Ensuring Energy Security Research Articles

A novel integrated wastewater recovery, clean water production and air-conditioning system

Ensuring water and energy security for the growing global population is a challenge that aggravates several folds if in water-scarce regions, accustomed to prevailing hot climates and coupled with the increasing per capita demand of these resources. Furthermore, in hot and arid regions, the largest portion of energy is consumed by air-conditioning in buildings. Similarly, fulfilling the water needs in water-scarce regions also consumes a large amount of energy. The consequence of this high energy and water demand are significant greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. In this context, this study presents an integrated solution to support water security by reclaiming wastewater, and energy security by shifting the air-conditioning load from electricity to low-grade thermal energy. Although the proposed system is globally applicable, it is specifically valuable in hot and arid climates. The system harnesses solar energy using Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETCs) and produces clean water and conditioned air. Besides ETCs, the system is composed of an absorption cooling system, air humidification unit, three pumps and a blower. The unique features of the proposed system include the production of conditioned air at constant temperature and humidity irrespective of the ambient environmental conditions and flexibility of 24 h operations through the TES integration, which decouples the system’s operational energy demand from the available energy’s supply. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis is conducted, which includes the application of mass balance equations and 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. In addition, the effects of ambient environmental conditions and the available energy on the system’s performance are studied and found that the system can operate stably and continuously. At design conditions, with a solar field area of 1,000 m2, the system recycles approximately 900 L/day of wastewater and produces 1,418 L/day of clean water. Moreover, considering 24 h of operations, the system provides 8.7 refr. tons of air-conditioning. The system’s overall energy and exergy efficiencies are 14.4% and 0.7%, respectively. Furthermore, in the context of the social perceptions regarding wastewater reuse, a hydrogen cycle-based solution is also presented, which can produce approximately 560 L/day of socially acceptable water.

Open-Source Code-Based Tidal Modeling of Tropical and Temperate Waters

Tidal energy is the most reliable and predictable form of renewable energy capable of ensuring energy security in coastal regions of the world. Many developing countries are prone to energy self-sufficiency due to a lack of tidal data, expensive commercial tidal modeling tools, and program codes. In the present study, an open-source finite element code along with available open-source data was used to predict the tidal resource potential of sites in both temperate and coastal waters. This paper also investigates the suitability of open-source code towards accurate tidal resource prediction and provides a comparative study on tidal resource prediction of sites in both temperate and coastal waters. Based on knowledge gained from tidal experts all around the globe, the straits of the Alderney race were selected as a temperate water site because of their high tidal flow conditions and high tidal energy resource potential. Singapore was selected as a tropical water site because of its low tidal flow conditions and lack of open-source tidal resource data in the tropical belt. From the results, temperate waters such as Alderney Race experience high tidal velocity in the range of 3.5–4.5 m/s with an average power density of about 15 kW/m2 in comparison with tropical waters such as Singapore that experiences tidal velocity in the range of 1–1.5 m/s with an average power density of about 1.5 kW/m2. The thrusting force behind the coastal dynamics is mainly due to tides, their interactions, and changes in seabed topography. The seabed roughness profile creates a drag force on the flow on the velocity field. Lack of understanding of the effects of seabed friction on tidal modeling might reduce the accuracy of the model prediction. Thus, the present study also focuses on the effects of seabed roughness on tidal prediction of Alderney race straits using the open-source finite element-based 2-dimensional depth average ocean model. It can be found that an increase in seabed friction reduces the flow velocity and thus the average power density of the location due to its major energy dissipating phenomenon for the energetic ocean flow.

ПАРАМЕТРИ, ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ І ФАКТОРИ, ЩО ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ТА НАДІЙНІСТЬ РОБОТИ ФОТОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧІВ У СКЛАДІ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ

The main goal of energy development for the period up to 2035 is to ensure energy security and the transition to energy efficient and energy-saving use and consumption of energy resources with the introduction of innovative technologies. Photovoltaic converters in power systems can be exposed to weathering and physics, which will reduce efficiency or interfere with normal operation. One of the possible effects is shading of photovoltaic panels. The choice of components for the construction of a photovoltaic system should combine reliability, ease of operation and reasonable price. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of providing autonomous, highly efficient and reliable electricity generation by electric power systems based on photoelectric converters. The publications consider the components of autonomous power systems based on photovoltaic converters, in particular, batteries and photovoltaic panels. Some parameters and characteristics of these elements are analyzed, but not enough attention is paid to the selection and generalization of factors that affect the efficiency and reliability of such systems. The aim of the article is to consider photovoltaic converters, their parameters and characteristics, as well as the main factors influencing the efficiency and reliability of their operation in power systems. According to the considered factors of influence, it is possible to state that overheating is the most critical. To prevent overheating, it is necessary to ensure sufficient heat dissipation (increase the size of the junction box for better heat dissipation to the outside). In addition, you should use diodes with a lower leakage current. They will have a higher direct voltage drop and power dissipation, so the p-n junction temperature at shutdown will be higher, but the overall effect will be positive. This approach allows the diode to remain in working condition at a higher temperature.

