Word Entries Research Articles

Transparency in Language and Discourse: A Model for Interdisciplinary Analysis

The article points out the tendency to use highly specialized (terminological) vocabulary in modern public communication and proposes a model for interdisciplinary analysis of the new word entry into the Russian language and its functioning in different types of discourse. The explanation capability of the model, including the linguistic, axiological, cognitive (cognitive-communicative, cognitive-discursive, cognitive-psychological) aspects of analysis, is demonstrated on the example of its application to the study of the unit transparency. The ways of borrowing the word are noted: through the significant expansion of the lexical meaning under the influence of discourse (political, economic, legal, etc.) to the categorical one, associated with the processes of transmission, receipt of information and society’s response to the information occasion. The place of the word transparency in the synonymic series is determined: using the methods of lexicographic and component analysis the semantic differences of the words otkrytost (openness), dostupnost (accessibility), prozrachnost (transparency), publichnost (publicity), glasnost (disclosure), jasnost (clarity) are established. Applying the methods of contextual, logical-and-cognitive and cognitive-and-discursive analysis the data from the Russian National Corpus are studied to determine the discursive specificity in the meanings of the above mentioned synonyms, which are considered through subject-object and subject-subject relations in the process of informing and are described as the constituents in the structure of the category of transparency. The link between the linguomental phenomenon of transparency and related concepts of trust and equality is established. The authors distinguish between the voluntary and forced nature of data transfer and reception, emphasize the axiological and cognitive-and-psychological components of the information transfer in the process of group and/or mass communication. The universality of the model is proved. It has the potential for application to the consideration of other “key” issues, which reflect the mood and linguistic preferences of the epoch.

Lessons learned from an electronic botany dictionary compilation project

The study offers insights into the design, working model, and solutions of the specialised electronic dictionary of botany terms in Latvian, Latin, English, German, and Russian, developed as a mobile application. The third version of this dictionary has been updated as a final one within the project ‘Smart Complex of Information Systems of Specialised Biology Lexis for the Research and Preservation of Linguistic Diversity’ and published in the Google Play Store and the Apple Store in January 2024.The study describes various aspects of the conception of a dictionary of botany terms and offers a practical dictionary compiling model for the dictionary’s mega-, macro-, and microstructure. Prior to commencing the project, a survey of the potential users was conducted to understand the preferences of the respondents and to take these preferences into consideration when developing the dictionary. New solutions to the aspects typical of a specialised dictionary of botany terms (labelling of taxonomic categories, visualization with interactive images, automatic retrieval of definitions from existing sources and their usability, etc.) were found. The study is summarised by discussing the main lessons that have been learned in the process of developing a small(~3000 entry words) specialised dictionary. The conclusions might be useful for lexicographers and translators interested in compiling dictionaries.

Inspiratory Muscle Training for Lung Transplant Candidates and Recipients.

Inspiratory muscle training is used in rehabilitation to exercise respiratory muscles in various conditions associated with limited ventilatory reserve. In this review, we investigated inspiratory muscle training in lung transplant candidates and recipients. We searched 5 primary databases from inception through April 2024. Two key word entries, "lung transplantation" and "inspiratory muscle training," were matched using the Boolean operator AND. No filters were applied for document type, age, sex, publication date, language, and subject. The searched databases returned 119 citations. Seven articles that considered 64 patients (47% female) were included in the final analysis, with 1 study involving a pediatric patient. Lung transplant recipients used a threshold trainer at 15% to 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure and mostly exercised twice daily for 10 to 15 minutes per session. Lung transplant candidates exercised at 30% to >50% of maximal inspiratory pressure twice daily, performing 30 to 60 inspirations or for 15 minutes. The highest inspiratory muscle strength was observed in a series of adult lung transplant recipients whose mean value improved by 31.8 ± 14.6 cmH2O versus baseline after treatment. To the same extent, the highest value of maximal inspiratory pressure was detected in a pediatric patient who scored 180 cmH2O after training. Overall, participants obtained improvements in lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity), functional performance, dyspnea intensity, and exercise tolerance. Inspiratory muscle training is easy to perform and can be done at home without specific supervision (in adults) before or after a lung transplant. Nevertheless, additional rigorous investigations should aim to replicate the positive effects reported in the present review.

