Entropy Of Universe Research Articles

Universal scale laws for colors and patterns in imagery

Distribution of colors and patterns in images is observed through cascades that adjust spatial resolution and dynamics. Cascades of colors reveal the emergent universal property that Fully Colored Images (FCIs) of natural scenes adhere to the debated continuous linear log-scale law (slope −2.00±0.01) (L1). Cascades of discrete 2×2 patterns are derived from pixel square reductions onto the seven unlabeled rotation-free textures (0000, 0001, 0011, 0012, 0101, 0102, 0123). They exhibit an unparalleled universal entropy maximum of 1.74±0.013 at some dynamics regardless of spatial scale (L2). Patterns also adhere to the Integral Fluctuation Theorem (1.00±0.01) (L3), pivotal in studies of chaotic systems. Images with fewer colors exhibit quadratic shift and bias from L1 and L3 but adhere to L2. Randomized Hilbert fractal FCIs better match the laws than basic-to-AI-based simulations. Those results are of interest in Neural Networks, out-of-equilibrium physics, and spectral imagery.

Methods to Calculate Entropy Generation.

Entropy generation, formulated by combining the first and second laws of thermodynamics with an appropriate thermodynamic potential, emerges as the difference between a phenomenological entropy function and a reversible entropy function. The phenomenological entropy function is evaluated over an irreversible path through thermodynamic state space via real-time measurements of thermodynamic states. The reversible entropy function is calculated along an ideal reversible path through the same state space. Entropy generation models for various classes of systems-thermal, externally loaded, internally reactive, open and closed-are developed via selection of suitable thermodynamic potentials. Here we simplify thermodynamic principles to specify convenient and consistently accurate system governing equations and characterization models. The formulations introduce a new and universal Phenomenological Entropy Generation (PEG) theorem. The systems and methods presented-and demonstrated on frictional wear, grease degradation, battery charging and discharging, metal fatigue and pump flow-can be used for design, analysis, and support of diagnostic monitoring and optimization.

Itinerant ferromagnetism and room temperature giant magnetocaloric effect in (Mn0.6Fe0.4) (Ni0.5Co0.5) Si shape memory alloy

In this article, the feasibility of obtaining a magneto-structural coupling over a wide working temperature range of about 127 K (from 206.5 K to 333.5 K) with negligible thermal hysteresis in combination with the structural, microstructural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of a 50 % Co-doped (at the Ni site) polycrystalline (Mn0.6Fe0.4) (Ni0.5Co0.5) Si (MFNCS-0.5) magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) has been thoroughly investigated. Along with leaf-like microstructure, at room temperature, the system shows a mixed phase of TiNiSi type low-temperature high-magnetic (ferromagnetic) orthorhombic martensite and Ni2In type high-temperature low-magnetic (paramagnetic) hexagonal austenite, with the dominance of the second one. To estimate the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) across the phase transition, the isothermal magnetic measurement technique has been employed. The merging of heating and cooling iso-field thermo-magnetization (M-T) curves, the presence of negligible thermal hysteresis in the MH curves, universal magnetic entropy curves, a proposed phenomenological model (across the Curie temperature), and the positive slopes of the Arrott plot (Banerjee criterion) show that the first-order structural and magnetic transition are coupled along with a second-order ferromagnetic to paramagnetic (FM → PM) phase transition (SOPT). By extrapolating the Arrott plot to the H/M = 0 axis the spontaneous magnetization value very close to 0 K, Ms(0), is found to be 71.92 emu/g (∼1.83 µB/f.u.). The linear dependency of MS2T on T2 below SOPT and the RWR (Rhodes–Wolhfarth ratio) = 4.29 > 1 indicate the long-range itinerant ferromagnetism in this alloy. A giant magnetic entropy change (ΔSm) of 25.77 J kg−1 K−1 and a refrigerant capacity (RC) of 472.83 J kg−1 are obtained at 6 T field. This observed magnetic refrigerant's key characteristics, including a giant magnetocaloric effect (MCE) near room temperature (RT), negligible thermal hysteresis loss, a wide operating temperature range of 127 K, and the use of cost-effective, non-toxic constituent elements, make it a suitable and very promising member for applications in solid-state refrigeration technology near RT.