Economic policy formation mechanism for energy efficiency area

Theoretical and practical aspects of elaborating the modern mechanism for developing the economic policy of Ukraine in the energy efficiency sphere are investigated in the article. The article aimed at developing a mechanism for the formation of an energy efficiency economic policy due to Ukraine’s European integration orientation and the purpose of reducing the energy intensity of the gross domestic product. The research was carried out using the methods of deduction and induction, system analysis. The clarification of the principles, tasks, objects and subjects, methodological bases for elaborating the mechanism for the formation of an economic policy of energy efficiency made. It has been substantiated that the strategic goals of the economic policy of energy efficiency should be the following: reducing the level of energy dependence; development and implementation of the technologies for transforming the energy of photosynthesis into industrial production; implementation and further development of diversification of sources and conditions for the supply of energy resources; reduction of consumption of non-renewable fuel and energy resources; implementation of advanced technologies for transporting heat from the source to the consumer; achieving suitable levels of power supply reliability and energy security; reduction of the environmental pollution by the enterprises in the energy complex. The necessity of combining the priority principles of ensuring energy efficiency and institutional partnership for building a mechanism for forming an economic policy of energy efficiency has been proved. The necessity of mutual using the traditional economic instruments for stimulating energy efficiency and instruments for strengthening the role of regional educational institutions in the processes of ensuring energy security and increasing energy efficiency at the local and regional levels were grounded. The mentioned above has practical value. It involves the addition of key functions and tasks of universities and implies the creation of special competitive centers for energy audit and energy saving at the universities, as well as the implementation of special bachelor’s and master’s programs (including double degree programs), advanced training programs devoted to the energy efficiency and energy saving; strengthening of institutional interaction between regional authorities and local government, business agents and territorial communities, regional HEI and research institutions. The mechanism for the formation of an economic policy of energy efficiency developed based on the systematization of the implementation results of the energy efficiency programs by developed countries, in particular, the European Union member states. The possibilities for the implementation of models, tools and mechanisms, due to the existing legislative framework, the level of economic development and resource potential of Ukraine were grounded.

An overview of the gasohol market in Vietnam, the next direction?

To ensure energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase agricultural output, the Vietnamese government has issued several policies to promote gasohol, resulting in remarkable achievements in gasohol development in recent years. However, unexpected limitations have been seen by other countries after a period of using this fuel such as air pollution, threats to food security, deterioration of natural forest area and severely depleted freshwater resources. This paper presents an overview of the current state of Vietnam's gasohol market and a brief analysis of policy, supply - demand - price information, from which some hindrances are identified and a few more optimistic directions to develop this type of fuel in the future are proposed.

Securitization of Energy Supply within the European Integration

The article uses the constructivist securitization concept to analyze the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Union (EU) approaches to ensuring energy security. It seeks to establish whether the energy supply has been securitized within the European integration process and if so when it happened. The literature review does not give a definitive and comprehensive answer to this question which is essential for all the history of the EEC and the EU. The authors of this study use an extensive documentary database available on the EU websites. They established that for the EEC/EU the energy policy securitization is a long-lasting ongoing process that came into being in 1973. Within the European integration, the securitization is justified by the dependency of the member states on the imported energy resources, which is regarded through the prism of securing reliable, affordable, and (since 2000s) environmentally sustainable supply. The authors identified two waves of energy supply securitization in the EEC/EU. The first wave was triggered by the oil embargo of the OPEC Arab countries and, generally, the world oil crisis of 1973-1974. The second wave of the 2000s and 2010s was triggered by the Russian-Ukrainian gas conflicts of 2006 and 2009 and the sharp deterioration of Russian-Ukrainian relations in 2014. For both waves, the Commission was the main ‘securitizing actor’. However, during the second wave, the European Parliament, some EU countries, and even the United States made their own ‘securitizing moves’. The ‘audience’ (EEC/EU countries) expressed its opinion towards the ‘securitizing moves’ through the European Council and the Council decisions. The research conclusions can be useful for a profound scientific explanation of the EU energy policy as well as for the operationalization of the securitization concept.