Endonormative stabilization in Philippine English lexis

AbstractIn the past 10 years, we have seen an enormous increase in the interest in Philippine English (PhilE) vocabulary. This is especially documented by the new entries of distinctive PhilE words in the Oxford English dictionary. Thanks to the rise of electronic mega‐corpora, such as GloWbE and the NOW Corpus, it has become possible to discover even more lexical innovations in PhilE. In this article, I compare nominal and adjectival suffixes across the following varieties of English: India, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Great Britain. The comparisons were carried out on a quantitative and qualitative level, based on the findings in GloWbE, NOW and ICE. Apart from suffixes, the article also discusses less frequent and productive types of word‐formation, such as synthetic compounds and splinters (budgetarian).

Лексикографският параметър комбинирана заглавка в двуезичен речник

In this paper the term combined entry word is introduced, defined and used for the first time. After that, I go on to provide an analysis of the patterns of combined entry words described in the two Bulgarian-Serbian dictionaries published by Marin Mladenov. Finally, I outline some recommendations on the crafting of Bulgarian-foreign language dictionaries.

Neologisms and borrowings in media texts

INTRODUCTION. The use of neologisms in modern mass media reflects the active process of changing language and speech, the vocabulary reflects people’s desire for faster communication and accelerates the transformation of language rhythm and words, which requires studying the d ynamism of language based on neologisms. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of neologisms and borrowings in media texts in the modern period.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research materials are the newspapers Argumenty i Fakty, Vedomosti, Izvestia, Kommersant, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Expert and Forbes magazines). The methods of linguistic research are used, namely: collection, systematization and generalization, semantic analysis, contextual analysis, interpretative analysis, method of describing lexical innovations.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Neologisms are directly related to the modern active processes of changing the Russian language picture. Comprehension of the objects of the surrounding reality and the development of the nominated real and virtual objects, processes, phenomena are reflected with the help of neologisms that create a unique picture of the world for the Russian media space, which is reflected in oral and written speech in the era of digitalization (digitalization). It is difficult to answer the question of whether positive or negative trends manifest themselves with the entry of new words into the Russian language.CONCLUSION. There are five main theories that define the definition of the term “neologism”, and three reasons for the appearance of neologisms and borrowings in modern media texts: fashion, foreign influence and social need. It is proved that the processes of globalization and the development of technology contribute to the fact that the language is expanding due to the appearance of neologisms. It is the lexical composition of the Russian language that is characterized by such processes as the expansion and narrowing of the semantics of the word, which is reflected in the processes of neology.

The main trends in the word-formative adaptation of the latest borrowings to denote actions and states in the Ukrainian literary language of the 21 st century

At the beginning of the 21 st century, especially in its second decade, foreign units were entering to the journalistic and scientific Ukrainian language so rapidly that linguists sometimes did not have time for objective reasons to evaluate their “quality” and the appropriateness of their use. The activation of borrowings caused a certain disorder: adaptation to the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language occurs unevenly, often with hesitation in word-formative adaptation. A significant number of new adapted borrowed lexemes are not yet in normative, general or industry dictionaries. The most verb lexemes appeared primarily in the field of information technology, quite a few verb lexemes appeared in the field of business, finance, psychology, cosmetology etc. Lexemes of the foreign languages (mostly from English, less often from German, French, Italian or other languages) such as verbs and nouns were adapted in Ukrainian using verb suffixes -ува-, -изува-/-ізува-. The dynamic entry of such words into modern Ukrainian has caused a multi- tude of ways of them adaptation. It is often difficult to determine whether a verb in the Ukrai- nian language has been formed from a foreign verb or noun. This indicates the ambiguous word-formation adaptation of the analyzed verbs. The verb suffix -и- also proved to be productive in adaptation of the new borrowings. The verbs formed with it have common root corre- lates among foreign verbs and nouns. We observe hesitation in the word-formative adaptation of some verbs. It is indicates by the availability of common root variants with suffixes -ува– and -и-. Derivatives that have replenished the stock of reflexive verbs have been formed from some of the analyzed lexemes either with the help of the postfix -ся, or this postfix and the suffix -и-. Among the prefixes which found in borrowed verb lexemes, the prefix ре- is regularly used and the prefix де- is somewhat less used. In enriching the lexicon of the Ukrainian language with borrowings, there are many cases of simultaneous adaptation to modern Ukrainian of related verb structures: with a prefix and without it. Sometimes it is difficult to establish the direction of derivation. Common root lexemes could have entered modern Ukrainian directly from English or another language with a prefix or have been formed with a prefix from verbs adapted in a suffixal way. The second stage of word-formative adaptation of borrowings shows that derivatives have been formed from many verb bases adapted in modern Ukrainian using proper Ukrainian productive word-forming prefixes зà-, з-(с-), нà-, роз-, по-, про-, пере-, which express the word-formative semantics usual for them. Unmotivated, groundless oversaturation of modern Ukrainian literary language with borrowed lexemes, word-formative formants, etc., uncontrolled using of such units lead to the leveling of national features of the Ukrainian language. This problem prompts a rethinking of ways to replenish the terminological systems of various branches of science with new borrowed language units and this problem prompts to a more critical usage of criteria for adaptation of foreign lexemes. Keywords: borrowings to denote actions and states, word-formative adaptation, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb suffixes, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb prefixes, foreign languages bases.

