Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria Research Articles

Improved control of Listeria monocytogenes during storage of raw salmon by treatment with the fermentate Verdad N6 and nisin

Fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represents a healthy, nutritious food with global distribution and increasing consumption and economic value. Contaminating Listeria monocytogenes in fresh salmon represents a health hazard to consumers, is linked to extensive product recalls and is a major challenge for salmon processors. Verdad N6, a commercially available buffered vinegar, was evaluated as a treatment for raw salmon fillets either alone or in combination with the antimicrobial peptide nisin, with regard to anti-listerial effects under processing and storage, and influence on sensory quality and background microbiota. Salmon fillets were surface contaminated with L. monocytogenes and immersed in solutions of Verdad N6 or treated with nisin or a combination of these two treatments. Levels of L. monocytogenes were determined during vacuum-pack refrigerated storage. The use of Verdad N6 resulted in increased lag times and substantially reduced growth of L. monocytogenes. The inhibitory effects were dependent on Verdad N6 levels, immersion time, and storage time and temperature. A 5 s immersion in 10% Verdad N6 solution at 4 °C reduced growth of L. monocytogenes from log 2.8 to log 1 after 12 days of storage. Nisin (0.2–1 ppm) had listericidal effects up to 1 log but did not inhibit regrowth when used alone. Appropriate combinations of Verdad N6 and nisin led to L. monocytogenes levels no higher after 12 days of storage than the initial levels. The inhibitory effects were markedly lower at 7 °C than at 4 °C. Salmon with Verdad N6 showed reduced levels of total counts during storage indicating a longer shelf-life, and a shift in the dominating bacteria with reduced and increased relative levels of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria, respectively. Sensory analyses of raw and cooked Verdad N6 treated a non-treated salmon resulted in small differences. In summary, Verdad N6 is an option for production of high-quality raw salmon with increased shelf-life and enhanced food safety through its Listeria inhibiting effects. The application of Verdad N6 in combination with nisin treatment can further reduce the listeria-risks of these products.

Coexistence of fluoroquinolone resistance and ESBL production in urinary isolates

Background: Enterobacteriaceae group of organisms are commonly implicated for causing urinary tract infection (UTI). Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are widely used as empirical therapy for UTI. Enterobacteriaceae exhibits high resistance rates to FQs. The plasmid mediated extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production confers resistance for FQs as well. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of fluoroquinolones resistance in urinary isolates and to study the coexistence of FQ resistance and ESBL production in urinary isolates.Methods: Retrospective data of the urine samples received in our microbiology laboratory between December 2018 to May 2019 were reviewed. The organisms were isolated and identified as per standard procedures and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was done following CLSI 2019 guidelines. Ceftazidime (30 µg) and ceftazidime-clavulinic acid (30 µg/10 µg) were used for detection of ESBL production. Levofloxacin (5 µg) and ciprofloxacin (5 µg) were used for detecting FQ resistance.Results: Out of a total of 1403 urine samples received in our laboratory, 240 (17.1%) sample showed growth of Enterobacteriaceae. The different species were E. coli (80.4%), Klebsiella spp (12.2%), Citrobacter spp (4.2%), Enterobacter spp (1.6%) and Proteus mirabilis (1.6%). Amongst these organisms 121(50.4%) were ESBL producers. Co-existence of FQ resistance among the ESBL producers was observed in 106(87.6%) isolates which is higher as compared to that among the ESBL non producers 71(59.7%).Conclusions: Around 50% of the UTI Enterobacteriaceae bacteria are ESBL producers. Fluroquinolone resistance amongst ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae is very high (87.6%).

The effect of chitosan coatings enriched with the extracts and essential oils of Elettaria Cardamomum on the shelf-life of chicken drumsticks vacuum-packaged at 4°C.