Modeling Electric Vehicle Charging Demand with the Effect of Increasing EVSEs: A Discrete Event Simulation-Based Model

Electric vehicle (EV) use is growing at a steady rate globally. Many countries are planning to ban internal combustion engines by 2030. One of the key issues needed to be addressed before the full-scale deployment of EVs is ensuring energy security. Various studies have developed models to simulate and study hourly electricity demand from EV charging. In this study, we present an improved model based on discrete event simulation, which allows for modeling characteristics of individual EV users, including the availability of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) outside homes and the charging threshold of each EV user. The model is illustrated by simulating 1000 random electric vehicles generated using data from an actual survey. The results agree with previous studies that daily charging demands do not significantly vary. However, the results show a significant shift in charging schedule during weekends. Moreover, the simulation demonstrated that the charging peak demand can be reduced by as much as 11% if EVSEs are made more available outside homes. Interestingly, a behavioral solution, such as requiring users to fully utilize their EV’s battery capacity, is more effective in reducing the peak demand (14–17%). Finally, the study concludes by discussing a few potential implications on electric vehicle charging policy.

The knowledge map of energy security

Much efforts have been made in the area of energy security in recent years, but due to its wide scope, it is necessary to review relevant knowledge activities and to analyze the state of knowledge of the field of energy security measurement. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive map of knowledge in the field of energy security. For this reason, many documents and articles have been collected during the period 2002–2019 using 7 large and reputable scientific databases as well as 53 different journals, 90% white Q1 quality. There is employed meta-synthesis, scientometrics and network analysis. In the initial survey stage where 1290 articles were found, after analyzing the content using meta-synthesis, 240 scientific articles related to energy security were identified. Then, the following 14 key questions were addressed such as the main conceptual models, processes, and concept structures (concept map). The VOSviewer and Gephi software are also used to explain the conceptual structure (concept map), hot map, co-occurrence map between keywords and their categorization. After Energy Security (and its subsets), the issues of Renewable Energy Security and Energy Supply Security stand in top ranks. The most cited article in this area is the 2006 “Ensuring energy security” article by Yergin on Energy Security. As many as 58 people have published at least two articles, Sovacool with fifteen articles is on the top author with the most published articles in this field. During the evaluation of the articles, 34 conceptual models and 104 quantitative and qualitative methods were found, which illustrate the wide scope of energy security. By examining the coherent vocabulary map in the field of energy security, it can be said that the most important dimensions of energy security include technology, trade, acceptability, productivity, diversity, equity, availability, governance and efficiency.

Application techniques for micro capsules on energy security: A case study on Class B fire

At present, with the rapid development of the national economy, China’s demand for energy is becoming stronger. It is particularly important to develop an efficient and environmentally friendly fire extinguishing agent to ensure energy security. As a new type of environmentally friendly fire extinguishing agent, dry water has the advantages of both water mist and dry powder fire extinguishing agent. The core-shell structure of dry water fire extinguishing agent makes it have fluidity and dispersibility similar to powder fire extinguishing agent, while maintaining extremely high-water content, making it of great application value in the field of fire extinguishing agents. In this paper, the preparation, physical and chemical properties of dry water extinguishing agents and the fire extinguishing performance of Class B fires are studied, based on the existing fire extinguishing theories and experimental results, the fire extinguishing mechanism of dry water extinguishing agents is discussed.

Energy security in Kazakhstan: The consumers’ perspective

This paper aims to investigate the consumers' perceptions and opinions regarding various threats, impediments, and opportunities present in Kazakhstan when it considers its energy security. The chosen theoretical framework allows consumers' views to be explored through the lens of three variations of the energy security concept: as an arrangement ensuring availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of resources; as security of energy supply; and as conceptualisation that focuses on ever-increasing utilisation of renewables and a corresponding decrease in reliance on fossil fuels. Using a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews, this study identifies the consumers' views on three themes including security of energy supply, the role of renewables in ensuring energy security, and the links between energy security and environmental sustainability. The findings show that the views of the majority of study participants on energy security can be distilled into the opinion that oil is a guarantor of the nation's independence and stability. Study participants do not see how energy security links to economic restructuring. As for the role of renewables in strengthening energy security, residents of rural areas are likely to contribute to renewable energy generation. Interviewees viewed the role of renewables in ensuring ecological sustainability as very insignificant.

