Entire Loss Research Articles

Spontaneous Acquired Diaphragmatic Hernia: Case Series and Review of Literature

Abstract Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and acquired diaphragmatic hernia (ADH) are secondary to a weakness or opening in the diaphragm. Both are types of internal hernia. The abnormality can range from a minor defect in the posterior edge of the diaphragm to the entire loss of it. CDH usually leads to lung hypoplasia associated with pulmonary hypertension and immaturity, as well as cardiac dysfunction. In ADH, pathophysiology is secondary to herniation and its pressure effects. We report a series of two cases of spontaneous ADH (SADH). Spontaneous acquired rupture of the diaphragm can occur after exercise, coughing, labor (delivery), or even without any significant preceding event. It is uncertain if SADH is caused by a preexisting weak region in the diaphragm, a loss of muscle coordination during vigorous exertion, or both. It is a potentially fatal surgical emergency requiring a high index of clinical judgment in the appropriate clinical setting. SADH acts mechanically by compressing the lung. It is an infrequent entity. This case series and review concisely illustrate the genesis, diagnosis, and treatment of spontaneous diaphragmatic hernia.

Optimizing Distribution Systems with Renewable Energy Integration: Hybrid Mud Ring Algorithm‐Quantum Neural Network Approach

A hybrid approach is proposed for optimizing distribution systems (DSs) by integrating clean energy sources, specifically photovoltaic (PV) and wind power (WT). The proposed technique combines the mud ring algorithm (MRA) and quantum neural network (QNN), referred to as the MRA‐QNN technique. The primary objective is to minimize power loss and enhance voltage stability. The MRA method generates the control signal of the converter, while the QNN method predicts the control signal based on the MRA output. The effectiveness of the approach is revealed through simulations on standard IEEE 33 bus and 69 bus systems. Implementation in MATLAB shows superior performance compared to existing methods, with lower power loss values. There has been a sustained rise in the system voltage profile (In the WT and PV situations, 0.950. and 93 p.u), as well as a considerable reduction in the active power (AP) losses (to 132.39 kW with PV and 81.23 kW with WT from 362.86 kW). With PV, the entire yearly economic loss is lowered from $158932.68 to just $57996.939, and with WT, it is decreased to $56805.479. With three PVs, the yearly economic loss and active power losses are decreased to 30419.871 $ and 69.449, and 4.27 kW and 1875.930 $, respectively.

Highly active repeat-mediated recombination in the mitogenome of the aquatic grass Hygroryza aristata

BackgroundFloating bamboo (Hygroryza aristata) is an endangered species with a narrow native distribution and is renowned for its unique aesthetic qualities, which holds significant ecological and ornamental value. However, the lack of genetic information research, with only one complete plastome available, significantly hampers conservation efforts and further research for this species.ResultsIn this research, we sequenced and assembled the organelle genomes of floating bamboo, including the mitogenome (587,847 bp) and plastome (135,675 bp). The mitogenome can recombine into various configurations, which are mediated by 25 repeat pairs (13 SRs, 6 MRs, 1 LR, and 5 CRs). LR1 and SR5 are particularly notable as they have the ability to combine with other contigs, forming complex repeat units that facilitate further homologous recombination. The rate of homologous recombination varies significantly among species, yet there is still a pronounced positive correlation observed between the length of these repeat pairs and the rate of recombination they mediate. The mitogenome integrates seven intact protein-coding genes from the chloroplast. The codon usage patterns in both organelles are similar, with a noticeable bias towards C and T on the third codon. The gene map of Poales shows the entire loss of rpl6, succinate dehydrogenase subunits (sdh3 and sdh4). Additionally, the BOP clade retained more variable genes compared to the PACMAD clade.ConclusionsWe provided a high-quality and well-annotated mitogenome for floating bamboo and demonstrated the presence of diverse configurations. Our study has revealed the correlation between repeat length and their corresponding recombination rate despite variations among species. Although the mitogenome can potentially exist in the form of a unicircular in vivo, this occurrence is rare and may not be stable.

