performance with the highest average AUC, ACC, F1-score, and MCC values of 0.938, 0.894, 0.911, and 0.715 for the test set. Moreover, we constructed a targeted external data set CDK-Dec for the CDK family, which mainly contains bait values screened by 3D similarity with active compounds. This dataset was utilized in the subsequent evaluation of our model. It is worth mentioning that the BiLAT model is interpretable and can be used by chemists to design and synthesize compounds with improved activity. To further verify the generalization ability of the multitask BiLAT model, we also conducted another evaluation on three public datasets (Tox21, ClinTox, and SIDER). Compared with several currently popular models, BiLAT shows the best performance on two datasets. These results indicate that BiLAT is an effective tool for accelerating drug discovery.

Application of MALDI-TOF MS for enumerating bacterial constituents of defined consortia

Characterization of live biotherapeutic product (LBP) batches typically includes a measurement of viability, such as colony forming units (CFU). However, strain-specific CFU enumeration assays can be complicated by the presence of multiple organisms in a single product with similar growth requirements. To overcome specific challenges associated with obtaining strain-specific CFU values from multi-strain mixtures, we developed a method combining mass spectrometry-based colony identification with a traditional CFU assay. This method was assessed using defined consortia made from up to eight bacterial strains. Among four replicate batches of an eight-strain mixture, observed values differed from expected values by less than 0.4 log10 CFU among all strains measured (range of differences, -0.318 to + 0.267). The average difference between observed and expected values was + 0.0308 log10 CFU, with 95% limits of agreement from -0.347 to 0.408 (Bland–Altman analysis). To estimate precision, a single batch of eight-strain mixture was assayed in triplicate by three different users, for a total of nine measurements. Pooled standard deviation values ranged from 0.067 to 0.195 log10 CFU for the eight strains measured, and user averages did not differ significantly. Leveraging emerging mass-spectrometry-based colony identification tools, a novel method for simultaneous enumeration and identification of viable bacteria from mixed-strain consortia was developed and tested. This study demonstrates the potential for this approach to generate accurate and consistent measurements of up to eight bacterial strains simultaneously and may provide a flexible platform for future refinements and modifications.Key points• Enumeration of live biotherapeutics is essential for product quality and safety.• Conventional CFU counting may not differentiate between strains in microbial products.• This approach was developed for direct enumeration of mixed bacterial strains simultaneously.

Galangal and ginger essential oils exerted microbial growth inhibitory activity and preservation potential on tofu

Galangal and ginger are commonly used as spices. Interestingly, their antimicrobial activity has been reported against a wide array of microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils of galangal and ginger on the microbial growth, physical characters, and preservation potential on tofu during 8-day storage at room temperature. The essential oils were prepared by steam-and-water distillation method, and their constituents were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The microbial growth on the tofu was evaluated by the indirect enumeration method. The physical characters of tofu were organoleptically observed. The preservation potentials were calculated based on the changes in tofu physical characters relative to the negative control. The main constituents of galangal essential oil were 1,8-cineole, β-farnesene, and α-pinene, while those of ginger were geranyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, and camphene. Galangal essential oil significantly inhibited microbial growth, maintained the texture of tofu until day eight, and exerted preservation potential for four days. The same preservation effect was shown by ginger essential oil at 6.26 mg/mL, however it generated a weaker microbial growth inhibitory activity and resulted in the unfavorable texture on tofu. Hence, galangal essential oil is a suitable candidate to be developed into a natural food preservative.

