Entire Pattern Research Articles

Efficient smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of airtanker water dropping: From basic validations to practical applications

The water-dropping (by water-dropping, we mean the phenomenon of water flow dispersing into droplets under the influence of airflows) of airtankers (by airtankers, we mean the aircraft carrying out firefighting missions) has always been a challenge in computational fluid dynamics simulation due to its complex mechanism and vast splashing space. Although the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has advantages in dealing with splashing problems, the multiphase flow SPH model faces the challenge of low computational efficiency in simulating splashing problems in the vast space. An efficient SPH model considering airflow resistance based on the single-phase coupling algorithm between fluid particles and airflows is proposed in this paper. The SPH model can calculate the airflow resistance of fluid particles based on their windward surface and surface normal and then simulate the splashing trajectory and pattern of SPH particles under the influence of high-speed airflows. In this article, two benchmark cases, including water jet and dropped water in the wind, are simulated based the SPH model. The simulation results are consistent with experimental results, verifying the computational accuracy and efficiency of the proposed SPH model. After that, the entire pattern of water-dropping about an airtanker is simulated, proving the feasibility of the algorithm for simulating large-scale water-dropping engineering problems.

European multicentre study evaluating the prognosis of peripheral early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients operated on by segmentectomy or lobectomy.

To analyse impact of segmentectomy on oncological outcomes of different peripheral early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patterns. Retrospective multicentre study including patients who underwent either lobectomy or segmentectomy in 6 European centres from 2015 to 2021, for ≤2 cm pathological peripheral lung adenocarcinoma. Overall and disease-free survivals were assessed by cox-regression and lung cancer-specific survival by competing regression analyses to adjust for patient- and tumour-related factors both in the entire dataset and the in aggressive adenocarcinoma patterns dataset. Lobectomy and segmentectomy were performed in 481 (71%) and 193 (29%) patients, respectively. Propensity score matching was performed (n = 191). One hundred and 8 patients had a least an aggressive pattern. Five-year disease-free, overall and lung cancer-specific survivals were similar between patients who underwent lobectomy or segmentectomy in both entire and aggressive pattern datasets. In patients with aggressive pattern, 5-year disease-free (lobectomy 87.3%; segmentectomy 86.6%, P = 0.62), overall (lobectomy 86.4%; segmentectomy 95.6%, P = 0.61) and lung cancer-specific (lobectomy 100%; segmentectomy 95.6%, P = 0.13) survivals did not differ. Segmentectomy was not an independent risk factor for disease-free survival, neither for overall survival nor for lung cancer-specific survival in any of the 2 datasets. In patients with aggressive pattern, loco-regional recurrence (linearized risks: lobectomy 8.21; segmentectomy 11.3) was higher in patients who underwent segmentectomy. Resection should not be extended (to lobectomy) on patients who underwent segmentectomy for pathologically proven early-stage adenocarcinoma with aggressive patterns.

An Approach to Digital Presentation of Traditional Bulgarian Embroidery Patterns

This paper studies problems related to the development of cross-stitch software as part of craft software. It treats an approach to the digital presentation of embroidery patterns. The software is designed for people engaged in traditional Bulgarian embroidery. In a digital way, the paper presents a variety of stitch types used in Bulgarian embroidery and a digital description of whole cross-stitch patterns. This study describes the entire pattern as a set of smaller groups of items. Often, some of these items are identical, which can facilitate pattern description. In general, the developed application is oriented toward Computer-aided Design stitch features of old cross-stitch patterns, which are found in ethnographic exhibits.

Stochastic electrical stimulation of the thoracic or cervical regions with surface electrodes facilitates swallow in rats.