Analysis of the Technological Evolution of Materials Requirements Included in Reactor Pressure Vessel Manufacturing Codes

The growth of green energy technologies within the frame of the 7th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) along with the concern about climatic changes make nuclear energy an attractive choice for many countries to ensure energy security and sustainable development as well as to actively address environmental issues. Unlike nuclear equipment (immovable goods), which are often well-catalogued and analyzed, the design and manufacturing codes and their standardized materials specifications can be considered movable and intangible goods that have not been thoroughly studied based on a detailed evaluation of the scientific and technical literature on the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials behavior. The aim of this work is the analysis of historical advances in materials properties research and associated standardized design codes requirements. The analysis, based on the consolidated U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.99 Rev.2 model, enables determination of the best materials options, corresponding to some of the most widely used material specifications such as WWER 15Kh2MFAA (used from the 1970s and 1980s; already in operation), ASME SA-533 Grade B Cl.1 (used in pressurized water reactor-PWR 2nd–4th; already in operation), DIN 20MnMoNi55 and DIN 22NiMoCr37 (used in PWR 2nd–4th) as well as ASTM A-336 Grade F22V (current designs). Consequently, in view of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the best options correspond to recently developed or well-established specifications used in the design of pressurized water reactors. These assessments endorse the fact that nuclear technology is continually improving, with safety being its fundamental pillar. In the future, further research related to the technical heritage from the evolution of materials requirements for other clean and sustainable power generation technologies will be performed.

Impact of Hydropower on Air Pollution and Economic Growth in China

The development of renewable clean energy such as hydropower can not only ensure energy security, but also help achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. This paper uses the annual data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017, and constructs a dynamic spatial Durbin model and a geographically weighted regression model to empirically test the dynamic impact of hydropower on haze pollution and economic growth at the national and provincial levels. The empirical results show that the promoting effect of hydropower on economic growth in Western China is less than that in Eastern China, which further aggravates the economic development gap between the eastern and western regions. In addition, the suppression effect of hydropower on the haze pollution in the western region is greater than that in the eastern region, where the haze pollution is serious. From the national level, hydropower can promote regional economic growth and inhibit haze pollution, and the spatial spillover effects of these two effects are greater than the local effects, and the long-term impact is greater than the short-term impact. The research conclusions of this paper will help China realize the sustainable development goals of energy saving and emission reduction.

A progressive alternative of energy planning for West Sumatera province

To ensure energy security for people, the Government develops energy planning, a plan that contains the baseline condition and projected energy consumption and energy supply in specific years. In West Sumatera Province’s Regional Energy Plan (RUED), The Local Government targeted 70.9% renewable energy share in its primary energy mix in 2050. The alternative scenario of power plant generation in West Sumatera base on the Regional Energy Plan Document for 2050 is developed in this paper. The share of renewable energy in the alternative scenario in 2050 is 100%. The alternative energy planning we design meet the expected electricity consumption each year. The Levelized Cost of energy for the alternative scenario cheaper than the RUED scenario in present value. With the rapid development of renewable energy technology, West Sumatera can achieve 100% renewable energy electricity in 2050 and give reasonable energy security confidence.

Foreign Direct Investments, Renewable Electricity Output, and Ecological Footprints: Do Financial Globalization Facilitate Renewable Energy Transition and Environmental Welfare in Bangladesh?

Phasing out fossil fuel dependency to adopt renewable energy technologies is pertinent for both ensuring energy security and for safeguarding the well-being of the environment. However, financial constraints often restrict the developing countries, in particular, from undergoing the renewable energy transition that is necessary for easing the environmental hardships. Against this background, this study makes a novel attempt to evaluate the impacts of FDI inflows on enhancing renewable energy use and attaining environmental sustainability in Bangladesh between 1972 and 2015. Using the autoregressive distributed lags with structural break approach to estimate the short- and long-run elasticities, it is found that FDI inflows enhance the share of renewable electricity output in the total electricity output levels of the country. Besides, FDI inflows are also evidenced to directly hamper environmental quality by boosting the ecological footprints figures of Bangladesh. Hence, it can be said that FDI promotes renewable electricity generation in Bangladesh but transforms the nation into a pollution haven. However, although FDI inflows cannot directly reduce the ecological footprints, a joint ecological footprint mitigation impact of FDI inflows and renewable electricity generation is evidenced. Besides, the findings also verify the authenticity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Bangladesh’s context. Therefore, economic growth can be referred to as being both the cause and the panacea to the environmental problems faced by Bangladesh. These results, in a nutshell, calls for effective measures to be undertaken for attracting the relatively cleaner FDI in Bangladesh whereby the objectives of renewable energy transition and environmental sustainability can be achieved in tandem. In line with these findings, several appropriate financial globalization policies are recommended.

