Enterprise Architecture Models Research Articles

Perspective architecture of dairy farming enterprises, using modern digital technologies for sustainable development

The subject of dairy farming digitalization is relevant due to global factors such as population growth, climate change and food traceability needs. Negative impact of these factors on dairy farming efficiency and safety can be neutralized or significantly reduced by means of modern digital technologies introduction which are aimed at improving of enterprise environmental and economic sustainability, the effectiveness of planning, monitoring and control of animal habitat and health. Main reason for the low rate of dairy farming digitalization is that enterprise top executives are lacking clear understanding of how their organization should be transformed using modern information technologies. Problem could be solved by creation of the perspective enterprise architecture model “To Be” which relies heavily on modern digital technologies usage. System analysis and system engineering techniques, TOGAF architecture management methodology and ArchiMate architectural language are used to develop dairy enterprise architecture. Presented models allow to see digital enterprise of dairy production entirely, to demonstrate interaction of its individual architectural elements from strategy to infrastructure of the enterprise. New business opportunities, namely digital management of dairy farm and various electronic services provide real time monitoring of dairy livestock conditions, traceability, sustainability and efficiency of production processes.

AN APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF ARCHIMATE APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE MODELS USING THE SOFTWARE COUPLING METRIC

Applications architecture is the baseline of any organizational activity, which main goal is to provide the executional environment for businessprocesses in order to deliver products or services to satisfy customer needs and generate revenue. Nowadays, large software engineering projectsalways begin with the architecture design phase, despite the waterfall or agile methodology is used by a software development team. Applicationsarchitecture design is the most important and, at the same time, error-prone stage of the whole software engineering project. It is well-known thatdesign shortcomings made on the design phase may increase drastically to testing and maintenance phases. Further costs to defects fixing may behundred times higher in the later project stages in compare to the design stage on which applications architecture is defined. Common system designsolutions, which were proven on practice and used in many projects, are known as architectural patterns. Software architecture patterns are consideredas building block for system implementation. The most popular and efficient way to share architectural patterns are graphical models that used as anyother blueprints of engineering solutions. Applications architecture models are built to represent system design, whereas, such models are alreadybased on certain patterns as the industry best practices. Hence, in this paper we consider a relevant problem of applications architecture modelsanalysis, which relevance is defined by those fact that designed blueprints of information systems and other software solutions should be carefullychecked for all presumable inefficiencies in order to avoid extra efforts and related costs for defects fixing in the later project stages. It is proposed touse ArchiMate enterprise architecture modeling language, since it can be used not only to represent applications architecture, but is connection tobusiness and technology layers. In order to evaluate applications architecture models, respective ArchiMate metamodel is considered and representedas labeled directed graph, and coupling software metric is selected for analysis. Sample calculations are demonstrated, obtained results are discussed,conclusion and future work directions are formulated.

Enterprise transformation projects in the financial industry and ethics (TPFI&E)

The last three decades’ global financial, societal and geopolitical crisis can be analysed by using an adapted holistic societal transformation framework. Sucha framework is able to deliver recurrent patterns of organized global financial misdeed models and their related crime schemes. The use of, an ethical approach, governance framework, enterprise architecture models and control services-based processes, are crucial to support such a complex crimes detection-based framework. The proposed framework uses measurable Critical Success Factors (CSF) and Critical Success Areas (CSA) which characterize the evaluation of risk factors related to Global Financial Predators Activities (GFPA), mainly misdeeds. This article presents the concept of a framework, that can be used for proactive detection and tracking of financial problems and misdeeds, which are organized and done by GFPAs. Such GFPAs are in general ranked as the most ethical organizations, because of such ranking organisations are chosen by major financial circles. In this article the author presents an artificial intelligence based decision-making concept that is the framework’s kernel. This generic decision making concept uses a mathematical model, which manages various types of algorithms. A Transformation Project (or simply a Project), depends on, the capacities of the decision-making system, the profile of the Organizational/Societal Transformation Manager (or simply the Manager) and his team who should be supported by a holistic cross-functional framework. Project’s complexity as well as the usage of underlying Decision-Making System (DMS) and enterprise architecture can be evaluated by a tuneable CSF based mathematical model. This framework’s and related research works’ originalities are that it can be used in any stage of the transformation project for the detecttion of any type of GFPA misdeed(s). The main limitation is the ongoing ethical and regulatory bodies that are governed by corrupt organizations and political bodies.