Aspiration pneumonia, a leading cause of mortality, poses an urgent challenge in contemporary society. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been commonly used in dysphagia rehabilitation. However, given that NMES at motor threshold targets only specific muscles, it carries a potential risk of further compromising functions related to swallowing, respiration, and airway protection. Considering that the swallow motor pattern is orchestrated by the entire swallow pattern generator (the neural mechanism governing a sequence of swallow actions), a rehabilitation approach that centrally facilitates the entire circuit through sensory nerve stimulation is desirable. In this context, we propose a novel stimulation method using surface electrodes placed on the back to promote swallowing. The efficacy of the proposed method in promoting swallowing was evaluated by electrically stimulating sensory nerves in the back or neck. Probabilistic stimulus was applied to either the back or neck of male and female rats. Swallows were evoked by an oral water stimulus, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the mylohyoid, thyroarytenoid, and thyropharyngeus muscles served as the primary outcome measure. Gaussian frequency stimulation applied to the skin surface of the thoracic back elicited significant increases in EMG amplitude of all three swallow-related muscles. Neck stimulation elicited a significant increase in EMG amplitude of the thyroarytenoid during swallow, but not the mylohyoid or thyropharyngeus muscles. While the targeted thoracic spinal segments T9-T10 have been investigated for enhancing respiration, the promotion of swallowing through back stimulation has not been previously studied. Furthermore, this study introduces a new probabilistic stimulus based on Gaussian distribution. Probabilistic stimuli have been reported to excel in nerve stimulation in previous research. The results demonstrate that back stimulation effectively facilitated swallow more than neck stimulation and suggest potential applications for swallowing rehabilitation.

Fully logical NOT operation of self-aligned liquid crystal optical control devices with two-slit Young’s interference experiment

ABSTRACT Liquid crystal devices have been in practical use for more than half a century and are now widely used as low-voltage, low-power-consumption displays and optical elements. We have confirmed the partial NOT logic operation of some optical interference peaks in two-slit Young’s interference experiments using a liquid crystal device with a self-aligned structure. In this report, we report that we were able to obtain a fully NOT logic operation of the entire optical interference pattern by investigating the liquid crystal alignment of antiparallel direction.

Synthesis of Circular Antenna Arrays for Achieving Lower Side Lobe Level and Higher Directivity Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Circular antenna arrays (CAAs) find extensive utility in a range of cutting-edge communication applications such as 5G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced beamforming technologies. In the realm of antenna design, the side lobes levels (SLL) in the radiation pattern hold significant importance within communication systems. This is primarily due to its role in mitigating signal interference across the entire radiation pattern’s side lobes. In order to suppress the subsidiary lobe, achieve the required primary lobe orientation, and improve directivity, an optimization problem is used in this work. This paper introduces a method aimed at enhancing the radiation pattern of CAA by minimizing its SLL using a Hybrid Sooty Tern Naked Mole-Rat Algorithm (STNMRA). The simulation results show that the hybrid optimization method significantly reduces side lobes while maintaining reasonable directivity compared to the uniform array and other competitive metaheuristics.

Evidence for a constituent order boost in structural priming

The study investigates the role of constituent order in structural priming. We report the results from a PO/DO priming experiment in German, in which we experimentally manipulated verb position in primes and targets. Significant structural priming effects occurred irrespective of whether verb position was the same in prime and target or not. However, additional similarity in constituent order was able to boost structural priming effects, with significantly stronger priming when the verb occurred in the same position in prime and target. We argue that existing one-stage and two-stage accounts of formulation struggle to account for the entire data pattern and propose an alternative account of formulation which can explain our results.

Artificial intelligence as a chance

The article analyses the influence of artificial intelligence technologies on the sphere of design and artistic culture in general, as well as on creative processes in design, architecture and visual arts. The factor of artificial intelligence is considered not so much in the applied and instrumental sense, but as a global driver of cultural and technological revolution, which can change the entire civilisational pattern of mankind in the foreseeable future. Under these conditions, the creative sphere becomes the “polygon of meanings” where strategic scenarios of human interaction with artificial intelligence can be worked out. The author investigates the socio-psychological and cultural aspects of readiness and unreadiness of creative professional culture for this mission.

Pattern formation for a charge transfer model with cross-diffusion

This paper is devoted to a charge transfer model with cross-diffusion under Neumann boundary conditions. By applying the linear stability theory, sufficient conditions for the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and Turing instability are successfully established. Moreover, the amplitude equations are derived near the critical value of Turing instability according to the standard multiple-scale analysis. Our research indicates that the entire pattern generated by this model is controlled by the cross-diffusion parameter d21. Dynamic pattern formation is described theoretically and numerically, such as changing control parameters for spot pattern, strip pattern, and spot-strip pattern.