Improved state enumeration method for transmission grids with renewable energy sources in load spaces

The penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESS) in transmission grids makes the operation states complex. So, it is necessary to execute the effective and online state estimation for transmission grids with renewable energy sources to realize the reliable monitoring of the operation state. However, because the state estimation for transmission grids needs to analyze each possible operation state, the evaluation process is time-consuming and cannot meet online applications’ requirements. Therefore, an improved state-enumeration (SE) method is proposed for online reliability evaluation. First, the total amount of load shedding of all operation states is selected as the system reliability index, and a modified linear optimal model for the transmission grid is established by DC power flow equations. Second, the intermediate variables in the SE model are eliminated and the operational constraints are simplified by using the relaxation technique. And then a linear SE model is established in load spaces, which can be easily solved by linear programming. Because the variables in the function and constraints are the same, the computation burden is greatly reduced. Finally, the proposed strategy is tested by using the modified RBTS and IEEE RTS-96 grids, and the simulation results verify its accuracy and efficiency.

Real-Time Average Junction Temperature Estimation for Multichip IGBT Modules With Low Computational Cost

The junction temperature of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is a vital parameter for the reliability of the power electronic system. For effective thermal management, it is necessary to estimate junction temperature in real time. However, existing thermal models have limitations to achieve fast temperature prediction for multichip IGBT modules. In this study, we investigate the real-time junction temperature prediction for multichip IGBT modules with low computational cost. According to the power module&#x0027; structure, an average 2D thermal model with physical significance is proposed to predict the virtual junction temperature for multichip IGBT modules, which can be extracted from finite element model based on the least square method. To further improve the computational efficiency, a temperature predictor based on the staggered cycle-by-cycle calculation method is proposed and its prediction error under various extreme operation conditions is analyzed by enumeration method. Finally, the comprehensive experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed average thermal model and junction temperature prediction method.

Establishment of a rapid detection method for plutella xylostella granulovirus based on qPCR

Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV) biopesticide is an effective tool to control the long-term damage of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to cruciferous vegetables. In China, PlxyGV can be produced on a large scale using host insects, and its products have been registered in 2008. In experiments and biopesticide production, the routine enumeration method of PlxyGV virus particles is to use the Petroff-Hausser counting chamber in dark field microscope. However, the accuracy and repeatability of granulovirus (GV) counting are affected due to the small particle size of GV occlusion bodies (OBs), the limitations of optical microscope, the judgment of different operators, host impurities, the addition of biological products. This limits the convenience of its production, product quality, trading and field application. Here we use PlxyGV as an example, the method based on Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) was optimized from two aspects of sample treatment and specific primers design, which improved the repeatability and accuracy of absolute quantitative OBs of GV. This study provides basic information for accurate quantitative PlxyGV by qPCR method.

Optimal pruned tree-cut mapping-based fast shielding for large-scale networks

Random failure is a common threat to a network, where the failure of a few edges can disconnect a large-scale sparse network. To enhance the robustness of network, the shielding of important edges is a practical strategy, where the cut is a useful entity to help locate important edges in existing shielding methods. However, as there is no available way to quickly locate target cuts, the existing shielding algorithm is not efficient enough and can only be applied to small-scale backbone networks. Fortunately, by using the optimal pruned tree-cut mapping, we found an efficient and high-precision cut edge enumeration method, which can help quickly locate target cuts and their edges in a large-scale network, leading to a cost-effective shielding plan. Theoretical analysis indicates that more than 99% of candidate cuts can be found with a limited number of preprocessing passes, and experimental results in typical networks show that in small-scale networks, with little extra cost (< 6%), the serial implementation of the algorithm in an off-shelf computing node can be 6 orders of magnitude faster than the optimal method, while in large-scale sparse networks with a million nodes, it can also help defend at least 99.9% of random failures with only tens of seconds of preprocessing overhead.