Obtaining secure business process models from an enterprise architecture considering security requirements

PurposeSecurity requirements play an important role in software development. These can be specified both in enterprise architecture models and in business processes. Enterprises increasingly carry out larger amounts of business processes where security plays a major role. Business processes including security can be automatically obtained from enterprise architecture models by applying a model-driven architecture approach, through a CIM to CIM transformation. The aim of this article is to present the specification of transformation rules for the correspondence between enterprise architecture and business process model elements focusing on security.Design/methodology/approachThis work utilizes motivational aspects of the ArchiMate language to model security in the business layer of enterprise architectures. Next, a set of transformation rules defined with the Atlas Transformation Language are utilized to obtain the correspondence of the enterprise architecture elements in a business process, modelled with a security extension of BPMN.FindingsA total of 19 transformation rules have been defined. These rules are more complex than element to element relations, as they take into consideration the context of the elements for establishing the correspondence. Additionally, the prototype of a tool that allows the automatic transformation between both models has been developed.Originality/valueThe results of this work demonstrate the possibility to tackle complex transformations between both models, as previous literature focuses on semantic correspondences. Moreover, the obtained models can be of use for software developers applying the model-driven approach.

A method for transforming knowledge discovery metamodel to ArchiMate models

Enterprise architecture has become an important driver to facilitate digital transformation in companies, since it allows to manage IT and business in a holistic and integrated manner by establishing connections among technology concerns and strategical/motivational ones. Enterprise architecture modelling is critical to accurately represent business and their IT assets in combination. This modelling is important when companies start to manage their enterprise architecture, but also when it is remodelled so that the enterprise architecture is realigned in a changing world. Enterprise architecture is commonly modelled by few experts in a manual way, which is error-prone and time-consuming and makes continuous realignment difficult. In contrast, other enterprise architecture modelling proposal automatically analyses some artefacts like source code, databases, services, etc. Previous automated modelling proposals focus on the analysis of individual artefacts with isolated transformations toward ArchiMate or other enterprise architecture notations and/or frameworks. We propose the usage of Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) to represent all the intermediate information retrieved from information systems’ artefacts, which is then transformed into ArchiMate models. Thus, the core contribution of this paper is the model transformation between KDM and ArchiMate metamodels. The main implication of this proposal is that ArchiMate models are automatically generated from a common knowledge repository. Thereby, the relationships between different-nature artefacts can be exploited to get more complete and accurate enterprise architecture representations.

Aligning Information Technology and Supply Chain

Information technology (IT) has a critical importance. Information technology governance (ITG) is the system that allows enterprises to master the complexity of IT in order to maximize its use and to foster the competitive advantage. Control objectives for information and related technology (COBIT) is a well-known IT governance (ITG) framework that groups IT best practices. There is little research about the correlation between COBIT and domain specific frameworks, like supply chain operation reference (SCOR) for supply chain (SC). The paper proposes an approach to map SCOR's components to COBIT with ArchiMate, which is a standard language to model enterprise architecture (EA). The mapping can simplify, by visualization, the complexity of both frameworks. It can also provide a view on possible overlaps and synergies between SCOR and COBIT. Two detailed illustrations are presented. The evaluation is done according the Bunge-Wand-Weber method. An example of the utility of the mapping is done for a real case scenario.

Enterprise Architecture Guide for the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF)

AbstractThis paper describes a workflow for creating Enterprise Architecture (EA) views in accordance with the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) standard published by the Object Management Group (OMG). This workflow will be the foundation for a new EA Guide to be published as part of the OMG standard. The nine steps of the workflow are laid out in alignment with the stakeholder domains in the UAF for producing the requisite UAF views in each of those domains. This architecture description method can be used in conjunction with processes for the conceptualization and evaluation of an architecture, and also used as the basis for an EA modeling methodology, architecture development planning, MBSE capability assessment, and modeling project organization. The Guide covers architecting of the enterprise as well as architecting (at a high level) of a major entity within the enterprise. We will provide an understanding of what the Guide will contain and how it could be used.