Internal Bump Cracking Risk Assessment for Flip Chip Ball Grid Array Package During Board Level Reliability Test Through Finite Element Analysis

The performance of semiconductor devices during board-level reliability (BLR) thermal cycling tests continues to be a concern in different applications. The primary focus of those BLR tests is to evaluate the fatigue life of external solder joints between the package and printed circuit board (PCB). For flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) package technology, internal solder bumps can also crack and result in open electrical failure. This type of BLR failure has yet to be widely reported in the literature. This article presents failures due to internal solder bump cracks during the BLR test. Failure analysis (FA) clearly shows the cracking location strongly depends on bump density. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based simulation is performed to understand the failure mechanism. Unlike the standard BLR modeling approach, which focuses on predicting external solder joint fatigue life with correlated data, simulation here has to capture the entire internal bump pattern in the global BLR model. The need to capture the entirety of the bump scheme poses a significant challenge to managing the global model size with a reasonable meshing count and running time. Therefore, a customized post-process approach is developed to analyze bump density impact and enable design optimization.

True pattern-reversal LED stimulator and its comparison to LCD and CRT displays: visual evoked potential study

A rapid checkerboard pattern change is used to elicit pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (PR VEPs). CRT or LCD monitors do not allow immediate reversal of the entire pattern. The study aimed to construct a new stimulator whose characteristics approximate an instantaneous reversal and verify whether the improvement is reflected in PR VEPs. A new stimulator using a matrix of 12 × 48 independent white square LEDs was designed and compared with LCDs and CRTs. The effect on the PR VEP peak times and amplitudes of N70, P100, and P140 waves was evaluated in ten subjects. The LED stimulator showed significantly better performance in the rate of change of illuminance, change of pattern, luminance settling and stability. The PR VEP amplitudes of N75, P100, and N140 did not show significant differences. The sum of interpeak amplitudes was significantly larger for the LCD than for the other monitors. The peak times of the waves evoked by the LED were shorter than those evoked by the LCD and CRT for the N75 wave and a check size of 30´. LED stimulators are a better alternative to CRTs for PR VEPs than current LCDs. LEDs also seem to be better than CRTs, but further research is necessary to obtain significant results.

Relationship between biomarkers of autophagy and inflammation in acute period of ischemic stroke

Postischemic neuroinflammation is a critical pathophysiological process within the entire pattern of cerebral ischemia, spanning early injury and tissue repair. According to recent experimental data, autophagy is involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation, influencing the outcome of the acute period of ischemic stroke (IS).Objective. To evaluate the relationship between autophagy biomarkers and inflammation indicators in the dynamics of the acute period of atherothrombotic IS.Materials and methods. 112 patients in the acute period of newly developed atherothrombotic IS and 56 donors (control group) were examined. Patients underwent dynamic clinical and neurological examination on the 1st, 7th and 14th days from the onset of the disease (magnetic resonance imaging, testing using the NIHSS scale, modified Rankin scale). At the same time intervals, blood was drawn for testing. The number of active autophagosomes in peripheral blood was assessed by flow cytometry using a specific Cyto-ID dye. The serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines IL‑1β, IL‑8, IL‑18 (interleukins‑1β, -8, -18), TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α), autophagy biomarkers Beclin‑1, LC 3 and p62 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. C-reactive protein was assessed by a highly sensitive immunoturbidimetric method.Results. A statistically significant increase in the studied parameters was revealed compared to the control group. The maximum increase in inflammation biomarkers was observed on the 1st day, and the maximum increase in key indicators of autophagy (LC 3, Beclin‑1, Cyto-ID) – on the 7th day after the development of ischemia. A direct relationship was established between the level of autophagy and the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL‑1β, IL‑18, TNF-α) on the 1st and 7th days of acute IS.Conclusions. The identified correlations indicate the participation of activated autophagy in the regulation of post-ischemic neuroinflammation and its involvement in ischemic brain damage in the early stages of the acute period of IS (days 1–7). The results obtained confirm the literature data on the influence of autophagy on the outcome of the acute period of the disease.

USING DIGITAL ECONOMY IN COLLECTION AND DISBURSEMENT OF ZAKAH PROCEEDS IN NIGERIA

Islam has laid down certain principles and limits for the economic activity of man so that the entire pattern of production, exchange and distribution of wealth shall be in conformity with the laid principles of Maqasidi-Shar’iah. Zakah is one of the medium through which wealth is distributed among the less privilege members of the society. Its’ collection and disbursement have played major role in mitigating the economic hardship among the beneficiaries. In the past, collection and disbursement of Zakat were done through traditional method of face to face. Nowadays the digital technology provided very potential windows to enhance the collection and disbursement of Zakah. Hence, the dire need to harness the digital technology in reaching out to beneficiaries of zakah. This paper therefore examines the potentiality of using the principles of digital economy in collection and disbursement of Zakah in Nigeria. The data collection involves the use of primary and secondary sources. The findings show that digital economy proves effective means in the collection and disbursement of Zakah. The paper recommends the adoption of digital technology by the various Zakah collectors in the collection and disbursement of Zakah proceeds. The paper concludes that adoption of digital economy will go a long way in addressing the problem of unequal distribution among the beneficiaries of zakah in Nigeria and elsewhere in the globe.

Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Pediatric Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Inflammatory status is one of the main drivers in the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Specific unhealthy dietary patterns and the growing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) may influence the inflammation process, which negatively modulates the gut microbiota and increases the risk of NCDs. Moreover, several chronic health conditions require special long-term dietary treatment, characterized by altered ratios of the intake of nutrients or by the consumption of disease-specific foods. In this narrative review, we aimed to collect the latest evidence on the pro-inflammatory potential of dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients in children affected by multifactorial diseases but also on the dietetic approaches used as treatment for specific diseases. Considering multifactorial diet-related diseases, the triggering effect of pro-inflammatory diets has been addressed for metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, and the latter for adults only. Future research is required on multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and pediatric cancer, in which the role of inflammation is emerging. For diseases requiring special diets, the role of single or multiple foods, possibly associated with inflammation, was assessed, but more studies are needed. The evidence collected highlighted the need for health professionals to consider the entire dietary pattern, providing balanced and healthy diets not only to permit the metabolic control of the disease itself, but also to prevent the development of NCDs in adolescence and adulthood. Personalized nutritional approaches, in close collaboration between the hospital, country, and families, must always be promoted together with the development of new methods for the assessment of pro-inflammatory dietary habits in pediatric age and the implementation of telemedicine.

Segplot: A new method for visualizing patterns of multi-group segregation

Social science research on between-group segregation relies heavily on mathematical indices of exposure and unevenness, which tell us very little about the underlying patterns of segregation. We present a new visual method for analyzing two-group and multi-group segregation patterns, which we call a segplot. Segplots provide an intuitive illustration of segregation between schools, neighborhoods, occupations, or other units, adding to the depth and communicability of scholarly research. The visualization shows the entire segregation pattern, as well as the relevant reference distribution used in many measures of segregation. Segplots are particularly useful when comparing patterns of segregation over time, between locations, or between different types of units. For more complex, high-dimensional segregation patterns, we also present an algorithm that can be used to “compress” the pattern to obtain a visually clearer result. We provide illustrative applications to typical problems in segregation research, demonstrating how segplots can be used to complement and enrich a traditional mathematical analysis of between-group segregation.

A Novel Statistical Analysis Algorithm for Angular Sampling for Measurement of the TRP of Spurious Emissions

The total radiated power (TRP) has been stipulated as the spurious emission limit for a mmWave terminal. Angular sampling is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of the measurement of the TRP of spurious emissions while improving measurement efficiency. In this study, we investigate the sampling requirements for different TRP measurement methods. A novel algorithm based on the statistical analysis of the measurement uncertainty caused by the sampling step is proposed. Specifically, the HPBW of the entire machine radiation pattern is considered instead of that of a simple antenna array. This study was conducted in strict compliance with regulatory requirements to ensure that the statistical algorithm was more closely aligned with practical testing. Based on this, the maximum sampling steps allowed by different terminal models while maintaining measurement accuracy were analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate that negligible measurement uncertainty was produced when the sampling step of the full spherical grid method was less than 6∘. However, for the two-cut and the three-cut methods, a maximum of 2 dB of measurement uncertainty should be considered. These findings are valuable inputs for the ongoing work on electromagnetic compatibility testing and standardization.