A Wheeler–DeWitt Non-Commutative Quantum Approach to the Branch-Cut Gravity

In this contribution, motivated by the quest to understand cosmic acceleration, based on the theory of Hořava–Lifshitz and on the branch-cut gravitation, we investigate the effects of non-commutativity of a mini-superspace of variables obeying the Poisson algebra on the structure of the branch-cut scale factor and on the acceleration of the Universe. We follow the guiding lines of a previous approach, which we complement to allow a symmetrical treatment of the Poisson algebraic variables and eliminate ambiguities in the ordering of quantum operators. On this line of investigation, we propose a phase-space transformation that generates a super-Hamiltonian, expressed in terms of new variables, which describes the behavior of a Wheeler–DeWitt wave function of the Universe within a non-commutative algebraic quantum gravity formulation. The formal structure of the super-Hamiltonian allows us to identify one of the new variables with a modified branch-cut quantum scale factor, which incorporates, as a result of the imposed variable transformations, in an underlying way, elements of the non-commutative algebra. Due to its structural character, this algebraic structure allows the identification of the other variable as the dual quantum counterpart of the modified branch-cut scale factor, with both quantities scanning reciprocal spaces. Using the iterative Range–Kutta–Fehlberg numerical analysis for solving differential equations, without resorting to computational approximations, we obtained numerical solutions, with the boundary conditions of the wave function of the Universe based on the Bekenstein criterion, which provides an upper limit for entropy. Our results indicate the acceleration of the early Universe in the context of the non-commutative branch-cut gravity formulation. These results have implications when confronted with information theory; so to accommodate gravitational effects close to the Planck scale, a formulation à la Heisenberg’s Generalized Uncertainty Principle in Quantum Mechanics involving the energy and entropy of the primordial Universe is proposed.

Scientific Metastructure Theory : Universal Temporal Selection Process for Increasing Entropy via Consumption Machines

The Scientific Metastructure Theory is a novel conceptual framework that unveils the intricate interplay temporal selection process across diverse scales and systems within the universe, explaining its metastructure scientifically. This theory redefines life as a dynamic process wherein biological and artificial machines actively contribute to universal entropy increase through the consumption and re-consumption of energy and matter. Through iterative consumption and accumulation, these machines gain complexity, efficiency, and adaptability. The temporal selection process emerges as a driving force, favoring complex machines capable of maximizing resource acquisition, driving increase in universal entropy. This selection process operates universally, shaping not only biological evolution but also atomic and chemical interactions, technological advancements, societal structures, and even religious systems. Also presenting a mathematical framework, this paper provides a structured understanding of how biological and artificial machines contribute to entropy increase through compounded complexity-driven temporal selection. Through diverse examples, the framework is illustrated across scales, offering a unified perspective on the scientific metastructure of reality.

First law of thermodynamics and entropy of FLRW universe in modified gravity

We investigate the first law of thermodynamics and entropy associated to the apparent horizon of (non-flat) FLRW space–time in different theories of modified gravity and in the presence of a perfect fluid of matter. We pose our attention on those theories which lead to second order differential field equations on FLRW background. In this way, we observe that one may obtain a formula for entropy in terms of the radius of the apparent horizon only. Thus, when considering a modification to the area law of General Relativity, it is possible to reconstruct the gravitational lagrangian consistent with the corresponding first law.

Quasi-spiral solution to the mixed intracluster medium and the universal entropy profile of galaxy clusters

ABSTRACT Well-resolved galaxy clusters often show a large-scale quasi-spiral structure in deprojected density ρ and temperature T fields, delineated by a tangential discontinuity known as a cold front, superimposed on a universal radial entropy profile with a linear K(r) ∝ Tρ−2/3 ∝ r adiabat. We show that a spiral structure provides a natural quasi-stationary solution for the mixed intracluster medium (ICM), introducing a modest pressure spiral that confines the locally buoyant or heavy plasma phases. The solution persists in the presence of uniform or differential rotation, and can accommodate both an inflow and an outflow. Hydrodynamic adiabatic simulations with perturbations that deposit angular momentum and mix the plasma thus asymptote to a self-similar spiral structure. We find similar spirals in Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations of 2D and 3D, merger and offset, clusters. The discontinuity surface is given in spherical coordinates {r, θ, ϕ} by ϕ(r, θ) ∝ Φ(r) , where Φ is the gravitational potential, combining a trailing spiral in the equatorial (θ = π/2) plane and semicircles perpendicular to the plane, in resemblance of a snail shell. A local convective instability can develop between spiral windings, driving a modified global instability in sublinear K(r) regions; evolved spirals thus imprint the observed K ∝ r onto the ICM even after they dissipate. The spiral structure brings hot and cold phases to close proximity, suggesting that the observed fast outflows could sustain the structure even in the presence of radiative cooling.