Implementation of telecommunications cross-industry collaboration through agile project management

The telecommunications service provider (TSP) strategy for collaborating with the industry that utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) is an excellent opportunity to overcome digital disruption. TSP serves only human-type customers, thus constructing new business processes for the IoT, a non-human customer base, is a challenge to be addressed. Some large companies that are transforming business processes face difficulties in using the strategic framework for reasons such as ineffective management of organizational change, internal resistance, technical issues, and conflicts between frameworks and business needs. The enterprise architecture (EA) is a comprehensive strategic framework that involves company analysis, design, and solution implementation. This study examines transformation project implementation based on the EA model as a prototype, from business strategy to practice, using the concept of three intersections among project management, strategic management, and business processes. Thus, the aims of this study are to develop a method for implementing a telecommunications cross-industry collaboration project with an IoT-based company, and heuristic implementation of the method as a research initiative in producing an EA model as a project prototype. The development of the proposed methodology requires the dynamic systems development method (DSDM) as the agile foundation, including pre-project, feasibility, business study, functional model, design and build, and implement. The implementation phase proposes a transformation strategy that addresses company elements: 22 at business layer, 6 at application layer, 4 at technology layer, and 15 relationships, to be executed by the company in order to increase the company's competitive value.

Product-IT Inclusive Enterprise Architecture Management: An Approach Based on Ecosystems, Customer Journey and Data-Driven Business Opportunities

Products have evolved from being solely composed of mechanical and electrical parts to complex systems that are connected to the Internet and form the basis for new kinds of functionalities and services. Such smart connected products include a substantial amount of software and information technology which can be called the “product-IT”. Enterprise architecture (EA) management is an established function in enterprises providing methods and tools for a systematic alignment of business and IT in an organization. However, EA models capture the details of business, information and technology architecture of an enterprise (i.e., the enterprise-IT) but usually do not include the product-IT. When value creation and delivery in an enterprise’s business model also includes the product-IT, a product-IT inclusive view on EA urgently is required. The focus of this article is the methodical support for integration of product-IT and enterprise-IT using enterprise architectures. The main contributions in this article are the conceptual expansion of EA management to become product-IT inclusive that is manifested in a proposal for an extended EA meta-model, and an approach and method components to handle product-IT inclusive EAM.

Developing an access control management metamodel for secure digital enterprise architecture modeling

AbstractThere is an increasing interest in embedding the security in the design of digital enterprise architecture (EA) modeling platform to secure the digital assets. Access control management (ACM) is one of the key aspects of a secure digital enterprise architecture modeling platform design. Typical enterprise architecture modeling approaches mainly focus on the modeling of business, information, and technology elements. This draws our attention to this important question: how to model ACM for a secure digital EA modeling platform to ensure secure access to digital assets? This article aims to address this important research question in collaboration with our industry partner and developed an ontology‐based ACM metamodel that can be used by enterprises to model their ACM for a particular situation. This research has been conducted using the well‐known action‐design research (ADR) method to develop and evaluate the ACM metamodel for the secure digital EA modeling platform.

An Integrated Metamodel for Enterprise Architecture using Open Government Data Approach: A Conceptual Framework

The government is always looking forward to providing citizens with excellent service. One of the government’s significant agenda is to identify ways to improve the quality of service and deliver the best service to their citizens. Both Malaysia Open Government Data (MOGD) and Malaysia Government Enterprise Architecture (MyGovEA) initiative play a vital role in assisting the government in providing excellent service deliverables to the citizens. These domains must integrate each other towards the country’s economic and social growth. In this paper, we propose the new conceptual model on a new metamodel for the OGD using the Government Enterprise Architecture (GEA) modeling process. Based on the OGD problem and challenges define map with the Archimate metamodel notation to classify the OGD context with the EA metamodel. The study becomes an opportunity for the MyGovEA team and the researchers to highlight EA integration across industry and agencies.

Piloting Industry 4.0 in SMEs with RAMI 4.0: an enterprise architecture approach

Reference Architectural Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) is an influential guide to the ongoing digital transformation in industry. However, the adoption of RAMI 4.0 in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is still emerging. This paper describes how to deploy pilot projects in the era of Industry 4.0 following an enterprise architecture (EA) approach. The field intervention presents the design of an app for manufacturing that adheres to RAMI 4.0 in the context of SMEs. ArchiMate language is used to model the Industry 4.0 vision in the case company and identify specific requirements for technology developments. Our work presents (1) EA models for the six main RAMI 4.0 layers: business, functional, information, communication, integration, and asset, and (2) the instantiation of a pilot project adopting mobile technologies in manufacturing and quick response (QR) code identification for product traceability. For theory, our study confirms recent research suggesting the suitability of ArchiMate to help in Industry 4.0 initiatives, providing examples of layered models for RAMI 4.0. For practice, the study can be helpful to increase the adoption of RAMI 4.0 in SMEs and exemplify how to deploy specific industry developments starting with a high-level description of the Industry 4.0 architecture. Enterprise architecture approaches to Industry 4.0 can assist companies in their long-term investment plans and ensure technology integration and strategic alignment of Industry 4.0 projects.

