Background: The Eastern Province has the highest incidence of breast cancer in Saudi Arabia. The absence of an organized national education and screening program, combined with sociocultural factors, contributes to the presentation of advanced stages. Aim: This study was undertaken to assess the attitudes and practices of women in the Eastern Province toward screening mammography (SM) and breast self-examination (BSE). Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a structured questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Double data entry procedures were used to assure quality and to detect errors in data entry. Frequency distributions were used to describe the data. Association between variables was evaluated by the Chi-square test, and a P≤ 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. Results: A total of 611 females responded to the questionnaire. 12.4% reported having undergone mammography, 48.1% reported that they intended to do it in the future, while 12.7% reported having no intention to perform it. 43% reported performing BSE regularly. Sources of information about breast cancer and breast cancer screening included educational campaigns (27.8%) and media (27.8%). 75.2% of the respondents reported that their physician had no role in educating them about breast cancer screening. There was a significant relationship between the educational level of respondents and the practice of both BSE (P = 0.0001) and SM (P = 0.0000), as well as a significant association between the practice of mammography and having a relative diagnosed with cancer (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of our study revealed a low prevalence of breast cancer screening behaviors, 43% reported performing BSE, and only 12.4% had previously undergone SM. We strongly recommend that efforts must be carried out to increase the awareness of women.