Homogenizing Entropy Across Different Environmental Conditions: A Universally Applicable Method for Transforming Continuous Variables

In classical information theory, a causal relationship between two variables is typically modelled by assuming that, for every possible state of one of the variables, there exists a particular distribution of states of the second variable. Let us call these two variables the causal and caused variables, respectively. We shall assume that both variables are continuous and one-dimensional. In this work we consider a procedure to transform each variable, using transformations that are differentiable and strictly increasing. We call these increasing transformations. Any causal relationship (as defined here) is associated with a channel capacity, which is the maximum rate that information could be sent if the causal relationship was used as a signalling system. Channel capacity is unaffected when the two variables are changed by use of increasing transformations. For any causal relationship we show that there is always a way to transform the caused variable such that the entropy associated with the caused variable is independent of the value of the causal variable. Furthermore, the resulting universal entropy has an absolute value that is equal to the channel capacity associated with the causal relationship. This observation may be useful in statistical applications. Also, for any causal relationship, it implies that there is a ‘natural’ way to transform a continuous caused variable. We also show that, with additional constraints on the causal relationship, a natural increasing transformation of both variables leads to a transformed causal relationship that has properties that might be expected from a well-engineered measuring device.

Recurrence times, waiting times and universal entropy production estimators

The universal typical-signal estimators of entropy and cross entropy based on the asymptotics of recurrence and waiting times play an important role in information theory. Building on their construction, we introduce and study universal typical-signal estimators of entropy production in the context of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of one-sided shifts over finite alphabets.

Magnetocaloric properties and Griffiths phase of ferrimagnetic cobaltite CaBaCo4O7

We present a study on the magnetocaloric properties of a CaBaCo4O7 polycrystalline cobaltite along with research on the nature of magnetic phase transition. The magnetization as a function of temperature identifies the ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic transition at a Curie temperature of 60 K. Moreover, a Griffiths-like phase is confirmed in a temperature range above T C. The compound undergoes a crossover from the first to second-order ferrimagnetic transformation, as evidenced by the Arrott plots, scaling of the universal entropy curve, and field-dependent magnetic entropy change. The maximum of entropy change is 3 J/kg⋅K for ΔH = 7 T at T C, and a broadening of the entropy peak with increasing magnetic field indicates a field-induced transition above T C. The analysis of the magnetic entropy change using the Landau theory reveals the second-order phase transition and indicates that the magnetocaloric properties of CaBaCo4O7 are dominated by the magnetoelastic coupling and electron interaction. The corresponding values of refrigerant capacity and relative cooling power are estimated to be 33 J/kg and 42 J/kg, respectively.

Classifying and benchmarking high-entropy alloys and associated materials for electrocatalysis: A brief review of best practices

In light of the immense compositional diversity of high-entropy materials (HEMs) recently reported ( e.g. , high-entropy chalcogenides, perovskites, ceramics, etc.) and the relatively amorphous definition of High-Entropy, it is imperative that consistent material classification and benchmarking practices be employed to facilitate comparison between reported figures of merit. In this opinion, an updated form of the numerical high-entropy definition is reviewed, which renders a universal entropy metric applicable to high-entropy alloys and emerging HEMs alike. Analytical methods to verify the existence of a solid-solution microstructure, elucidate atomic valence states, and probe atomic disorder are discussed with literature examples to facilitate the physical classification of HEMs. Electrocatalytic benchmarking is discussed in the context of water-splitting reactions and best practices are reviewed for determining the electrocatalytically active surface area, reaction overpotential, and electrocatalyst stability.

Exploration of Entropy Pair Functional Theory.

Evaluation of the entropy from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation remains an outstanding challenge. The standard approach requires thermodynamic integration across a series of simulations. Recent work Nicholson et al. demonstrated the ability to construct a functional that returns excess entropy, based on the pair correlation function (PCF); it was capable of providing, with acceptable accuracy, the absolute excess entropy of iron simulated with a pair potential in both fluid and crystalline states. In this work, the general applicability of the Entropy Pair Functional Theory (EPFT) approach is explored by applying it to three many-body interaction potentials. These potentials are state of the art for large scale models for the three materials in this study: Fe modelled with a modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential, Cu modelled with an MEAM and Si modelled with a Tersoff potential. We demonstrate the robust nature of EPFT in determining excess entropy for diverse systems with many-body interactions. These are steps toward a universal Entropy Pair Functional, EPF, that can be applied with confidence to determine the entropy associated with sophisticated optimized potentials and first principles simulations of liquids, crystals, engineered structures, and defects.

