Entrepreneurship Module Research Articles

Entrepreneurial Tendencies and Intentions of Students in a Rural-based Technical and Vocational Education and Training College

In an environment with unprecedented unemployment levels, entrepreneurship is promoted as an approach that has a potentially positive effect on the economy through innovation and employment creation. The objective of the current study was to determine entrepreneurial interest and intention among college students. This study examined the entrepreneurial tendencies of students registered for an entrepreneurship module in a college. The study was quantitative and used Caird’s General Enterprising Tendencies Questionnaire to collect information from students registered at the local college. The theory of planned behavior was utilized to explore whether, if the students have an interest in business, they are also inclined to act on that desire to participate in business undertakings. The results suggested that the students in the study possessed the tendency to be entrepreneurial and were keen to start businesses at some point in their lives. Yet, they mostly do not intend to start business ventures for several reasons, including fear of failure. The study contributes to the knowledge that underprivileged still contributes to a lack of entrepreneurial inclination, and support is paramount in nurturing that entrepreneurial interest. The study recommends that the college’s entrepreneurship education emphasizes information about reasonable small business prospects in the area; provide relevant information such as funding or registration, for the encouragement and advancement of especially youth-owned businesses; and host dialogues that should be delivered by young successful small business owners or managers.

China Modern Teaching's Impact on Lecturer Competence in Entrepreneurship

This study aimed to see the mediating effect of 21st-century teaching and learning on entrepreneurship skills and lecturer’s competency among the lecturers in Vocational & Technical College at Zhejiang, China. This study also aspired to examine the significant effect between entrepreneurship skills and lecturers' competency. Besides, this also would like to see the mediating effect between 21st-century teaching and learning skills and the lecturers' competency. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied to test the effect on the variables using administrating questionnaires. A total of 316 respondents from Vocational & Technical College at Zhejiang, China completed the survey. The findings show that the mediating effect of 21st-century teaching and learning has a significant effect on entrepreneurship skills (estimated value 0.346, P-value of < 0.05), to boost up lecturers' competency (estimated value 0.782, P-value of < 0.05) in teaching entrepreneurship modules. Meanwhile, the direct influence of entrepreneurship skills and lecturers' competency has no significant effect on each other (estimated value of 0.074, P-value > 0.05). The result of this study shows that there is a complete mediation effect between entrepreneurship skills and 21st-century teaching and learning skills and lecturers' competency.

Subjective norms towards entrepreneurship and Malaysian students’ entrepreneurial intentions: does gender matter?

Purpose Adopting an institutional view of entrepreneurship, this study aims to explore the potential mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) in the relationship between subjective norms and the entrepreneurial intentions of Malaysian students. Additionally, social role theory (SRT) was used to examine whether gender acts as a boundary condition in the proposed relationship. Design/methodology/approach Empirical evidence was based on responses from 220 final-year students registered from a final-year entrepreneurship module at a private university in Malaysia. The hypothesised relationships were tested using Model 7 of the PROCESS macro. Findings The findings indicated that subjective norms had a weak but positive effect on the entrepreneurial intentions of Malaysian students. Moreover, ESE was found to mediate the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intentions. However, contrary to theoretical expectations, gender did not act as a boundary condition in the proposed mediation relationship. Originality/value By incorporating SRT with institutional theory, this study sought to address a knowledge gap in the existing literature by investigating and empirically exploring the moderating influence of gender on the mediating effect of ESE in the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intentions.

Millet magic foundation: a social initiative for alleviating poverty of the indigenous tribes of Mayurbhanj

Research methodology The case study is based on a social entrepreneurial journey where the authors have used an interview method to get the insights from the protagonists and the employees. Rigorous interviews were conducted online and in person for deep analysis of the protagonist’s strategies and decisive dilemma. Secondary data was collected from company’s website for facts and figures. Case overview/synopsis This case study is a story of indigenous tribes of Odisha from the eyes of a woman who, with her co-founder, empathized with their vulnerable life and took on the challenge of creating sustainable livelihoods by establishing Millet Magic Foundation. The Millet Magic Foundation was established in 2021 by Shyama and her cofounder to uplift the indigenous tribe of Mayurbhanj by providing them livelihood through millet-based products. The foundation launched their millet-based snack products with the brand name WOWMOM. Millet Magic Foundation created social impact for the tribals by providing them with employment, fair wages, health care and social well-being. The specialty of the Millet Magic was reverse positioning and focusing on the bottom of the pyramid. The success of the Millet Magic Foundation relied on its mission to uplift the life of these indigenous tribal, especially the women, by overcoming the challenges with the strategies to establish Millet Magic as a social enterprise. Complexity academic level The case study is primarily suitable for postgraduate programme to teach the concept of social entrepreneurship in the entrepreneurship module. The case study can also be used for highlighting the role of social enterprise in sustainable economic development of emerging economies.