This study was conducted to investigate the microbial, chemical, and sensory quality of chicken drumsticks vacuum-packaged at 4°C, using chitosan (CH) coating containing ethanol extracts and the essential oils (EO) of Elettaria Cardamomum. The treatments were stored for 16days in cold conditions and investigated in three-day intervals. Total volatile base nitrogen analysis showed that, on the 6th day, the uncoated treatment showed unacceptable values, while treatments containing the EO and extracts stayed below the specified level even on the 16th day. In addition, during storage, the Peroxide values for the uncoated sample were higher than the documented for the coated groups. Results of the Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances index revealed that the sample containing the EO of E. Cardamomum is the best treatment. Regarding to pH on the 16th day, the microbial growth in the mixed sample was 0.46 units lower than the control group. Microbial analysis showed that coating significantly reduce the growth of all five groups of bacteria at 4 ± 1°C; thus, on the 6th day, the differences between mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic, and H2S-producing bacteria with the control group were 4.5, 4.5, 2.5, and 2 logs Cfu/g, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria growth was completely stopped. Finally, it was found that adding EO and extracts could significantly preserve the sensory quality of the samples. Thus, it was concluded that vacuum-packaged CH coatings enriched with the extract and EO of E. Cardamomum can preserve the quality of chicken drumsticks during storage in refrigerators.

Growth rate alterations of human colorectal cancer cells by 157 gut bacteria

ABSTRACT Several bacteria in the human gut microbiome have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) by high-throughput screens. In some cases, molecular mechanisms have been elucidated that drive tumorigenesis, including bacterial membrane proteins or secreted molecules that interact with the human cancer cells. For most gut bacteria, however, it remains unknown if they enhance or inhibit cancer cell growth. Here, we screened bacteria-free supernatants (secretomes) and inactivated cells of over 150 cultured bacterial strains for their effects on cell growth. We observed family-level and strain-level effects that often differed between bacterial cells and secretomes, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms are at play. Secretomes of Bacteroidaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacteria enhanced cell growth, while most Fusobacteriaceae cells and secretomes inhibited growth, contrasting prior findings. In some bacteria, the presence of specific functional genes was associated with cell growth rates, including the virulence genes TcdA, TcdB in Clostridiales and FadA in Fusobacteriaceae, which both inhibited growth. Bacteroidaceae cells that enhanced growth were enriched for genes of the cobalamin synthesis pathway, while Fusobacteriaceae cells that inhibit growth were enriched for genes of the ethanolamine utilization pathway. Together, our results reveal how different gut bacteria have wide-ranging effects on cell growth, contribute a better understanding of the effects of the gut microbiome on host cells, and provide a valuable resource for identifying candidate target genes for potential microbiome-based diagnostics and treatment strategies.

Microbial interactions in the mosquito gut determine Serratia colonization and blood-feeding propensity

How microbe–microbe interactions dictate microbial complexity in the mosquito gut is unclear. Previously we found that, Serratia, a gut symbiont that alters vector competence and is being considered for vector control, poorly colonized Aedes aegypti yet was abundant in Culex quinquefasciatus reared under identical conditions. To investigate the incompatibility between Serratia and Ae. aegypti, we characterized two distinct strains of Serratia marcescens from Cx. quinquefasciatus and examined their ability to infect Ae. aegypti. Both Serratia strains poorly infected Ae. aegypti, but when microbiome homeostasis was disrupted, the prevalence and titers of Serratia were similar to the infection in its native host. Examination of multiple genetically diverse Ae. aegypti lines found microbial interference to S. marcescens was commonplace, however, one line of Ae. aegypti was susceptible to infection. Microbiome analysis of resistant and susceptible lines indicated an inverse correlation between Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and Serratia, and experimental co-infections in a gnotobiotic system recapitulated the interference phenotype. Furthermore, we observed an effect on host behavior; Serratia exposure to Ae. aegypti disrupted their feeding behavior, and this phenotype was also reliant on interactions with their native microbiota. Our work highlights the complexity of host–microbe interactions and provides evidence that microbial interactions influence mosquito behavior.

Effect of Green Oxidizing Agent on Inhibition of Escherichia coli Present in Livestock Wastes