A Comprehensive Review of a particular Skin Injury: Pathogenesis, triggers, and current Treatment Options

By definition, an open injury is any severe break in the continuity of the skin and deep tissue. Because contusions are healed injuries, the term given above does not apply to them. The classification of injuries is essential for both therapeutic and medico-legal purposes. Burn injuries are comparable to other injuries in that they require the same basic principles for healing and care, but they differ in that they have a greater impact on the patient's overall health and are essential to the patient's eventual survival, the development of deformity, and rehabilitation. Treatment of burn injuries has always been the responsibility of burn specialists. Both local and systemic therapy have long been advised for treating burn injuries and minimizing burn scars. This review summarizes the treatment of burn injuries brought on by a variety of physical and chemical agents requires unique regimens that are completely different from those used to treat any other traumatic injuries. Other acute injuries that undergo entire blood loss result in shock, but major burns that experience significant plasma loss due to increased capillary permeability result in distress. Burn injuries are initially sterile compared to the majority of other injuries, however, due to the immunocompromised state of burn patients and injury infection frequently ends in death in serious burns. We have discussed the pathophysiology, primary care therapies, nanomaterials used in injury healing therapy and various nanoparticles in injury healing process for burn injuries in this review.

Current concepts in the use of cell salvage in obstetrics.

The worldwide leading cause of maternal death is severe maternal hemorrhage. Maternal hemorrhage can be profound leading to an entire loss of blood volume. In the past two decades, Patient Blood Management has evolved to improve patient's care and safety. In surgeries with increased blood loss exceeding 500 ml, the use of cell salvage is strongly recommended in order to preserve the patient's own blood volume and to minimize the need for allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. In this review, recent evidence and controversies of the use of cell salvage in obstetrics are discussed. Numerous medical societies as well as national and international guidelines recommend the use of cell salvage during maternal hemorrhage. Intraoperative cell salvage is a strategy to maintain the patient's own blood volume and decrease the need for allogeneic RBC transfusion. Historically, cell salvage has been avoided in the obstetric population due to concerns of iatrogenic amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) or induction of maternal alloimmunization. However, no definite case of AFE has been reported so far. Cell salvage is strongly recommended and cost-effective in patients with predictably high rates of blood loss and RBC transfusion, such as women with placenta accreta spectrum disorder. However, in order to ensure sufficient practical experience in a multiprofessional obstetric setting, liberal use of cell salvage appears advisable.

Feasibility Study of Implementing Vapor Recovery Unit (VRU) To Control Evaporation in Fuel Storage Tanks

The PT X Fuel Terminal stores, stocks, and distributes fuel before it is delivered to end users. Fuel evaporation happens when Pertamax fuel is stored in storage tanks with vacant space when the liquid level drops. Product shrinkage (losses) from working loss is a frequent issue at the PT X gasoline terminal and is manageable with a vapor recovery unit. The entire working loss was determined to be 0.15% of the Pertamax throughput using information on working loss and investment in Vapor Recovery Unit equipment. With the implementation of the Vapor Recovery Unit, Pertamax losses can be controlled by 95%. The calculation results show that the recovery of Pertamax losses increases from IDR 4,755,933,859 to IDR 12,713,598,714 annually. Furthermore, the annual cost of the Vapor Recovery Unit is IDR 1,348,832,832, with an investment of IDR 6,975,719,896.61. The economic feasibility of its implementation was evaluated through investment profitability, the results showed a positive net present value of IDR 25,255,745,786.25, an IRR of 57%, a PI of 4.62, and a payback period of 2 years, 5 months, and 15 days.