Does Entrepreneurship Education Deliver? A Review of Entrepreneurship Education University Programmes in the UK

The student is a consumer of education and is motivated by their graduate outcomes. Entrepreneurship provides the opportunity for substantially greater graduate outcomes, but does it deliver? This paper reviews the undergraduate bachelor Entrepreneurship Education Programmes (EEPs) offered by universities in the UK. It explores the active and engaged approaches to learning through the module themes offered and considers the challenges of using routinely collected data to understand the impact of these programmes. By using data which is publicly available, we build a national viewpoint on the subjects that lead to greater continuation, student satisfaction and earning potential. The results of this study provide five key insights about EEPs. First, they focus mainly on entrepreneurship but lack a high proportion of entrepreneurship-specific modules. Comparative analysis with other disciplines is needed for context. Second, the number of entrepreneurship modules generally increases throughout the programme, but researchers face challenges such as ambiguous module naming. Third, EEP students show lower satisfaction than those studying for other business degrees, indicating a potential impact of unique pedagogies. Fourth, higher EEP continuation rates are not evident, although this may be mitigated by more selective entry requirements. Finally, EEP graduates have higher employability rates than their business degree counterparts but lower initial earnings, reflecting their entrepreneurial career paths. From this work, we identified a range of calls for further research and suggestions for practice.

Social Enterpreneurship: Upaya Peningkatan Skill Mahasiswa Teologi dalam Pelayanan Holistik

Today there is an economic gap in the midst of the congregation. The Church must play a role in overcoming the economic problems of the people. That is why the role of the pastor is very strategic, because the church as a whole is driven by the pastor. The purpose of this study is to produce a Christian entrepreneurship module design in an effort to produce quality and effective student skills in realizing holistic service. The type of research used in this study is research and development. The steps used include: potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product trial, and product revision. Product development carried out in this research only reaches the stage of producing the final product, namely the Christian entrepreneurship module. It can be concluded that: The textbooks produced in this study are developments from various sources; And this research and development produces products in the form of textbooks in the form of textbooks as an effort to improve the skills of theology students in holistic service.

Online entrepreneurship teaching and learning approaches: A South African conceptual perspective

In this conceptual paper, we review literature on entrepreneurship education with the aim of determining viable approaches for teaching entrepreneurship using online platforms. We discuss existing studies on constructivism as a theoretical framework and examine how entrepreneurship education can be offered through online teaching, as well as the effectiveness and the design of online teaching for entrepreneurship education. We used a conceptual analysis methodology and also conducted a library search to examine previous pertinent literature on online entrepreneurship education. Our findings indicate that online entrepreneurship education should be grounded in constructivism as a learning theory. Additionally, during online entrepreneurship learning, lecturers should introduce and explain new concepts by using students' prior knowledge and should assign practical and experiential tasks. Our findings also show that online activities should allow students to interpret and assimilate new knowledge, and that online entrepreneurship modules should incorporate learning by doing and experiential learning. Lecturers should also provide feedback as part of online entrepreneurship learning and, at the end of such learning, lecturers should assign online questions that provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their learning and knowledge.

Gender Dimensions on Entrepreneurship Pursuit Stimuli: An Appraisal of Agricultural Final-Year Students Enrolled for An Entrepreneurship Module

With the growing thirst to investigate determinants of entrepreneurship intentions and pursuit among youth and students at institutions of higher learning in South Africa, the study sought to draw distinct differences in entrepreneurship pursuit stimulus influenced by gender dimensions. It further investigated students\' views on the most challenging aspect of being an entrepreneur. The study was conducted at the University of Venda, Vhembe district of the Limpopo province. The study participants were final-year students in an entrepreneurship module pursuing various agricultural disciplines. The study used a purposive sampling technique to select its participants, while data was collected using an online survey. The study findings indicated that entrepreneurship stimuli relating to entrepreneurship perception, social affiliation, and academic dynamics shaped entrepreneurship pursuit with variations in gender dimensions. The study recommended championing young, established entrepreneurs for entrepreneurship promotion for enhanced entrepreneurial action among students.