The optimisation tests of sodium percarbonate (biocide) with the formula 2Na2CO3·3H2O2, as a green oxidizing agent for biological deactivation of chicken manure, were carried out. The microbiological analysis of fresh manure which consisted of the enumeration of bacteria, fungi and eggs of intestinal parasites showed that the number of bacteria Enterobacteriaceae, i.e. 8.3 log10CFU/g, and the bacteria E. coli, i.e. 6.96 log10CFU/g, exceeded the required level in organic fertilizers. The Response Surface Methodology for three input parameters (biocide concentration, temperature and time) on the value of E. coli bacteria was applied. The obtained values of the coefficient of the multiple correlation R2 and the adjusted coefficient Radj2 were 0.90 and 0.75, respectively, which indicate a good fit of the data obtained with the model and the experimental data. It was concluded that a decrease in the count of the analysed microorganisms followed an increase in the sodium percarbonate concentration, an increase in the temperature and a longer time of contact of the manure sample with the biocide. The content of bioavailable macronutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, K) in water extracts of fresh chicken manure before and after its biological deactivation was determined with the ICP-OES method. The concentration of phosphorous in fresh manure extract was 310 mg/l and decreased after addition of one of the following agents: 7.5 wt.% of sodium percarbonate to 66.9 mg/l or 3.0 wt.% of traditional hygienizing agent, i.e. calcium hydroxide to 5.7 mg/l.. The results of the concentration of N in chicken manure with sodium percarbonate was also higher than in sample with calcium hydroxide, i.e. 1040.0 mg/l and 860.0 mg/l, respectively. While the addition of 2Na2CO3·3H2O2 decreased the content of Ca, Mg and K in fresh chicken manure.

Analysis of pathogens and clinical characteristics of bloodstream infection in neutropenic children with hematological malignancies from 2014 to 2018

目的探讨儿童血液病患者在中性粒细胞缺乏（粒缺）期发生血流感染时的病原学分布、耐药情况，为该类患者合理使用抗菌药物提供数据支持。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年12月中国医学科学院血液病医院收治的儿童血液病患者粒缺期发生血流感染时的临床特征、病原菌分布和药物敏感性数据。结果427例儿童血液病患者在粒缺期共发生537次血流感染，30 d全因死亡率为3.7%。其中44.7%例次血流感染的临床特征仅表现为发热，其病原菌以肠杆菌科细菌为主。血流感染常伴口腔黏膜、呼吸道及消化道症状，比例分别为20.7%、20.5%和14.3%。伴不同症状的血流感染病原菌分布不同（χ2=40.561，P=0.001）。共分离出550株病原菌，位于前5位的细菌分别为草绿色链球菌（109株，19.8%）、大肠埃希菌（99株, 18.0%）、表皮葡萄球菌（75株，13.6%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（67株，12.2%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（32株，5.8%）。耐药方面，肠肝菌科细菌及铜绿假单胞菌对于哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率<5%。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的比例为9.7%。结论儿童恶性血液病患者粒缺期发生血流感染病原菌革兰阳性球菌与阴性杆菌比例大致相同，提示经验性抗菌药物使用应具有广谱性，常见分离菌耐药性仍处于较低水平，常用的碳青霉烯类、糖肽类、酶抑制剂复合物类药物如哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等仍具有较好效果。

Effect of edible composite film based on chitosan and cumin essential oil-loaded nanoemulsion combined with low-dose gamma irradiation on microbiological safety and quality of beef loins during refrigerated storage

This research was conducted to assess the combined effect of chitosan (Ch) film containing cumin essential oil nanoemulsion (CNE) and low-dose gamma irradiation (GI) at 2.5 kGy on microbiological safety and quality of beef loins during 21 days of chilled storage. The growth of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria were retarded in all treated groups (Ch, GI, Ch + CNE, Ch + GI, and Ch + CNE + GI groups) compared to control group during storage time. The treatments also slowed down the increasing level of total volatile basic nitrogen and pH during storage, while irradiation increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls in beef loins. All treatments except Ch were effective to control the growth of inoculated pathogenic bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella typhimurium, in loin samples. The combination of Ch + CNE + GI was the most effective treatment to control the population of microbial flora and inoculated pathogens, slow down some physicochemical changes, and enhance the storage life of beef loins. As a result, the combination of active chitosan film and low-dose gamma irradiation can ensure microbiological safety and is suggested for long time preservation of beef during chilled storage.

Two IncHI2 Plasmid-Mediated Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains from the Broiler Chicken Supply Chain in Zhejiang Province, China