The Business Transformation Framework and Enterprise Architecture Framework for Managers in Business Innovation

This journal article proposes a cross-business domain applied holistic mathematical model (AHMM) that is the result of a lifetime long research on business transformations, applied mathematics, software modelling, business engineering, financial analysis, and global enterprise architecture. This ultimate research is based on an authentic and proprietary mixed research method that is supported by an underlining mainly qualitative holistic reasoning model module. The proposed AHMM formalism attempts to mimic some functions of the human brain, which uses empirical processes that are mainly based on the beam-search, like heuristic decision-making process. The AHMM can be used to implement a decision-making system or an expert system that can integrate in the enterprise's business, information and communication technology environments. The AHMM uses a behaviour driven development environment or a natural language environment that can be easily adopted by the project's development teams. The AHMM offers a high level implementation environment that can be used by any team member without any prior computer sciences qualification. The AHMM can be used also to model enterprise architecture (EA) blueprints, business transformation projects, or knowledge management systems; it is supported by many real-life cases of various business domains. The uniqueness of this research is that the AHMM promotes a holistic unbundling process, the alignment of various EA standards and transformation strategies to support business transformation projects.

PERENCANAAN ARSITEKTUR SISTEM INFORMASI BERBASIS CLOUD COMPUTING DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE EAP (ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE PLANNING) (Studi Kasus: PT. Ma’soem)

PT. Ma'soem is one of Pertamina fuel distributor in West Java, which has 33 retail outlets. The operations are run Pertamina fuel is sold directly to customers and supplying the fuel directly from the manufacturer Pertamina. PT. Ma'soem so far in implementing the business processes have not been using an information system that requires the Enterprise Architecture Planning for PT. Ma'soem. Enterprise architecture models used in this research is by using a model of Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP). EAP is a process of defining the enterprise architecture, which focuses on data architecture, application and technology in support of business and plans to implement the architecture, where the EAP method, there are several stages ranging assessment of the Initialization of planning (Planning Initiation), Modeling Business (Business Modeling) Systems and Technology today (current Systems & Technology), Architecture Data (Data Architecture), Application Architecture (Applications Architecture), Architectural Technology (Technology Architecture), Plan of Implementation (Implementation Plans).The results of this analysis, information systems on PT. Ma'soem form a blueprint for enterprise architecture planning planing the cloud-based managed defines four core business processes, the data architecture resulted in 17 entities, 6 as well as the application for the technology architecture technology architecture resulted in the proposal.

Implementation of a continuous delivery pipeline for enterprise architecture model evolution

The discipline of enterprise architecture (EA) is an established approach to model and manage the interaction of business processes and IT in an organization. Thereby, the EA model as a central artifact of EA is subject to a continuous evolution caused by multiple sources of changes. The continuous evolution requires a lot of effort in controlling and managing the evolution of the EA model. This is especially true when merging the induced changes from different sources in the EA model. Additionally, the lack of tool and automation support makes this a very time-consuming and error-prone task. The evolutionary character and the automated quality assessment of artifacts is a well-known challenge in the software development domain as well. To meet these challenges, the discipline of continuous delivery (CD) has emerged to be very useful. The evolution of EA model artifacts shows similarities to the evolution of software artifacts. Therefore, we leveraged practices of CD to practices of EA maintenance. Thus, we created a conceptual framework for automated EA model maintenance. The concepts were realized in a first prototype and were evaluated in a fictitious case study against equivalence classes based on EA model metrics and a set of several requirements for automated EA model maintenance from research. Overall, the concepts prove to be a promising basis for further refinement, implementation, and evaluation in research in an industrial context.