Target and Learning Needs Analysis: The First Step in Developing an IBMEE-Based Entrepreneurship Module

Increasing entrepreneurial intentions through entrepreneurship education must consider appropriate strategies, not only focusing on theory but also focusing on entrepreneurial practice. Therefore, teaching materials that suit the needs of students are required. The aim of this research is to analyze the needs of entrepreneurship teaching materials through Intention Based Models of Entrepreneurship Education (IBMEE). The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. Data was obtained from a questionnaire regarding the required teaching materials. The questionnaire used consists of 20 statements that are valid and reliable, which 10 statements related to target needs and 10 other statements are about learning needs. The results of this research are 1) students require a teaching materials that explain various entrepreneurship topics in detail, 2) the teaching materials required should provide information related to entrepreneurial skills, 3) the teaching materials required should contain various case studies, the use of technology in entrepreneurship, and practical guides, 4) the teaching materials required should contain access to other references such as videos inserted using QR codes attached to several parts. This results are expected to be implemented as a basis for developing entrepreneurship teaching materials according to student needs.

Entrepreneurial Profile Among Muslim Undergraduate Students

The topic of whether entrepreneurship should be taught in formal education remains a subject of debate. However, it is widely acknowledged that entrepreneurs play a vital role in driving a nation’s economy. This research aims to investigate the profile of student entrepreneurs, specifically among Muslim students, based on their past experiences using the self-assessment framework developed by Timmons and Spinelli Jr. The research adopted a quantitative methodology, and questionnaires were distributed to respondents selected through purposive sampling. The respondents consist of Muslim students who have either taken or are currently enrolled in an entrepreneurship module. The findings of the study indicate that students prioritize capital as the most important aspect of their entrepreneur profile, while status and prestige are considered the least influential factors in their business endeavors. This suggests that students place significant importance on capital requirements, such as personal savings, bank loans, or investor funds, when developing their entrepreneur profile. This emphasis on capital is logical, as aspiring entrepreneurs aim to establish new businesses. On the other hand, the study reveals that status and prestige hold little significance for students when deciding to pursue entrepreneurship. This implies that students do not perceive a direct correlation between entrepreneurial status and their decision to become entrepreneurs. While there is no definitive profile of a successful entrepreneur or a predetermined path to entrepreneurial success, the study underscores the importance of focusing on students’ entrepreneurial profiles as a key factor for long-term success.
 Keywords: entrepreneurship, education, profile

The Challenges of Asnaf Entrepreneurs in Forming Entrepreneurial Resilience

Resilience plays an important role in entrepreneurship; however, an in-depth study of the factors that affect the resilience of Asnaf entrepreneurs is unknown. This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by delving deeper into the challenges that affect the resilience of asnaf entrepreneurs thus hindering their business expansion. The study also observed the ability of asnaf entrepreneurs to deal with economic shocks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In-depth interviews conducted with 2 executive officers of the entrepreneur development sector and 10 LZS enforcers who supervise 901 asnaf entrepreneurs throughout Selangor present an overview of the impediments that hinder the business progress of asnaf entrepreneurs. From 901 asnaf entrepreneurs, a total of 25 asnaf entrepreneurs were selected based on the criteria that have been outlined, namely those who run food-based businesses and have undergone the LZS micro-entrepreneurship program for more than 6 months. Constraints experienced are analyzed. Three essential themes that enlighten challenges in fostering entrepreneurial resilience emerged, namely; the role of family members, non-tech savvy and fear of failure. These themes are discussed based on the methodology used and the findings of previous studies. The findings provide an insight that is useful for LZS in designing entrepreneur development instruments and organizing periodic entrepreneurship modules.

Entrepreneurship Education in Engineering Courses: Critical Success Factors

The teaching of entrepreneurship in engineering study programs is an understudied area of research.. In an ever-changing economy where continuous innovation (much of it originating from engineering) is a prerequisite for a country's competitiveness and business growth, a purely technical education for engineers appears insufficient to provide organizations with a comprehensive contribution. The growing recognition of this contribution has led higher education institutions (HEIs) offering engineering study programs, which did not previously include entrepreneurship modules in their curricula, to introduce curricular units (CU) to fill this gap and encourage their students to explore the commercial potential of their research/technologies.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education: A New Curriculum Paradigm in the Gambia