Colistin is used as one of the last-resort drugs against lethal infections caused by carbapenem-resistant pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Enterobacteriaceae bacteria carrying the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene are emerging in livestock and poultry, posing a serious threat to human health. However, there have been few reports about the prevalence and transmission of mcr-1 along the regional chicken supply chain. In this study, the complete sequences of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli ST2705 and ST206 isolates obtained by screening 129 chilled chicken samples and 251 chicken fecal samples were investigated. Both of these isolates showed resistance to colistin, and importantly, the complete sequence of the mcr-1-positive E. coli ST2705 in China was reported for the first time. The mcr-1 gene was located on the IncHI2 plasmids pTBMCR421 (254,365 bp) and pTBMCR401 (230,964 bp) in strains ECCNB20-2 and ECZP248, respectively. Comparative analysis of mcr-1-bearing IncHI2 plasmids showed a marked similarity, indicating that these plasmids are very common and have the ability to be efficient vehicles for mcr-1 dissemination among humans, animals, and food. Furthermore, an insertion (ISKpn26) in Tn6330 (ISApl1-mcr-1-pap2-ISApl1) was identified in the plasmid pTBMCR401 and then compared; this insertion might affect the adaptability and stability of Tn6330. Taken together, these findings suggest that the IncHI2 plasmid might be a main factor affecting the transmission of mcr-1 in the chicken supply chain and that the genetic context of the mcr-1-bearing IncHI2 plasmid is constantly evolving.

Reducing Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria on transport crates for chickens by irradiation with 265-nm ultraviolet light (UV–C LED)

It is critical to maintain low levels of microbes in the whole food production chain. Due to high speed of slaughter, lack of time, and structural characteristics of crates, sufficient cleaning and disinfection of crates used for transporting chickens to abattoirs is a challenge. Inadequately cleaned transport crates for broiler chickens caused a major outbreak of campylobacteriosis in Sweden in 2016–2017, when the contaminated crates introduced Campylobacter to the chickens during thinning. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of 265-nm ultraviolet (UV–C) LED light on artificially contaminated chicken transport crates. In a laboratory study, a transport crate artificially contaminated with Campylobacter and cecum contents was irradiated with 265-nm UV-C light by a continuous LED array in a treatment cabinet. The transport crate was sampled 52 times by cotton swabs before and after UV-C treatment for 1 min (20.4 mJ/cm2) and 3 min (61.2 mJ/cm2). The swab samples were analysed for Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and total aerobic bacteria. After irradiation with UV-C LED light for 1 min, a mean reduction in C. jejuni of log 2.0 ± 0.5 CFU/mL was observed, while after irradiation for 3 min the reduction was log 3.1 ± 1.0 CFU/mL. The mean reduction in Enterobacteriaceae was log 1.5 ± 0.3 CFU/mL after 1 min of irradiation and log 1.8 ± 0.8 CFU/mL after 3 min. The mean reduction in total aerobic bacteria was log 1.4 ± 0.4 CFU/mL after 1 min of irradiation and log 1.6 ± 0.5 CFU/mL after 3 min. Significant reductions in bacterial load were observed in all samples after UV-C treatment and extending the treatment time from 1 to 3 min significantly increased the reduction in C. jejuni. However, before implementation of UV-C LED treatment in commercial chicken abattoirs, the irradiation unit would need to be extended and/or the washing procedure before UV-C treatment, to reduce the amount of organic matter on transport crates, would need to be improved.

Pyogenic liver abscess in liver transplant recipient: A warning signal for the risk of recurrence and retransplantation.

Pyogenic liver abscesses in liver transplant recipients (PLA-LTR) are a rare disease whose specificities compared with PLA in non-transplanted patients (PLA-C) are unknown. A retrospective case-control study was conducted in a French academic hospital from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014. Among 176 patients diagnosed with PLA, 14 were LTR; each case was matched with 3 PLA-C controls by date of PLA diagnosis and pathophysiological mechanism of PLA. Median time from liver transplantation to PLA diagnosis was 34.5months. Among 14 PLA-LTR, 8/14 (57.1%) had bacteremia and 10/14 (71.4%) had positive PLA cultures. Most commonly isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (9/14; 64.3%), Enterococcus spp. (4/14; 28.6%), and anaerobic bacteria (3/14; 21.4%). Clinical, radiological, and microbiological characteristics did not significantly differ between PLA-LTR and PLA-C but there was a tendency toward more diabetic patients and a less acute presentation. All but one PLA-LTR were associated with ischemic cholangitis, whereas this was a rare cause among PLA-C (13/14 vs 3/42, respectively, P<.001) among patients with PLA-LTR. In contrast, hepatobiliary neoplasia was rare in PLA-LTR but frequent in PLA-C (1/14 vs 24/42, P=.001). No significant difference was found between PLA-LTR and PLA-C in terms of duration of antibiotic therapy (6.5 and 6weeks, respectively), PLA drainage rates (10/14 and 26/42, respectively), or mortality at 12months after PLA diagnosis (2/14 and 5/42, respectively). Recurrence rates within the first year were observed in 6/14 patients (42.9%), and retransplantation was needed in 5/14 (35.7%). Occurrence of PLA in LTR is a severe event leading to high risk of recurrence and retransplantation.