ArchiRev—Reverse engineering of information systems toward ArchiMate models. An industrial case study

AbstractIn the context of digital transformation, companies are increasingly forced to develop, manage and continually align IT and business. Companies have found in Enterprise Architecture (EA) a valuable tool to represent and manage IT and business in a holistic way by establishing connections among technology concerns and business/strategical/motivational ones. EA modelling is one of the most critical tasks in this context to represent accurate models that make the difference in the decision‐making and governance processes of the company. In most of the cases, EA models are manually defined by experts which is usually error‐prone and time‐consuming. Thus, the constant business and IT realignment through manual modelling becomes complex and expensive. This research presents ArchiRev, an extensible reverse engineering method that automate the extraction of EA models (using ArchiMate language) by analysing different information systems artefacts. This proposal has been validated through an industrial case study in the context of a C#‐based system of an Italian ship refurbishment company. The study has demonstrated the effectiveness (based in the opinion of some business experts) and efficiency of the method. The main implication is that EA modelling can be accelerated, whereas subjectivity and errors introduced by experts might be reduced.

The evolution of Enterprise Architecture in scopes of digital transformation

Nowadays the business has to develop in a rapidly changing environment. Globalization, digitalization and emerging information technologies affect not only the business processes of organizations, but they change the enterprise architecture in a complex way. The purpose of this research is to consider standard existing approaches to the Enterprise Architecture description and modeling. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to point out modern modeling frameworks that display such technologies as the Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet of Things and others, for a complete description of the enterprise model within the framework of Industry 4.0 and digital transformation.

Global Container Shipping Line Digital Transformation and Enterprise Architecture Modelling

Currently new competitive environment and fundamental changes in the traditional industries are taking place. The digital transformation of companies can be an effective tool to gain a competitive advantage, but its success requires consistent actions, from the strategic vision to implementation. New architectural solutions are needed to ensure a strategic alignment of business and IT architecture for further successful development.The purpose of this research paper is to develop a conceptual approach and method of Enterprise Architecture modeling for global container shipping lines, allowing the companies an effective development in the context of global changes in business forms and methods, reducing negative impacts and taking advantage arising from these changes.

Enterprise Arsitektur Planning (EAP) untuk Universitas Pattimura menggunakan TOGAF ADM

Abstrak
 Penerapan Enterprise Arsitektur (EA) merupakan konsep penting yang dibutuhkan oleh perguruan tinggi skala besar. Penerapan EA bertujuan secara komprehensif membantu menyelesaikan dinamika atau permasalahan yang ada. Pentingnya EA mulai dari penataan SI strategi yang mendukung perkuliahan, layanan Teknologi Informasi (TI), data, aplikasi dan teknologi kedepannya. Rencana Strategi dan Rencana Induk Pengembangan Universitas Pattimura menjadi acuan dalam penerapan EAP, dan juga wawancara kepada mahasiswa, Dosen dan Karyawan bagian pengelolaan TI menjadi metode penelitian penulis, sehingga menemukan data kongkrit untuk dapat merencanakan EA Universitas Pattimura. TOGAF ADM merupakan sebuah kerangka kerja atau framework yang mampu mengatur sebuah arsitektur perusahan, dan juga merupakan sebuah metode mengembangkan arsitektur sebuah korporat yang dipakai oleh peneliti. Blueprint arsitektur bisnis, data, aplikasi sistem informasi dan teknologi merupakan hasil dari pemodelan EA yang diterapkan pada ruang lingkup Universitas Pattimura. TOGAF ADM pada fase Preliminary Phase atau fase awal mengidentifikasi suatu korporat dari arsitektur bisnis, data, aplikasi dan teknologi. Pada fase Vision Architecture menghasilkan visi arsitektur antara lain arsitektur bisnis, data, aplikasi dan teknologi. Pada fase Business Architecture menghasilkan blueprint arsitektur bisnis. Pada fase Information System Architecture menghasilkan blueprint arsitektur SI, dan pada fase Technology Architecture menghasilkan blueprint arsitektur TI. Penerapan metode EAP pada Universitas Pattimura membawa dampak positif karena menghasilkan keselarasan strategi bisnis dan strategi TI sehingga penting untuk diterapkan.

SoS Architectural Requirements Modeling and Analysis

Analysing the architectural requirements of System-of-Systems is a daunting task, usually involving a complicated process of enterprise architecture modeling and verifying. So the paper proposes a method of capability-oriented requirements modeling for developing the architecture requirements of System-of-Systems. A multi-layer ontologies framework is suggested to model the architecture requirements. To check the consistency of performance requirements, a formal inference method is designed to verify the requirements models. Finally, a case study is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the method.