Shaking table tests of a switching power cabinet considering physical damage and functionality loss

Switching power cabinets are critical equipment that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) for electrical power system of telecommunication buildings. Post-earthquake damage to the cabinet may result in entire functionality loss of telecommunication buildings, which will have a significant impact on post-earthquake emergency response. In this study, unidirectional shaking table tests were conducted separately in X-direction and Y-direction to evaluate the seismic responses of a switching power cabinet. The seismic input motion was generated based on required response spectrum of YD 5083 code. The peak table acceleration levels were scaled from 0.3 g to 2.5 g in order to capture progressive damage of the switching power cabinet. Based on the test results, the physical damage and functionality loss of tested cabinet were analyzed first. Then the response characteristics of the cabinet were evaluated and explained in terms of the natural frequency, acceleration, and deformation response. Both outside cabinet and in-cabinet acceleration amplification factors were analyzed. The seismic fragility curves of switching power cabinet were also developed considering four observed seismic damage states.

Sizing and energy management of standalone hybrid renewable energy systems based on economic predictive control

This paper aims to design and run a standalone hybrid renewable energy System (HRES) feeding residential building load. The suggested HRES encompasses photovoltaic panels and wind turbines as energy sources, combined with a hydrogen subsystem and a bank of batteries for energy storage. The meteorological input data includes irradiance, temperature, and wind speed for four seasonal weeks. These data sets are collected for a rural site situated in the town of Ras Munif, northern Jordan. The load profiles characterize a selected benchmark residential building. Consequently, a bi-level mixed integer nonlinear programming (BMINLP) problem is formulated to incorporate the designing problem with the energy management process. The upper level represents the sizing problem, while the lower level problem denotes the energy management strategy (EMS). Each problem has its independent objective function, constraints, and optimization variables. The EMS is an economic-based single objective optimization problem expressed as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. On the contrary, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) approach frames the sizing problem to optimize a techno-economic-based multi-objective function. The interaction between the two problems is that the lower problem is an embedded constraint of the upper problem. Moreover, the candidate solutions from the upper problem are treated as fixed parameters in the lower problem. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to execute the overall problem by the MATLAB toolbox. The technical and economic performance parameters, including the investment cost, maintenance, operating costs, and others, are assessed based on the best findings. The key finding demonstrates that the summer week has the lowest total cost and energy loss factor, with around 132,000 $ and 0, respectively. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the entire system's energy loss factor for each sample period is less than 0.0009. This value is substantially less than the permitted limit of 0.01.

Survey on Therapy Prediction using Deep Learning for Pores and Skin Diseases

Introduction: Prediction and detection of skin ailments have generally been a hard and important task for health care specialists. In the cutting-edge situation majority of the pores and skin care practitioners are the uses of traditional techniques to diagnose the ailment which may also take a large amount of time. Skin Diseases are excessive troubles in recent times as it is a consider form of environmental factors, socioeconomic elements, loss of entire weight loss program, and so on. Identifying the particular skin disease by computer vision is introduced as a novel task. Based on skin or pore disease, certain therapy can be suggested. In proposed study there are different applications based on deep learning are studied with computer vision task for better performance of proposed application. Famous deep learning algorithms may include CNN (convolutional neural network) , RNN (Recurrent Neural network), etc.
 Objective: To diagnose skin disease with dermoscopic images automatically. Developing automated strategies to improve the accuracy of analysis for multiple psoriasis and skin diseases
 Methods: In existing techniques many machine learning models are used which is having high complexity and require more time for analysis. So, in this study different deep learning models are studied for understanding performance difference between different models. This paper is a comparative check about skin illnesses related to ordinary skin issues in addition to cosmetology. Image selection, segmentation of skin disease detection and classification are the important steps can be used for oily, dry, and ordinary pores.
 Result: The field of dermatology has seen promising results from studies on various Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms for classifying skin diseases based on clinical images. These studies have concentrated on utilizing the strength of deep learning and computer vision techniques to classify and diagnose different skin conditions using facial images precisely.
 Conclusion: A survey of numerous papers is achieved on basis of technologies used, outcomes with accuracy, moral behavior, and number of illnesses diagnosed, datasets. Different existing research methodologies are compared with present deep learning architectures for understanding superior performance of deep learning models. Using deep learning, we can predict pore and skin diseases. In proposed study, introduction to different algorithms of deep learning which are combined with computer vision tasks to find the skin disease and pore disease are studied. Therapy can be predicted based on type of skin or pore disease.