Слои заимствований в карачаево-балкарской культурной лексике

Introduction. The publication of the joint monograph titled ‘Karachays. Balkars’ and edited by M. Karaketov and H.-M. Sabanchiev introduced into scientific circulation a large layer of vocabulary characterizing some specific aspects of Karachay-Balkar culture. Quite a number of lexemes associated with traditional culture prove absent in the Karachay-Balkar–Russian Dictionary (30,000 word entries). So, Karachay-Balkar terminology happens to comprise the already expected Turkic lexemes ⸺ and a huge layer of loanwords missing in other Turkic languages. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of borrowings in the Karachay-Balkar language that are not typical for other Turkic languages. Results. The etymological analysis has excluded the undeveloped (literary) Orientalisms of Arab-Persian origin associated with Islam, law, and social order. The greatest number of parallels is noted for Digor Ossetian: over 300 words contained in the mentioned monograph arrived from the latter language. Our investigation of the monograph was followed by additions of already existing etymologies from comparisons by V. Abaev ⸺ with some corrections and certain Digor Ossetian parallels. Some Orientalisms and Caucasisms assimilated into the target vocabulary have also been interpreted as Ossetian parallels, i.e. their penetration into Karachay-Balkar is assumed to have taken place through Digor. The remaining vocabulary is distributed among Western Caucasian loanwords and those from Nakh-Dagestani languages. The article provides complete materials of the borrowed terminology divided into semantic fields, which makes it possible to assess the degree and realms of cultural influence. Interpretations of how the borrowing may have penetrated into the vocabulary and, accordingly, of how the languages contacted prove instrumental in determining the intermediate ancestral homeland of the Karachay-Balkar forefathers. That may have been the area of historical Salatavia north of the Salatau Ridge, bounded on the west by the Aktash River, and on the east ⸺ by the Sulak River. The article is intended for Turkologists and experts in Caucasian studies. The material shall be of interest to historians, ethnographers, and culturologists.

Platforming Effect in Rendering Culturonyms` Coinage at the Expert Translation and Interpreting Level in International Activities

The given paper views the impact of the process of platforming and digital translation platforms (DTP) on the rendering of cultural meaning in the dialogue of cultures at the expert translation and interpreting level. The main topic is the problem of finding mechanisms for preventing loss and distortion of the meaning of key cultural concepts in the digital age. The authors aim at analyzing methods of adequate translation and interpreting of the interlinguistic meaning of culturonyms (key cultural concepts) as influenced by platforming processes and DTP use, and their unambiguous understanding by representatives of foreign-language culture, including these interpretations in the dictionary-manual elaborated by the authors. The issue in question is the inclusion into the dictionary-manual the adequate translation determining interlanguage correlation, new culturonyms,unknown cultural meanings, and revealing and describing hidden meanings of English and Russian culture-specific elements and idioms. The authors applied a culturally oriented approach to translation and interpreting that has showed the diversity and cultural value of culturerelated codes. The cultural analysis has indicated most significant culturonyms. The authors have systematized examples of the use of cultural concepts and their translation into Russian in the word entries within the dictionary-manual, which now comprises 151 word entries. A contrastive analysis of nonequivalent lexis has revealed lacunae and non-included meanings in both printed and electronic dictionaries. The heuristic method has been used to create open-type heuristic translation tasks. The authors have received practical approval of the results. The empirical research method was used to analyze digitalization processes and assess the suitable DTP for the research purposes. The dictionary proposed herein is of theoretical and practical significance in new understanding of culturonyms, training foreign affairs specialists, and may be used in teaching translation and interpreting in higher school linguistic and cultural studies, creative education, as well as in business consulting for international companies.