Composition and spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sweet potato producing areas in Uganda

IntroductionFarming systems influence composition and abundance of microbial communities.MethodologyA study was conducted using morphotyping and enumeration methods to determine the composition and spore abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in sweet potato producing regions in eastern Uganda. Sampling was done from fields with crop types (CTs) including legumes (groundnuts, common beans, cowpea, soybeans, green grams), sorghum, sweet potato, and fallowed fields which were used as a control. Three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) i.e., Mt. Elgon High Farmlands (MEHF), Lake Victoria Crescent (LVC), and Southern and Eastern Lake Kyoga Basin (SELKB) were considered.Results and discussionA total of 6 AMF genera comprising of Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, Entrophospora, Archaeospora, and Gigaspora were isolated from the study sites. Agro-ecological zones had a significant (p&amp;lt;0.05) effect on Entrophospora spp. while crop types had a significant (p&amp;lt;0.05) effect on Gigaspora spp. although all the AMF genera were present in all AEZs and CTs. Spore abundance was similar across the AEZs except for MEHF (177) which was lower while spore abundance lowest in sweet potato (177) and largest in fallow (224), attributed to soil properties and similar crops included in the crop rotation program. The AMF can be isolated, identified, and multiplied to produce bioinoculants for the regions.

Assessment of Self-esteem and Perception towards Gender Role and Responsibility among women residing in Tribal area in Raigad District

Introduction: Empowerment of Women is about helping them to stand on their own feet, help them take decisions in their life without any restriction. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are two sides of the same coin. Hence the aim of this study was to assess the self-esteem and perception towards Gender Role and Responsibility among women residing in tribal area in Raigad district, Maharashtra. Methodology: The study adopted survey method design to collect data from 81 participants. Total enumeration method was used. Likert scale had been used to collect data. Data was analysed by using measurements of univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics. Result: The result revealed that majority (65%) of women belong to the age group of 19-28years, early married life. Self-esteem score among illiterate women was better than the literate. 82.7% women were having good self-esteem. Age group and personal income had a significant association with self-esteem. Majority (69.1%) of participants found with satisfactory score of perception towards gender role and responsibility. There was significant association between self-esteem and gender role and responsibility among women. Discussion: Age and personal income had a significant association with self-esteem among women residing in Dodhani tribal area in Raigad district. Higher the education level achieved women more likely to have good perception towards gender role and responsibility. Also, women who had female children were more likely to have better perception towards gender role and responsibility score than those who do not or with only male child. There was significant association between self-esteem and gender role and responsibility among women. The study forecast with age arise maturity and financial independence which leads to self-esteem and perception towards gender role and responsibility can be improved. They need to be empowered with motivational speech and help to develop self-esteem. Long term multi-strategy action-oriented studies are recommended for improvement in perception of gender role and responsibility among men and women in different settings.

Stereoisograms for three-membered heterocycles: V. Factor-group method for type-itemized enumeration of oxiranes under an RS-stereoisomeric group

Stereoisograms for three-membered heterocycles: V. Factor-group method for type-itemized enumeration of oxiranes under an RS-stereoisomeric group

Splitting subspaces and a finite field interpretation of the Touchard–Riordan Formula

We enumerate the number of T-splitting subspaces of dimension m for an arbitrary operator T on a 2m-dimensional vector space over a finite field. When T is regular split semisimple, comparison with an alternate method of enumeration leads to a new proof of the Touchard–Riordan formula for enumerating chord diagrams by their number of crossings.

A Source Number Enumeration Method at Low SNR Based on Ensemble Learning

Source number estimation is one of the important research directions in array signal processing. To solve the difficulty of estimating the number of signal sources under a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a source number enumeration method based on ensemble learning is proposed. This method first preprocesses the signal data. The specific process is to decompose the original signal into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF) by using Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD), and then construct a covariance matrix and perform eigenvalue decomposition to obtain samples. Finally, the source number enumeration model based on ensemble learning is used to predict the number of sources. This model is divided into two layers. First, the primary learner is trained with the dataset, and then the prediction result on the primary learner is used as the input of the secondary learner for training, and then the prediction result is obtained. Computer theoretical signals and real measured signals are used to verify the proposed source number enumeration method, respectively. Experiments show that this method has better performance than other methods at low SNR, and it is more suitable for real environment. Keywords—Source number estimation; Array signal processing; SNR; IMF; CEEMD; Ensemble learning.