Determination of higenamine in multi-matrix by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with derivatization technology

Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is widely used in food and medicine as a biodegradable polymer. However, its effects on inflammation profile and colon health are not well investigated. In the present study, CMC was given to mice to evaluate its possible effects on body weight, blood glucose level, inflammation factors, intestinal permeability and colon microbiota. Results showed that blood glucose level of CMC treated mice was relatively higher than control ones. Glucose tolerance test revealed that CMC treated mice presented higher peak glucose level and lower lag level. CMC treatment increased serum LDL-c level, decreased serum HDL-c and IL-10 level in the fat tissue. Moreover, CMC treatment downregulated the expression of tight junction protein, occludin and ZO-1, in colon as evaluated by Western blot. Colon microbiota analysis demonstrated that CMC treatment significantly decreased the OTUs and relative species abundance. The level of Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and several other bacteria were much higher in the colon content of CMC treated mice. The results collectively suggest that CMC treatment induces disturbance of glucose and fat metabolism, affects the inflammation profile, perturbs colon microbiota balance. © 2019

Texture and Quality Assessment of Ready-to-eat Farmed Obscure Puffer Fish (Takifugu obscurus) Fillet by Evaluating Bacterial and Myofibrillar Degradation and Biochemical Changes during Refrigerated Storage

ABSTRACT Obscure puffer fish (Takifugu obscurus) flesh, often eaten as raw fish fillet, is susceptible to softening. To investigate the mechanisms for the softening of flesh and changes in firmness, the proliferation of total microbial flora, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), trimethylamine (TMA), and pH were periodically assayed during storage at 0, 4, and 8ºC. Myofibril extraction and separation of puffer fish flesh was carried out and the length of the separated myofibrils was measured periodically using an optical microscope during the entire storage time. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to inspect the changes in myofibrillar characteristics of the fish flesh at the beginning and end of the storage period. The results indicated that lower chilled temperature can contribute to reduced proliferation of microbial flora and less variation in TVBN, TMA, and pH and further maintain the integrity of myofibrils and retain firmness of puffer fish flesh during storage.

AOAC-OMA/MicroVal Harmonized Validation of Peel PlateTM EB (Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria), First Action 2018.05.

BackgroundPeel PlateTM Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria (EB) is dried selective media on a 47 mm plastic plate that produces enzyme substrate colored colonies on rehydration and incubation for 24 h and up to 48 h at 37 ± 1°C.PurposeThe method validation compared quantification of EB to reference methods ISO 21528:2017 Parts 1 and 2.MethodsMatrixes compared were whole milk, skim powdered milk, vanilla ice cream, butter, infant formulas (soy- and dairy-based), infant cereals ± probiotic, environmental sponge swab of stainless steel surface, and poultry carcass rinse with two different peptone buffers.ResultsIn inclusivity and exclusivity studies, the method detected 54 of 54 EB strains and did not detect 30 of 30 non-EB strains. In matrix studies, the claimed foods were tested at three contamination levels using paired analysis between the reference and Peel Plate EB methods. Colony-forming units per gram or mL [CFU/g (mL)] were log10 transformed for statistical analysis. The candidate method and reference method were shown to be equivalent by the performance requirement of all 95% confidence intervals on mean difference falling between −0.5 and +0.5 log10 CFU/g (mL). An international collaborative study with dried infant formula spiked with Cronobacter sakazakii at log10 CFU/g (mL) 1.05, 2.31, and 3.21 levels, produced method differences −0.16, 0.15, and 0.18 log10 CFU/g (mL) with repeatabilities (r) = 0.33, 0.20, and 0.12 log10 CFU/g (mL) and reproducibilities (R) = 0.45, 0.26, and 0.18 log10 CFU/g (mL).ConclusionsBased on these evaluations, the candidate method is considered equivalent to the reference methods at both the 24 h and 48 h incubation periods at 37 ± 1°C.HighlightsReady to use Enterobacteriaceae method equivalent to ISO-21528:2017 Parts 1 and 2; EB test colored colonies at 37°C for 24 h are equivalent at 48 h incubation; Singlet determined CFU/mL are statistically the same as duplicate average results; EB test validated for infant formula and dairy products including with probiotics; EB test for environmental surfaces and poultry carcass rinses using peptone buffers.