Mūsdienu latviešu terminogrāfijas raksturojums: vārdšķiriskais aspekts

The problem discussed in the article is related to the discrepancy between the theory and practice of terminology in the part of speech aspect of terms. The traditional theory of terminology states that a term can be expressed only by a noun or a nominal subordinate word-group, but contemporary term dictionaries also include entry words expressed by other parts of speech (adjective, verb, adverb). The study examines and compares two target groups of dictionaries in the humanities and social sciences to identify parts of speech diversity and related trends. The research is valuable and important for decision-making in developing each new dictionary of terms. The article aims to provide a view into the diversity of parts of speech in the entry words of the contemporary Latvian term dictionaries. This is achieved by looking back at the previous terminology theory in the aspect of part of speech, comparing the inclusion of different parts of speech in term dictionaries and outlining the main issues of discussion for the further development of terminology theory and practice. The studies of theoretical knowledge are combined with the excerpting of entries in collecting material and the descriptive method in presenting the problem. Each statement is illustrated with a wide variety of examples. The theoretical part clearly shows the discrepancy between the traditional theory of terminology, which emphasises the nominal function, and modern theories, which emphasise the need to see terminology as a part of a natural, living, dynamic language open to change, where the aspect of information arrangement, information understanding and information transmission is also important. Therefore, the terms in the language are not strictly distinguishable from other linguistic units that form specialised discourse. It has been established that in practical use, there is a tendency to include entry words expressed by adjectives, verbs and adverbs in dictionaries of Latvian terms. It prompts a review of the theoretical views that have been valid until now. Searching for an answer to the research question, are other parts of speech (not only nouns) also used in practice, the next question arose – whether terminological clarity is lost if it is expressed with words of different parts of speech? The answer to this question can be found in the many dictionary entries, expressed with adjectives, verbs and adverbs. These features, which are already stable because they have been appearing for several decades, must be described and evaluated. Also, the presence of various parts of speech in the dictionaries of modern terms should be legitimised. It is possible that such an action would facilitate the harmonisation and approval of the new term dictionaries in the Terminology Commission.

Semantic Structure of the Indonesian ‘Die’ Verbs

This article focuses on the analysis of the semantic structure of the Indonesian ‘die’ verbs. The lexicon variations for the Indonesian ‘die‘ verbs depend on to whom and in what way it is perceived when it happens. The Indonesian ‘die’ verbs have their meaning which can be expressed through the study of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theoretical framework developed by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2013). The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative research form. The data analysis technique used four steps including determining the semantic prime, looking for the derivation of meaning, determining polysemy based on the object, and paraphrasing meaning. To analyze the meaning of ‘die’ in Indonesian, the data used in this article were collected from the entry word 'mati' obtained from the dictionary https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/mati. The results showed that there were 17 lexicons (meninggal dunia, tutup usia, wafat, berpulang, gugur, mangkat, berlalu, berkalang tanah, berputih tulang, dipanggil Tuhan, mati, mampus, tewas, binasa, koit, modar, and jangkang) reffering to the ‘die’ concept, which were then grouped into two categories based on the entity and the result of which the ‘die’ concept was implemented.

Experience of design and development of a new open access interactive multifunctional database management system for special lexis of biology

Terminology work requires a lot of data processing in the practical research of comparative linguistics, especially when studying linguistic and terminological changes over time. The lack of appropriate wide-usage electronic tools and databases can slow down such research. Thus, an efficient information management solution is necessary to improve the efficiency of terminology and comparative linguistic research. Since 2021, a team of terminologists, translators, researchers, and information system developers worked together for two years, during which the open access interactive multifunctional database management system (IMDS) was designed and developed for data storage and a wide range of statistical and search options, especially for language research purposes and comparative multilingual studies in linguistics and terminology. The information system consists of multiple modules (input, statistics, export, etc.). The data input module was successfully designed and developed and has been used effectively by researchers for entering and collecting special lexis units. The article mainly describes the statistical data that can be obtained from the IMDS, as well as problems encountered during the development of the system. The IMDS data collection has been updated with 50,846 entries of scientific (Latin) organism names, 60,585 entries of local names of different organisms (mainly in Latvian, but also in other languages), 1427 entries of names of organism-caused diseases, 2942 entries of dictionary words and 313 entries of terms with definitions collected based on excerpts from different publications containing common names linked with their scientific names.