Analysis of baryon to entropy ratio in Ricci inverse gravity

This letter is devoted to investigate the matter-antimatter asymmetry through baryogenesis (and generalized gravitational baryogenesis interaction) in the realm of f(R, A) theory of gravity also known as Ricci inverse gravity, where R is the curvature scalar and A is the anti-curvature scalar. Baryogensis (baryon to entropy ratio ) is a theoretical process that took place in the early history of the universe producing supremacy of matter over anti-matter, where S is entropy of universe and is the baryon (anti-baryon) number. In this article, we inspect the consequences of interactions proportional to and . We take as specific model to analyze the phenomenon of baryogenesis and generalized gravitational baryogenesis. Our outcomes show that f(R, A) gravity can come up consistently and significantly to the phenomenon of gravitational baryogenesis. We compare our results with latest astrophysical data of baryon to entropy ratio, which exhibits outstanding compatibility with the observational bounds.

Biasing topological charge injection in topological matter

We explore the interplay between topologies in the momentum and real spaces to formulate a thermodynamic description of nonequilibrium injection of topological charges under external bias. We show that the edge modes engendered by the momentum-space topology can play a functional role of connecting the external reservoirs to the bulk transport of topological charges in the real space. We illustrate our general results with two examples: the spin-torque injection of skyrmions in an electrically-biased integer quantum Hall system, and the vortex injection in a topological $p\,+\,i\,p$ superconductor coupled to heat reservoirs. Based on the universal fractional entropy of the Majorana zero modes bound to the vortices, their controllable injection proposed in this work could provide a route for creating and manipulating Majorana fermions.

From black hole to white hole via the intermediate static state

We discuss the macroscopic quantum tunneling from the black hole to the white hole of the same mass. Previous calculations in [G. E. Volovik, Universe 6, 133 (2020)] demonstrated that the probability of the tunneling is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the entropy of the Schwarzschild black hole. This in particular suggests that the entropy of the white hole is with minus sign the entropy of the black hole, [Formula: see text]. Here, we use a different way of calculations. We consider three different types of the hole objects: black hole, white hole and the fully static intermediate state. The probability of tunneling transitions between these three states is found using singularities in the coordinate transformations between these objects. The black and white holes are described by the Painleve–Gullstrand coordinates with opposite shift vectors, while the intermediate state is described by the static Schwarzschild coordinates. The singularities in the coordinate transformations lead to the imaginary part in the action, which determines the tunneling exponent. For the white hole the same negative entropy is obtained, while the intermediate state — the fully static hole — has zero entropy. This procedure is extended to the Reissner–Nordström black hole and to its white and static partners, and also to the entropy and temperature of the de Sitter Universe.

Large reversible magnetic entropy change of R3Ni6Al2 (R = Dy, Ho and Er) compounds

Large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and magnetic properties in R3Ni6Al2 (R = Dy, Ho and Er) compounds were systematically investigated. Large magnetic moment and low magnetic transition temperature play a decisive role in the magnetocaloric performance for R3Ni6Al2 (R = Dy, Ho and Er) compounds. Ho3Ni6Al2 compound shows the largest magnetic entropy change with the value of 19.7 J/kg K at ~20 K under field change of 0–5 T because of the large magnetic moment and moderate transition temperature. For Dy3Ni6Al2 compound, it exhibits the largest refrigeration capacity with the value of 394.5 J/kg due to the successive magnetic transitions. The Er3Ni6Al2 compound has a large MCE at ultra-low temperatures around 4 K. Furthermore, the second-order phase transition in R3Ni6Al2 (R = Dy, Ho, Er) compounds were confirmed according to Arrott plots, rescaled universal magnetic entropy change curves and mean field theory with negligible thermal and magnetic hysteresis. The large reversible MCE with low working temperatures indicates that R3Ni6Al2 compounds are potential excellent MCE materials for low-temperature magnetic refrigeration.