Impact of High-Hydrostatic Pressure Treatments Applied Singly or in Combination with Moderate Heat on the Microbial Load, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Bacterial Diversity of Guacamole.

Guacamole is an avocado sauce highly appreciated for its pleasant taste and nutritional value. The present study addressed the impact of high-hydrostatic pressure (HP) treatments on the product safety and bacterial diversity. Four HP treatments, 5 min each, were applied: (A) 450 megapascals (MPa) at 22 °C; (B) 450 MPa at 50 °C; (C) 600 MPa at 22 °C; (D) 600 MPa at 50 °C. Controls and treated samples were refrigerated stored for 50 days. The residual surviving fraction was lowest for the 600 MPa treatment at 50 °C. Bacterial growth on media supplemented with antibiotics (cefotaxime and imipenem) or the biocide benzalkonium chloride was detected only from control samples but not from HP-treated samples. High throughput sequencing analysis indicated that the bacterial diversity of control samples was dominated by members of Fam. Enterobacteriaceae, but it changed to a lactic acid microbiota during storage. HP-treated samples showed reduced relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria and higher abundances of Pantoea, Ralstonia and Methylobacterium. Results from the study indicate that HP treatments of guacamole at 50 °C show higher microbial inactivation compared to 22 °C. However, all treatments reduced the levels of Enterobacteriaceae and penem-tolerant bacteria and provided product stability against acidification by lactic acid bacteria.

Bacteriological Quality of Groundwater in Imiringi Town, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of groundwater from Imiringi in Ogbia Local government area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Groundwater samples were obtained in triplicates from four locations in the study area and analyzed for the bacteria quality using standard protocols. Results showed that the microbial density ranged from 2.97 – 6.03 x 104 cfu/ml (for total heterotrophic bacteria counts), 4.17 – 5.43 x 102 cfu/ml (for Enterobacteriaceae bacteria counts) and 0.00 – 1.48 x 102 cfu/ml (for Salmonella-Shigella counts). Statistically, there was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) across the various locations for each of the parameters. The density observed were higher than the allowable limit of 1.0 x 102 cfu/ml for drinking water as recommended by World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization, and maximum permissible level of 10cfu/ml for total coliform as specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria. The prevalence of bacteria isolated in the water samples were Aeromonas species (8.00%), Citrobacter species (7.50%), Escherichiacoli (20.75%), Klebsiella species (5.50%), Pseudomonas species (12.00%), Salmonella species (2.25%), Shigella species (3.25%) and Staphylococcus species (40.75%). From the bacteria density and diversity, the water is not potable. Some of the bacterial found are of public health importance. Hence, there is a need to adequately treat the water using chlorination and boiling techniques before drinking.

Assessment of Microbial Characteristics of ProcessedPalm Weevil “Rhynchophorus phoenicis” Larvae Sold in some Market Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Problem Statement: The larvae of palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) is commonly processed and consumed as food in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria especially in the rural areas.Aims and Objective: This study investigated the microbial characteristics of processed larvae of Rhynchophorus phoenicis sold in some market area in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.Methods: Triplicate samples of processed Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae were obtained from vendors in Opolo and Tombia market area in Yenagoa metropolis, Nigeria. The samples were analyzed following standard microbiological procedures.Result: Results showed that the total heterotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and total fungi counts ranged from 0.85-8.6 x 105 cfu/g, 1.18-8.73 x 102 cfu/g and 1.52-7.97 x 103 cfu/g, respectively. There was statistical deviation (P&lt;0.05) among the Rhynchophorus phoenicis samples. The microbial isolates found in the samples were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Proteus and Micrococcus species (bacteria), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium and Rhizopus species (fungi). The similarity in interaction of the microbial diversity between samples from each vendor ranged from 57.14-82.35% for Sorenson qualitative index and 0.40-0.70 (which is equivalent to 40-70%) for Jaccard index. The similarity is above a critical level of significance of 0.5 or 50% except for samples from vendor A - C using Jaccard index.Conclusion: Most of the microorganisms isolated especially the fungi could produce toxins and are pathogenic, hence, there is a need to frequently monitor the processed Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae sold in the study area to ascertain its acceptability with respect to microbial quality. How to cite this article:Seiyaboh EI, Izah SC. Assessment of Microbial Characteristics of Processed Palm Weevil “Rhynchophorus phoenicis” Larvae Sold in some Markets Area in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. J Adv Res Med Sci Tech 2020; 7(2): 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.202004