TÜRKÇEDEN MUSUL AĞZINA GİREN KELİMELER, EKLER VE ATASÖZLERİ

There is a deep-rooted linguistic relationship between Turkish and Arabic, and it is known that the Arabic language influenced the Turkish language, and although the influence of the Turkish language was not as much as the Arabic language, it affected the Arabic dialects, especially the Mosulli dialect, and the influence of the Turkish language on the Mosulli dialect is more of Iraqi or other Arabic dialects. This effect appears in many names, titles, adjectives, village names, and popular proverbs used by Mosulli people. In this study, which focuses on the influence of the Turkish language on the Mosulli dialect, data is collected by identifying Turkish words from dictionaries, different language books, proverbs, terminology, and studies published in Iraq and Turkey. In addition, in order to identify the Turkish words used in the Mosulli dialect, various interviews are conducted with elderly people living in Mosul who speak this dialect. This study concludes with the various forms of Turkish influence on the Mosulli dialect, and among the most important forms of this influence are: the entry of Turkish words into the Mosul dialect while preserving their meaning, the Turkish words that entered with the same pronunciation and difference in meaning, some suffixes that entered the dialect with the same meaning, and many Turkish words used by Mosulli people in their proverbs and many Turkish proverbs.

Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries. Mariusz Piotr Kamiński

Definitions play a role that cannot be undermined. A monolingual dictionary ‘provides many kinds of information about its entry words but most importantly gives definitions’ (Landau 2001: 8). Questionnaire surveys (e.g. Quirk 1974: 154; Béjoint 1981: 215) have also demonstrated that meaning is dominantly sought after by either native speakers or L2 learners. Intelligibility in combination with accuracy of definitions is, therefore, one of the main goals pursued by lexicographers. Nevertheless, it is not easy to achieve the goal of comprehensibility of definitions. As Johnson (1755: Preface) notes, ‘To explain, requires the use of terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained, and such terms cannot always be found’. To the best of our knowledge, Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries is the first monograph that systematically investigates the defining language in English learners’ dictionaries and native-speaker dictionaries. This volume, consisting of Introduction, six chapters, and General Conclusions, covers a historical account of controlled defining vocabularies, empirical studies of the content of a restricted defining vocabulary, and user-oriented studies of comprehension and perception of definitions written in a controlled vocabulary vs. non-controlled vocabulary.

Z XIX-wiecznej gwarowej praktyki leksykograficznej (na podstawie Słowniczka wyrazów ludowych we wsi Jaksicach Zygmunta Wasilewskiego)

The article revolves around the lexicographic practice of Zygmunt Wasilewski, a lawyer, politician, journalist, literary critic in reference to his 19th-century regional glossary from the village of Jaksice, Pińczów county (central-northern Małopolska). In characterizing this set of words (212 entry words), I have taken into account the macro- and microstructure of the glossary. The lexical material contained in The Glossary is primarily a source of knowledge of the sub-dialects of Kielce Region in research into Polish sub-dialects in general. It also gives insight into the technique of this unqualified lexicographer, a folk culture enthusiast in his youth.

COMPREHENSION DES TEXTES FRANÇAIS CHEZ LES ELEVES DE DEUXIEME ANNEE DES HUMANITES PEDAGOGIQUES DE QUELQUES ECOLES DE LA COMMUNE KASUKU, VILLE DE KINDU.

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the level of performance of syntactic and morphological entries of words in a text in second year students of pedagogical humanities.
 The analysis of the data was carried out by calculating the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, coefficient of variation, yield, analysis of variance.
 
 In a global way, the comprehension of the syntactic and morphological entries for the seen text is sufficient, the output is higher than 50%. For the unseen text, the comprehension of the syntactic and morphological entries is insufficient, the output is lower than 50%.
 The variable institution of attendance had no effect on performance.
 To improve the learning of reading instruction, teachers can frequently use the direct method combined with the audio-oral and audio-visual method, the global method. Emphasize comprehension by subjecting learners to the cloze exercise.