This paper discusses on the new curriculum approach being pursued in The Gambia, which is introducing innovation and entrepreneurship courses in all educational programmes at tertiary and higher education levels. The Government of The Gambia through the Ministry of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology (MoHERST) has in 2021 taken up a policy decision to introduce through and embedded approach innovation and entrepreneurship modules in all educational courses at tertiary and higher education levels (MoHERST, 2022). The paper relying on existing literature and policy documents discusses on the education structure of the Gambia and the qualifications frameworks in place to guide the deployment of this new curriculum approach, identifying the collaboration pathways with industry actors and in alignment with international best practices (NAQAA, 2022). The paper further elaborates on the role of each of the actors of the innovation ecosystem and how they coordinate in promoting the development and implementation of the new curriculum in The Gambia. It has detailed how the academic institutions, industry actors, regulators, students, as well as communities interrelate in nurturing and pursuing innovation and entrepreneurship skills towards strengthening the innovation ecosystem in The Gambia. This paper further discusses on the potential benefits of the new curriculum approach and the impact it will create in supporting and ensuring a sustained socio-economic development is achieved in The Gambia. Finally, the paper concluded by proposing policy recommendations for adoption in enriching and upgrading the new curriculum approach in a bid to improving its impact in the overall national development drive in the Gambia.

Effect of Gender on Access to Loans in Malawi

Access to loan is vital for households to supplement their current flow of income as they strive to meet their consumption and investment expenditure needs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gender on access to loans and amount of money that is borrowed. This is a quantitative research that used secondary cross section data collected from all parts of the country by the Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO) called The Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS 5) data. This is cross section data that was collect in the period from 2019 to 2020. Data was analysed quantitatively by using descriptive statistics and econometric models. Probit model was used to assess the effect of gender on access to credit and a multiple regression was used to determine the effect of gender on amount of money a household borrowed. This study found that Malawians borrow money mainly for consumption. On access to loans, results show that, being female increases the probability of accessing loans but reduces the amount of borrowed money. Education was found to have positive effect on both access to credit and amount of credit. To increase the amount of money that women borrow, the study recommends that public loan programs like National Economic Empowerment Fund (NEEF) must put in place deliberate mechanisms aimed at increasing the amount of money they lend to women. On education, we recommend compulsory primary school education, Business Studies in secondary school education and Entrepreneurship module in Colleges.

The impact of entrepreneurship education: A study of entrepreneurial outcomes

This study addresses the following two questions: First, does entrepreneurship education develop entrepreneurial outcomes, including entrepreneurial intention and behaviour, as well as entrepreneurial competencies such as knowledge and skills? Second, do entrepreneurial competencies influence entrepreneurial intention and then behaviour? A sample of 116 students from the introductory entrepreneurship module in Jordanian universities completed a self-rating questionnaire pre- and post-exposure to entrepreneurship education (EE). The results were based on partial least squares regression and a t-test. The results indicate that EE increased the students' knowledge and behaviour. However, their entrepreneurial skills and intentions showed no significant changes after completing the module. The relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and the students’ entrepreneurial behaviour appeared to be significant.

Analisis Manajemen Kurikulum di Pusat Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar Masyarakat (PKBM) Hanuba Medan

The Education Curriculum is made as a process in achieving the goals of education itself, so the Government applies the 2013 Curriculum to be a solution to learning, especially in Non-formal Education in PKBM units. However, in its implementation there are problems related to the ability to capture learning citizens who are adults. The research aims to find out: 1) how the PNF curriculum is applied to the PNF unit 2) how it is implemented 3) what are the inhibiting and supporting factors of implementing the curriculum implementation and 4) what things are developing related to the PNF curriculum. The location of the research was conducted in PKBM Hanuba Medan, North Sumatra. The research method is descriptive qualitative. The data was collected by using interviews, observation and documentation studies. The research results obtained are PKBM Hanuba using the K13 curriculum centered on the Ministry of Education and Culture. Supporting factors for implementing the curriculum are the leadership of the head of PKBM Hanuba, tutor performance, learning community activities, socialization of K13, learning facilities and resources, academically conducive environment, participation of PKBM Hanuba residents. The inhibiting factor of implementing the curriculum is that some learning residents have a lack of grasping power so that the learning process is carried out repeatedly and the development of the learning curriculum at PKBM Hanuba is to create a product-based entrepreneurship module in line with the needs of adult learning citizens in needs-based learning.