Fires in the South American Chaco, from dry forests to wetlands: response to climate depends on land cover

BackgroundWildfires represent an important element in the bio-geophysical cycles of various ecosystems across the globe and are particularly related to land transformation in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, we analyzed the links between fires, land use (LU), and meteorological variables in the South American Chaco (1.1 million km2), a global deforestation hotspot and fire-exposed region that has recently attracted greater attention as the largest and one of the last tropical dry forests in the world.ResultsWe found that the Dry Chaco (73% of the total area of Chaco) exhibits a unimodal fire seasonality (winter-spring), and the Wet Chaco (the remaining 23%) displays a bimodal seasonality (summer-autumn and winter-spring). While most of the burnt area (BA) was found in the Wet Chaco (113,859 km2; 55% of the entire BA), the Dry Chaco showed the largest fraction of forest loss (93,261 km2; 88% of the entire forest loss). Between 2001 and 2019, 26% of the entire Chaco’s forest loss occurred in areas with BA detections, and this percentage varies regionally and across countries, revealing potential connections to LU and policy. Argentina lost 51,409 km2 of its Chaco tree cover, surpassing the forest losses of Paraguay and Bolivia, and 40% of this loss was related to fire detections. The effect of meteorological fluctuations on fuel production and flammability varies with land cover (LC), which emerged as the principal factor behind BA. While wet areas covered with herbaceous vegetation showed negative correlations between BA and precipitation, some dry regions below 800 mm/year, and mostly covered by shrublands, showed positive correlations. These results reveal the two different roles of precipitation in (a) moisture content and flammability and (b) production of biomass fuel.ConclusionsAs fires and deforestation keep expanding in the South American Chaco, our study represents a step forward to understanding their drivers and effects. BA is dependent on LC types, which explains the discrepancies in fire frequency and seasonality between the Wet and Dry Chaco subregions. The links between fires and deforestation also vary between regions and between countries, exposing the role of anthropic forcing, land management, and policy. To better understand the interactions between these drivers, further studies at regional scale combining environmental sciences with social sciences are needed. Such research should help policy makers take action to preserve and protect the remaining forests and wetlands of the Chaco.

Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has enabled advanced Tcell therapies, but occasional loss of the targeted chromosome remains a safety concern. To investigate whether Cas9-induced chromosome loss is a universal phenomenon and evaluate its clinical significance, we conducted a systematic analysis in primary human Tcells. Arrayed and pooled CRISPR screens revealed that chromosome loss was generalizable across the genome and resulted in partial and entire loss of the targeted chromosome, including in preclinical chimeric antigen receptor Tcells. Tcells with chromosome loss persisted for weeks in culture, implying the potential to interfere with clinical use. A modified cell manufacturing process, employed in our first-in-human clinical trial of Cas9-engineered Tcells (NCT03399448), reduced chromosome loss while largely preserving genome editing efficacy. Expression of p53 correlated with protection from chromosome loss observed in this protocol, suggesting both a mechanism and strategy for Tcell engineering that mitigates this genotoxicity in the clinic.

Ultracompact parabolic sidewall-profiled hybrid plasmonic waveguide Bragg grating with optimized spectral properties of long-wavelength passband.

An ultracompact hybrid plasmonic waveguide Bragg grating (HPWBG) with improved spectral properties of long-wavelength passband is proposed. A hollow HPW is introduced to suppress the entire loss, and a parabolic profiled sidewall is designed to optimize the spectral properties for specific wave bands. The transfer matrix method and finite element method are combined to ensure the efficiency of numerical research. The results show that the parabolic profile effectively reduces the reflection and strengthens the resonance of the mode in the long-wavelength passband, suppressing the oscillations and realizing significant smoothness and improvement in transmission. The optimized transmittance is greater than 99%, and insertion loss is as low as 0.017dB. A wide bandgap of 103nm is also attained. The structure also has a compactness with a length of 3.4µm and exhibits good tolerance. This work provides a scheme for designing and optimizing wavelength selecting devices and has potential application value in integrated photonic devices.