Vārdi zīme, zīmēt, zīmot senajos latviešu rakstu avotos

In the article, the words zīme, zīmēt and zīmot, as well as other formatives with these words, which are included as entries in the Historical Dictionary of Latvian (LVVV, https://tezaurs.lv/lvvv/), are discussed. Attention is turned to the aspects of how these entries are made and what problems the authors of the Dictionary meet. LVVV is based on the corpus of early written Latvian SENIE (http://senie.korpuss.lv/toc.jsp), as well as material from two lexicographic sources of the 17th century. One of the most difficult tasks for the authors of the Historical Dictionary is the explanation of the semantics of the entry word – most often, the words in the early texts are used with several meanings. For example, the authors of the Dictionary have distinguished three of them for the word zīme: 1) visible sign (object) marking, indicating or giving evidence of something; 2) sign (phenomenon, feature) announcing, acknowledging something; 3) picture, image. The word zīme and its derivatives are semantically varied and very widely used in the Latvian texts of the 16th and 17th centuries. The use of prefixed verbs derived from the verbs zīmot and zīmēt is particularly extensive, for example, apzīmot, iezīmot, iezīmēt, nozīmēt, expressing different shades of meaning. The meaning of these words is mainly connected to the noun zīme, which is at the base of the verbs, not with the verb zīmēt ‘to draw’. It is believed that initially, zīme was ‘recognition sign, feature’, but the verbs zīmēt, zīmot have characteristic meanings ‘mark out, denote’, ‘to give a sign’, etc. Perhaps the contemporary meaning of the verb zīmēt is related to the third meaning of the word zīme, namely ‘picture, image’. In the early texts, this meaning of the verb appears in the use of the prefixed verb nozīmēt.

RoLEX: The development of an extended Romanian lexical dataset and its evaluation at predicting concurrent lexical information

AbstractIn this article, we introduce an extended, freely available resource for the Romanian language, named RoLEX. The dataset was developed mainly for speech processing applications, yet its applicability extends beyond this domain. RoLEX includes over 330,000 curated entries with information regarding lemma, morphosyntactic description, syllabification, lexical stress and phonemic transcription. The process of selecting the list of word entries and semi-automatically annotating the complete lexical information associated with each of the entries is thoroughly described.The dataset’s inherent knowledge is then evaluated in a task of concurrent prediction of syllabification, lexical stress marking and phonemic transcription. The evaluation looked into several dataset design factors, such as the minimum viable number of entries for correct prediction, the optimisation of the minimum number of required entries through expert selection and the augmentation of the input with morphosyntactic information, as well as the influence of each task in the overall accuracy. The best results were obtained when the orthographic form of the entries was augmented with the complete morphosyntactic tags. A word error rate of 3.08% and a character error rate of 1.08% were obtained this way. We show that using a carefully selected subset of entries for training can result in a similar performance to the performance obtained by a larger set of randomly selected entries (twice as many). In terms of prediction complexity, the lexical stress marking posed most problems and accounts for around 60% of the errors in the predicted sequence.

EYE Blinking for Password Authentication

Abstract: Personal identification numbers area unit used for user authentication and security. word verification exploitation PINs requires users to enter a physical PIN, which may be vulnerable to word breakage or hacking via shoulder water sport or thermal chase. PIN authentication with eye blinks entry techniques, doesn't leave any quite physical footprints behind and therefore provide a safer word entry possibility. This project presents a time period application to avoid. The personal identification numbers (PINS) is a common user authentication method for many applications, such as money transaction is online banking application and automatic teller machine(ATMs).unlocking personal devices ,event centers, shopping malls, Medical centers, schools/collages and opening Doors. I

Niederländische und niederdeutsche Sprachvarietäten bei Johannes Drusius dem Älteren

Abstract This study is based on the third part Censura of the lexicographical work Nomenclator Eliae Levitae Germani (Franeker: Albert 1652), revised by the scholar Johannes Drusius. Censura (pp. 48–234) contains 796 Latin and Hebrew dictionary entries from the Old Testament. Those entries are brief comparisons between the three Linguae sacrae Latin, Greek and Hebrew or present a longer discussion on the respective words in Latin. This article focuses on those Dutch and Low-German variants which Drusius labeled in 26 articles as regional variants, namely Saxon (in fact Low-Saxon), Flandric (Flemish region), Frisian, Sicambric (Lower Rhine region), Batavian (Lower Rhine region) and Hollandic. The study analyses regional variants in the context of their word entries and in regard to their grammatical distinctions. The inclusion of the regional variants by Drusius is not systematic, but their presentation probably aimed at didactic purposes and, in some cases, towards a better understanding of etymological relations.