Informal university entrepreneurship: The missing link in transition higher education systems

This article probes the transition of an emerging higher education system into the entrepreneurial model. Tunisia’s alignment with the European Bologna Process reforms in 2008 was meant to ease graduates’ transition to the job market through enhancing their employability skills as well as injecting them with an entrepreneurial proclivity to mainstream self-employment as a worthy career path. Several measures were introduced across public universities, including a transversal entrepreneurship module and a corresponding entrepreneurship support structure of technology transfer office and incubators. North’s new institutional lens will be used to frame the discussion analytically. The article goes beyond such formal interventions and particularly looks into the informal aspects of the newly-assumed entrepreneurial identity of Tunisian higher education. Following a scoping review approach informed by PRISMA-ScR guidelines, it investigates some informal matters on the shop floor to ascertain the extent to which the new identity has been established more than a decade after the introduction of the reforms. It looks into the profile of the purpose-hired teaching staff entrusted with delivering the cross-curricular entrepreneurship module; students’ and academics’ networks and rapport with the staff of the recently-established support structure; as well as their openness to the Tunisian entrepreneurial ecosystem. Empirical findings from the scoping review suggest a misalignment between progressive formal measures on the one hand and, on the other, a persistently unconducive university environment structured along deep-seated collegial values and quite decoupled from the realities of its national ecosystem.

Practical Bookkeeping Techniques Using Malindo EZ Accounting for Karnival Niaga Project at Kolej Komuniti Selayang

The Karnival Niaga Project is part of the entrepreneurship module for students at Kolej Komuniti Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia. This project is carried out in the third semester before students undergo industrial internships. The project's initiative allows students to explore various types of businesses, with a primary focus on the food and beverage sector. After graduation, some graduates of this program choose to develop the businesses they initiated during the Karnival Niaga Project. However, challenges arise due to the lack of fundamental understanding of accounting during the project's execution. Understanding financial and accounting aspects is crucial for business growth, but this is not taught to the students. This is what prompted the outreach team from the Accounting Department of Politeknik Negeri Padang to conduct a community service activity titled "Practical Bookkeeping Techniques for Karnival Niaga Project." The goal of this activity is to provide a stronger understanding of basic accounting concepts to the participants of the Karnival Niaga Project so that they can manage their businesses more efficiently and sustainably. Participants in the training are given an understanding of common business transactions, such as initial investment activities, the purchase of fixed assets, the purchase of raw materials inventory, product sales, employee salary payments, and other company-related expenses. From this recorded series of transactions, journal reports, general ledgers, trial balances, balance sheets, and income statements can be generated. The presence of financial statements will help business owners assess their business performance, whether they have achieved their desired profits, whether the expenses incurred have been effective, and whether they can use this information as a basis for decision-making, such as setting sales targets or expanding their business.

Business Plan Perceptions and Experiences of Entrepreneurship Students in Oman

Purpose –Feasibility Study or Business Plan (B-Plan) is inseparable component of many entrepreneurship programs at higher education level. In parallel, B-Plan is weighted component of The Entrepreneurship Module which has been offered commonly at all higher education institutions past 8 years in Oman. In this study, it is aimed to analyze perception and experiences of B-Plan by the perspectives of the students who studied Entrepreneurship and prepared B-Plan.Design/method/approach –Accordingly, the research has been designed to analyze B-Plan perceptions and experiences of the students from various programs and major at higher education level. As research method, the survey has been conducted with 562 students from Medicine, IT, Business, Engineering, Nursing majors and programs which commonly offering same Entrepreneurship Module at public and private HEIs in Oman.Findings –Some findings have confirmed significant differences of perceptions and experiences by gender and program. Regardless of gender and program, all participants were agree on that the most difficult part of B-Plan is financial management. What the most liked of B-Plan are teamwork, innovating, creating revenues. What the most disliked of B-Plan are financial management, business entitle, fundraising. Bigger team size negatively affects B-Plan perceptions/experiences. Males are capitalizing their B-Plan relatively higher than females. Females are more positive than males any perception and experiences on B-Plan.Discussion –There are considerable outcomes to revise and restructure B-Plan in Entrepreneurship Module in Oman and similar contexts as well.The students are not fully persuaded about why B-Plan required and confident enough to prepare B-Plan.

The impacts of using modules on students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions

The covid-19 pandemic made classroom-based learning change into online-based digital learning. It leads to the students’ need for useful learning resources to study independently. The current research aimed to evaluate the impacts of module-assisted learning on students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. It was designed with a one-group quasi-experimental pre-and post-test, and the whole learning process was online. It was hypothesized that there will be a remarkable improvement in students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions after they learn with the module. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to students of two selected universities. To test the deviation between the two population means, t-test formula was used. The results demonstrated that 1) the use of modules can significantly improve students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and 2) it cannot significantly increase their entrepreneurial intentions. Online learning of entrepreneurship with modules can increase entrepreneurial attitudes, but to increase entrepreneurial intentions, it is vital to explore learning strategies through maximum use of information technology. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship module.