Detection Of Ampicillin Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated From Chicken Livestock Farming In Surabaya, Indonesia

The study was carried out to isolate and detect the resistance of E. coli bacteria from four livestock in Surabaya, Indonesia.&#x0D; This research used 40 samples of chicken thigh meat. The first step is isolated Escherichia coli bacteria using BGBB media (Brillilliant Green Bile Broth), and then used EMBA (Eosin Methylen Blue Agar) media for confirmatory tests, IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Praskauer, and Citrat) to identify the enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and performed the gram staining test. Determined the Escherichia coli sensitivity to antibiotic by using disk diffusion method.&#x0D; Resistance test has resulted for ampicillin against E.coli is 100% resistance in all farms. In this research 13 of 40 samples from chicken meat had positive E.coli. The result from electrophoresis product of PCR said that resistance Escherichia coli had a specific band. Total 13 samples of positive Escherichia coli resistance ampicillin has specific DNA band primary shv with 768 bp in length.

Use of Probiotics in Intravaginal Sponges in Sheep: A Pilot Study.

Simple SummaryThe use of intravaginal devices may generate retention of vaginal secretions and abnormal discharges at device withdrawal, which may create changes in the normal vaginal bacterial microbiota. These changes in vaginal microbiota could allow the growth of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria which can require antibiotic treatment. The addition of antibiotics on sponges poses a risk of milk contamination. In dairy cows, it has been observed that the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) confers a health benefit to the reproductive tract against bacterial infections. However, LAB use in intravaginal sponges in sheep has not been reported. The aims of this study were to describe the dynamics of the ewes’s vaginal cultivable microbiota during a classic long-term estrous synchronization protocol and to develop a model of probiotic infusion in vaginal sponges in order to study their influence in ewe’s vaginal microbiota, general health status, fertility and prolificity. The present results suggest that LAB infusion in the ewe’s vagina do not affect general health status and did not reduce fertility during natural mating.Sheep estrous synchronization is mainly based on progestagen-impregnated sponges which could cause vaginitis. Several species of Lactobacillus used as probiotics are commonly used in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections in humans. However, no studies have been performed to analyze the potential use of probiotics to prevent urogenital infections in sheep. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 21 one-year-old ewes to develop a model of probiotic infusion in vaginal sponges in order to study their influence in ewe’s vaginal microbiota, general health status, fertility and prolificity. Synchronization of estrus was based on intravaginal sponges for 14 days. Bacterial communities (Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria) were highly fluctuating over time and between animals. The safety of probiotic infusion (mix of Lactobacillus spp. 60% L. crispatus, 20% L. brevis and 20% L. gasseri) in the vagina of healthy ewes was firstly confirmed. Neutrophils were observed in 80% (8/10) of the control ewes compared to 36% (4/11) of the ewes in the probiotic group 2 days after sponge removal (p = 0.056). Fertility in the control and probiotic groups was 60% (6/10) and 91% (10/11), respectively p = 0.097. These results suggest that Lactobacillus spp. infusion in the ewe’s vagina does not affect general health status or fertility.

Draft genome of Rosenbergiella nectarea strain 8N4T provides insights into the potential role of this species in its plant host.

BackgroundRosenbergiella nectarea strain 8N4T, the type species of the genus Rosenbergiella, was isolated from Amygdalus communis (almond) floral nectar. Other strains of this species were isolated from the floral nectar of Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), Nicotiana glauca (tobacco tree) and from Asphodelus aestivus. R. nectarea strain 8N4T is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae.ResultsHere we describe features of this organism, together with its genome sequence and annotation. The DNA GC content is 47.38%, the assembly size is 3,294,717 bp, and the total number of genes are 3,346. The genome discloses the possible role that this species may play in the plant. The genome contains both virulence genes, like pectin lyase and hemolysin, that may harm plant cells and genes that are predicted to produce volatile compounds that may impact the visitation rates by nectar consumers, such as pollinators and nectar thieves.ConclusionsThe genome of R. nectarea strain 8N4T reveals a mutualistic interaction with the plant host and a possible effect on plant pollination and fitness.