Development of a field-deployable qPCR assay for real-time pest monitoring in algal cultivation systems

Outdoor cultivation is commonly used to produce algal biomass for a variety of bioproducts including food, feed, fuel, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Outdoor cultivation ponds are highly susceptible to pest pressures that may lead to periods of low productivity or even entire loss of the algal crop. Therefore, there is a need for rapid, real-time tracking of pests for early intervention to mitigate crop loss. Herein, we describe the development of a field deployable, low-cost qPCR assay for detecting both known and novel pests of a farmed eukaryotic alga species, Nannochloropsis sp. We performed a proximity guided metagenome deconvolution approach (ProxiMeta™) to discover novel pests that temporally correspond to periods of reduced pond productivity. This approach provided high-quality metagenome assemblies that were used to design qPCR probes to detect specific pests of interest. The portable qPCR assay, designed to be deployed at remote field locations, enables low-cost surveillance with a rapid (2 h) turn-around time. Frequent sampling allows for early detection and prompts intervention strategies to remedy infected ponds to minimize crop loss. The qPCR assay was used to successfully detect a known predatory bacterium within the order Bdellovibrionales both in the lab and at a remote field location. Furthermore, we assembled the genome of two novel, site-specific pests in the Saprospiraceae family and successfully designed qPCR probes that differentially detected their presence in two different pond locations. Ultimately, this assay has the potential to monitor multiple pests simultaneously and tailor targets to match likely pest infections that differ across geographical locations, helping to mitigate crop loss on a large scale.

Pathogenesis study of blood disease bacterium in local bananas of Malaysia

Banana blood disease (BBD), a banana wilt disease caused by blood disease bacterium (BDB), Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis (RSC), was first reported in Malaysia in 2007. BDB results in wilting appearance and internal bleeding-like symptoms, which eventually leads to entire crop loss including ready-harvested fruit bunch. Understanding the pathogenesis of BDB in local common banana cultivars provides good foundation to tailor disease management plan to mitigate BBD. To address this need, our study was performed to characterize BDB isolated from locally grown banana plants and to compare the pathogenesis of the bacterium in four most common local banana cultivars. In this study, BDB isolated from Malaysia's plantation was identified and characterized via the molecular and phenotypic method. The pathogenicity of characterized virulent BDB isolate was determined in four local banana cultivars via disease rating that was newly developed specifically for BDB-infected bananas. The identity of the isolated strains was first confirmed as Blood Disease Bacterium using Sanger sequencing analysis of 16s rRNA gene. Standard biochemical tests and growth curve study showed that the BDB isolates were Gram-negative, non-motile rod-shaped, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive bacterium, and had an optimum growth rate at 35 °C. The pathogenicity of a selected virulent BDB isolate was then determined via Koch's Postulates in four local banana cultivars. Recognizing the lack of a specific disease rating scale to quantify the pathogenesis of BDB in bananas, we developed a disease rating scale specifically to BDB-infected bananas in this study. Based on the pathogenicity test, local banana cultivars (cv.) in Malaysia included cv. Berangan, cv. Nipah, cv. Awak and cv. Nangka demonstrated disease severity index (DSI) higher than 95%, indicating their susceptibility towards to BDB. In conclusion, our results showed that the four most common banana cultivars in Malaysia were highly susceptible to infection by virulent BDB.

Transpalpebral exenteration of eye for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma in a Nili-Ravi buffalo – A case report

In this article, the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma surgically in an eye of an 8-year-old Nili-Ravi buffalo with entire vision loss is described. The positive result of this case indicates that radical exenteration of the orbit is a feasible option for alleviating the distress of bovines with squamous cell carcinoma of the eyes.