SDTAN: Scalable Deep Time-Aware Attention Network for Interpretable Hard Landing Prediction

Hard landing, as one of the most frequent flight safety incidents during the landing stage, is highly concerned by the aviation industry. Recently, the popularization of Quick Access Recorder (QAR), a modern flight data recording system, has made it possible to collect large volume of flight parameters and incorporate state-of-the-art AI technologies to improve flight safety. However, due to the complex, multivariate, and highly specialized nature of QAR data, most existing studies either suffer from information loss caused by rough feature extraction methods, or rely solely on black-box models with no interpretations, making themselves difficult to achieve satisfactory performance in terms of prediction and explainability. To address this issue, we propose a novel attention-driven model named SDTAN (Scalable Deep Time-Aware Attention Network), which can accurately predict hard landing events and provide interpretable insights to help reveal the possible reasons leading to the events. Specifically, SDTAN fully captures information to learn the local representations of parameters, and leverages the time-interval attention mechanism to focus on the entire temporal pattern of flight over the relevant time intervals. It further re-encodes the representations of parameters in a global view and learns the global effect of parameters on the predicted output to uncover the ones which strongly indicate the flight safety status, enabling both high prediction accuracy and qualitative interpretability. We conduct experiments on real-world QAR datasets of 37,920 Airbus A320 flight samples. Experimental results demonstrate that SDTAN outperforms other state-of-the-art baselines and provides effective interpretability by visualizing the importance of parameters.

Hematological Parameters of the Australian Red-Clawed Crayfish <i>Cherax quadricarinatus</i> (Decapoda: Parastacidae) when Exposed to Air

The effect of exposure on the hematological parameters of the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus Von Martens 1868 was studied. Hemolymph was taken immediately after extraction from the water after 2, 4, 8 hours of exposure on the shore and 24 and 72 hours after returning to the water. Determined total hemocyte counts (THC), hemogram, general protein and hemocyanin disease. The dynamics of the growth of hematological parameters in the temporal aspect was revealed: THC and the proportion of granulocytes increased to reveal the entire pattern of growth, the proportion of agranulocytes and the total content of protein and hemocyanin. After exposure on the shore, the color of the hemolymph changed from bluish with a grayish tint to cloudy gray-green (deviation from the norm). The data obtained indicate the development of compensatory factors and pathological properties in response to stress, the occurrence of symptoms in the air, which can be used in practice in assessing the state of the red claw cancer in the process of transport.

An Automatic Graphic Pattern Generation Algorithm and Its Application to the Multipurpose Camouflage Pattern Design.

Graphic patterns are usually drawn manually by graphic designers. Although many methods have been developed to computerize the creation process of graphic patterns, most of them solely provide some facilitating tools for the designers and could not propose an automatic procedure. This article proposes a fully automatic graphic pattern generation (AGPG) model that performs the entire pattern generation process without any human interference. We then customize the proposed model for camouflage pattern design. Most of the existing camouflage pattern creation methods consider only one or a few background images. Since the objects move and their backgrounds may vary significantly, it is essential to generate multipurpose camouflage patterns with appropriate performance in various backgrounds. The previously proposed methods are also heavily dependent on the existing patterns to produce new ones and could not create novel structures in their generated patterns. Our model is equipped with a novel creative drawing engine that can create a wide variety of new graphical structures without using any existing pattern. The drawing module in our model is controlled by several parameters tuned for the desired task employing an evolutionary strategy-based algorithm. The proposed method has no limits for the number of background images and creates the camouflage patterns appropriate for any number of provided images. The experimental results show that the AGPG method can create novel multipurpose camouflage patterns automatically with high concealment capabilities.

HD 222925: A New Opportunity to Explore the Astrophysical and Nuclear Conditions of r-process Sites

With the most trans-iron elements detected of any star outside the solar system, HD 222925 represents the most complete chemical inventory among metal-poor stars enhanced with elements made by the rapid neutron capture (“r”) process. As such, HD 222925 may be a new “template” for the observational r-process, where before the (much higher-metallicity) solar r-process residuals were used. In this work, we test under which conditions a single site accounts for the entire elemental r-process abundance pattern of HD 222925. We found that several of our tests—with the single exception of the black hole–neutron star merger case—challenge the single-site assumption by producing an ejecta distribution that is highly constrained, in disagreement with simulation predictions. However, we found that ejecta distributions that are more in line with simulations can be obtained under the condition that the nuclear data near the second r-process peak are changed. Therefore, for HD 222925 to be a canonical r-process template likely as a product of a single astrophysical source, the nuclear data need to be reevaluated. The new elemental abundance pattern of HD 222925—including the abundances obtained from space-based, ultraviolet (UV) data—call for a deeper understanding of both astrophysical r-process sites and nuclear data. Similar UV observations of additional r-process–enhanced stars will be required to determine whether the elemental abundance pattern of HD 222925 is indeed a canonical template (or an outlier) for the r-process at low metallicity.