UTOPIA AS AN ANTI-UTOPIA (ANDREY PLATONOV'S SHORT NOVEL BREAD AND READING)

The article analyzes A. Platonov's novel Bread and Reading, which is the first part of an unfinished trilogy called Technical Novel. Different approaches to the analysis of the writer's anti-utopian strategy are considered, and certain terms related to the intra-genre typology of his works, which are still the subject of controversy in Platonov studies, i.e., utopia, anti-utopia, metautopia, dystopia, and cacotopia are clarified. The article offers a new perspective on this problem and concludes that the short novel is characterized by a complex conflict between utopia and anti-utopia, namely, utopian consciousness is embodied in the form of anti-utopia, which leads to the ambivalence in meaning and the appearance of internal antinomies. This mainly revealed in the title of the story, the epigraph, a special type of plot situation and the character system structure. Platonov's work is characterized not only by the problem of the relationship between man and nature, but also that of between man and technology, which becomes a part of the anthropological worldview and acquires human features. Platonov's characters dream of a time when technology, nature and man are in a harmonious relationship, helping each other overcome universal entropy. The motif of construction sacrifice, traditional in the poetics of Platonov's works, plays an important role in the story: it is premature and shameful to think about personal happiness in the world of socialism that has not yet been built, without enough “bread and reading.” The work reflects Platonov's own hopes and doubts, and if the “principle of hope” (E. Bloch) is the main principle of utopian consciousness, then the writer's doubt becomes the main feature of his anti-utopia strategy. On the one hand, this makes it difficult to identify the genre of the short novel Bread and Reading (utopia or anti-utopia), on the other, it does not lead to an “imbalance” of forces, but, rather, to a meek awareness of the place of man in the world and his limited capabilities. An important role is also played by the fact that The Juvenile Sea was supposed to become the second part of the trilogy, and Dzhan may have made up the third part: the three works not only complement, but also “explain” each other. In the finale of Bread and Reading, the characters remain focused on the “distant,” as they stay in the same utopian dream space. Likely never having found a way out of the “impasse of utopia,” Platonov leaves Technical Novel unfinished.

Universal entropy and hawking radiation of near-extremal AdS4 black holes

We compute the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of near-extremal asymptotically AdS4 electrically charged rotating black holes using three different methods: (i) from the gravity solution, (ii) from the near-horizon Kerr/CFT correspondence and (iii) from the boundary conformal field theory. The results from these three different approaches match exactly, giving us a unique and universal expression for the entropy and the microstate counting of near-extremal AdS black holes via the AdS/CFT correspondence. In the second method, we extend the Kerr/CFT correspondence to the near-extremal case to compute the left and right central charges. We also use hidden conformal symmetry of the near-horizon geometry to compute the Frolov-Thorne temperatures. From the results of the near-extremal AdS4 black hole entropy, we provide a microscopic foundation for Hawking radiation.

Entropy bound and unitarity of scattering amplitudes

We establish that unitarity of scattering amplitudes imposes universal entropy bounds. The maximal entropy of a self-sustained quantum field object of radius R is equal to its surface area and at the same time to the inverse running coupling α evaluated at the scale R. The saturation of these entropy bounds is in one-to-one correspondence with the non-perturbative saturation of unitarity by 2 → N particle scattering amplitudes at the point of optimal truncation. These bounds are more stringent than Bekenstein’s bound and in a consistent theory all three get saturated simultaneously. This is true for all known entropy-saturating objects such as solitons, instantons, baryons, oscillons, black holes or simply lumps of classical fields. We refer to these collectively as saturons and show that in renormalizable theories they behave in all other respects like black holes. Finally, it is argued that the confinement in SU(N) gauge theory can be understood as a direct consequence of the entropy bounds and unitarity.

Research Status and Future Development of Endpoint Detection Algorithms Based on Computer Science Language Signals

Today is an information technology era, language signal recognition technology, language signal coding technology and a variety of new language technology will be widely used in all areas of our life, such as: security field, human-computer interaction, communication field. We can accurately analyze pure speech signals and silent segments in a speech by using language signal endpoint detection technology, which will bring decisive effects to the efficiency of ASR and ASC. Three steps can be used to represent the language endpoint detection model, namely, the language signal preprocessing step, the extraction of the characteristic vector of the whole language flow, and the establishment of the language endpoint discrimination model. Finally, the speech endpoint discrimination model is established. The traditional speech endpoint detection algorithms include the two threshold method based on time domain, the universal entropy method based on frequency domain and the invert characteristic method. Aiming at the low SNR and complex noise environment, in order to obtain satisfactory endpoint detection effect, this paper proposes an endpoint detection model based on optimized Extreme Learning machine (ELM), and makes up for the deficiencies of the algorithm itself by optimizing network connection parameters[1-2].