A novel physics-informed neural network for modeling electromagnetism of a permanent magnet synchronous motor

This study presents a novel physics-informed neural network (PINN) architecture designed to address the challenges of replicating an electric motor. The proposed architecture has three key features. First, it uses three partial differential equations with rotational coordinate transformation to supervise the neural network during training with limited data, which improves the accuracy of the solution. One of the differential equations is expressed in variational form to effectively compute the numerical integration. Second, separate networks are proposed for the rotor and stator domains due to their distinct characteristics during operation, namely, that the rotor rotates while the stator remains fixed. An interface loss is included in the entire loss function to compensate for the significant discontinuity and incompatibility between the separate networks when estimating the results of both domains. Third, a learning rate annealing method is introduced to update the adaptive weights of each loss term, thus improving the accuracy and robustness during the training of the neural network. The performance of the proposed PINN was validated using electromagnetic response datasets obtained from both measurements and finite element analyses. Systematic analysis demonstrated that the three features significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of the neural network when estimating the electromagnetic responses of an electric motor. Furthermore, the inference time of the PINN is ten times faster than that of a finite element analysis with a similar level of accuracy, making it suitable for control and design purposes in various real-world applications. Consequently, the versatility of the proposed PINN can accelerate the development of digital twins for intelligent systems by deploying an electric motor, and it could also be used for prognostics and health management because it can estimate electromagnetic responses under both normal and failure conditions.

Integrated use of GIS, RS and USLE model for LULC change analysis and soil erosion risk mapping in the Lake Hawassa Watershed, Southern Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a worldwide problem leading to loss of nutrient rich top soil resulting in reduction of agricultural productivity that threatens the livelihood of agrarian societies. Assessment of soil loss due to water-induced erosion using Models is essential to quantify and map erosion prone areas for possible application of soil conservation measures. In the current study, GIS, RS, and USLE model were integrated with the aim to quantify LULC classes, estimate soil loss rates, and identify priority areas for conservation in the Lake Hawassa Watershed for the two temporal instants, 1975 and 2020. The use of thematic recoding and model maker during LULC classification process has improved the accuracy of thematic classes, producing more than 89% for both classified images. The LULC change analysis showed that agricultural land and built-up area expanded by 0.44% and 15.26% per annum, respectively over the last 45 years. The declines in vegetation cover coupled with steep slopes have contributed to the increase in soil loss from 1975 to 2020 by 65%. The model estimated annual soil erosion rate in 1975 that ranged from nil to 158.77 t ha−1 yr−1 with a mean annual soil loss rate of 25.16 t ha−1 yr−1. Likewise, the annual soil loss estimated for the year 2020 varied from zero to 262.48 t ha−1 yr−1 with a mean annual soil loss rate of 28.20 t ha−1 yr−1. Generally, a total of 23,580.59 and 27,783.35 tons of soil have been lost per annum for the year 1975 and 2020, respectively, which is a direct reflection of vegetation clearance. The identified highest three severity classes combined accounted for 50.54% in 1975 and 55.40% of the entire soil loss in 2020 and these losses occurred on areas less than 2% in both 1975 and 2020 periods. Besides, 23.48% and 31.04% of soil loss rates exceeded the established tolerable limit of soil loss for the study area. The integrated use of USLE model, GIS and RS have identified erosion risk areas that could help apply conservation measures.

Serum/glucose starvation strikingly reduce heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 protein and its target, cyclin D1.

Our investigation to explore cellular alterations related to undernutrition in cancer cells revealed that the protein level of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) is drastically decreased by serum/glucose starvation. Its loss was reversible, serum/glucose starvation-specific, and universal throughout cell types and species. The hnRNP A1 mRNA level and hnRNP A1 mRNA/protein stability were not altered under this condition. CCND1 mRNA, which we newly identified as the binding target of hnRNP A1, was decreased by serum/glucose starvation. Under similar conditions, CCND1 protein was reduced in vitro and in vivo, whereas hnRNP A1 mRNA level and CCND1 mRNA level revealed no correlation in most clinical samples. Functional analyzes revealed that CCND1 mRNA stability is certainly dependent on hnRNP A1 protein level and that RNA recognition motif-1 (RRM1) in hnRNP A1 plays a central role in maintaining CCND1 mRNA stability and subsequent protein expression. The injection of RRM1-deleted hnRNP A1-expressing cancer cells in the mouse xenograft model did not form any tumors, and that of hnRNP A1-expressing cancer cells retained CCND1 expression at the lesion adjacent to necrosis with a slight increase of tumor volume. Furthermore, RRM1 deletion caused growth suppression with induction of apoptosis and autophagy, whereas CCND1 restoration completely recovered it. Our results indicate that serum/glucose starvation triggers entire hnRNP A1 protein loss, and its loss may play a role in CCND1 mRNA destabilization and CCND1-mediated cellular event inhibition, i.e., growth promotion, apoptosis induction, and autophagosome formation.

Preparation and characterization of naproxen solid dispersion using different hydrophilic carriers and in-vivo evaluation of its analgesic activity in mice

BackgroundSolid dispersion (SD) has been used conventionally as a successful technique for improving the dissolution profile and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to progress the dissolution rate and bioavailability of naproxen (BCS class II) by SD technique. Materials & methodsIn this study, hydrophilic carriers are used for preparing solid dispersion of naproxen by evaporation method. The prepared optimized SDNs were evaluated by in-vitro drug dissolution test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in-vivo analgesic effects tests of the optimized SDNs (SDN-2 and SDN-5) were performed by tail immersion method and writhing method. ResultsAll the prepared SDNs exhibited a significant increase in the dissolution of naproxen compared to that of the pure drug. Among them, SDN-2 (the dispersion with sodium starch glycolate at 1:2 ratio of naproxen and sodium starch glycolate) and SDN-5 (using the combination of PEG-8000 and sodium starch glycolate with naproxen at 1:1:1 ratio) showed faster dissolution rate as compared to other solid dispersions (SDNs) and pure naproxen. SDN-2 showed 5.4 times better dissolution rate and SDN-5 depicted 6.5-fold increment of dissolution rate compared to pure naproxen drug. DSC, PXRD and SEM microscopy showed that the drugs crystallinity was decreased during the preparation process. FTIR study revealed that naproxen was stable in polymeric dispersions and there was no interaction among the drug and polymers. In writhing method, the percentage inhibition of the number of writhes showed significantly greater (p < 0.01), (p < 0.0001) analgesic activity for the higher dose treatment groups SDN-2(H), and SDN-5(H), respectively, when contrasted to the pure drug naproxen. For tail immersion test, there is increase in latency time at 90 min which is significantly greater (P < 0.01), (P < 0.05), (P < 0.01) for treatment groups SDN-2(H), SDN-5(L), and SDN-5(H), respectively that ultimately authenticates that the optimized SDNs (SDN-2, SDN-5) showed better analgesic activity in mice in comparison with the pure drug. ConclusionIt can be concluded that dissolution of the naproxen could be improved by the making solid dispersion using sodium starch glycolate and/or combination of sodium starch glycolate and PEG 8000 due to the complete transformation of drug into amorphous form with the entire loss of crystallinity, as evidenced by DSC, PXRD, and SEM and also consequences the enhanced analgesic activity in mice.

GLOSA KRYTYCZNA DO WYROKU SĄDU NAJWYŻSZEGO Z DNIA 24 MAJA 2019 R., I CSK 218/18

The Supreme Court in its judgment of 24 May 2019, I CSK 218/18, ruled that the purpose of increase in a lump sum remuneration under Article 632 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code is only to reduce the loss. The purpose of increasing the lump sum remuneration is not to compensate for the entire imminent loss. Such increase should cover that part of the loss which exceeds the normal contractual risk. The aim of this paper is to comment on the above judgment of the Supreme Court. The author compares the Supreme Court judgment with the views of legal scholars and commentators on the Polish judicial law, and with the previous case law.