Energy and carbon performance improvement in China's mining Industry:Evidence from the 11th and 12th five-year plan

The mining industry is one of the basic industries in China that ensures energy security. However, the mining industry's energy consumption is huge. It is, therefore, significant to improve the mining industry's energy and carbon performance. This paper adopts the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) to measure the energy and carbon performance (ECP) of China's mining industry. It uses the metafrontier Malmquist index (MML) to disassemble the mining industry's ECP into three components to explore the driving factors during the 11th and 12th five-year plan. The empirical results reflect that although the mining industry's ECP is improved during two plan periods, technological progress does not have an obvious contribution to the ECP improvement. This means the mining sector lacks the innovation effect. As for policymaking, the government should support the mining sector's technological innovation, reduce surplus capacity, and open mineral markets.

A systematic framework for the assessment of sustainable hydropower potential in a river basin – The case of the upper Indus

Siloed-approaches may fuel the misguided development of hydropower and subsequent target-setting under the sustainable development goals (SDGs). While hydropower development in the Indus basin is vital to ensure energy security (SDG7), it needs to be balanced with water use for fulfilling food (SDG2) and water (SDG6) security. Existing methods to estimate hydropower potential generally focus on: only one class of potential, a methodological advance for either of hydropower siting, sizing, or costing of one site, or the ranking of a portfolio of projects. A majority of them fall short in addressing sustainability. Hence, we develop a systematic framework for the basin-scale assessment of the sustainable hydropower potential by integrating considerations of the water-energy-food nexus, disaster risk, climate change, environmental protection, and socio-economic preferences. Considering the case of the upper Indus, the framework is developed by combining advances in literature, insights from local hydropower practitioners and over 30 datasets to represent real-life challenges to sustainable hydropower development, while distinguishing between small and large plants for two run-of-river plant configurations. The framework first addresses theoretical potential and successively constrains this further by stepwise inclusion of technical, economical, and sustainability criteria to obtain the sustainable exploitable hydropower potential. We conclude that sustainable hydropower potential in complex basins such as the Indus goes far beyond the hydrological boundary conditions. Our framework enables the careful inclusion of factors beyond the status-quo technological and economic criterions to guide policymakers in hydropower development decisions in the Indus and beyond. Future work will implement the framework to quantify the different hydropower potential classes and explore adaptation pathways to balance SDG7 with the other interlinked SDGs in the Indus.

Testing of the developed methodology of comparative analysis on the example of foreign and domestic documents of strategic planning in the sphere of energy security

Energy security is currently one of the key components of national security of any country. The object of this research is the basic documents of strategic planning of the European Union in sphere of ensuring energy security (Roadmap of the European Union “Final 10-year ETIP SNET R&I roadmap covering 2017-26”) in the context of comparative analysis of the existing approaches towards ensuring energy security of the Russian Federation (Energy Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation). The analysis is conducted from the perspective of comparison of two documents of strategic planning for the purpose of identification of threats and risks to the economic security. The subject of this research is the threats and risks to energy security of the countries, and thus, their national security. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the documents of strategic planning in the sphere of energy security using methodology of comparative analysis developed by the authors, which is based on the dynamic semantic network. In accordance with the aforementioned methodology, analysis is carried out on the structure of documents that encompasses the processes, the manifestation of which can be observed through objective and subjective methods of monitoring. The authors developed the expert analytical apparatus of comparative analysis, as well as the methodology for assessing the objectivity of comparative analysis. The developed methodology of comparative analysis is tested on the example of strategic planning documents in the sphere of energy security of the European Union and the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made on the need for further research of the methodological foundations of comparative analysis in order to detect the risks and threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.

A review of challenges and benefits of integration of CHP plant into the grid: a case study in Serbia

The Republic of Serbia must make significant efforts to promote and exploit renewable energy sources and increase energy efficiency in all energy sectors to ensure energy security and economic competitiveness, reduce the negative impact on the environment from energy production and use, and contribute to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. Within the paper several issues of integration of recently realized CHP plant are introduced and discussed. Firstly, the legal and energy policy issues in the Republic of Serbia regarding connecting CHP to the grid are presented. The challenges and technical solutions for CHP connection to the grid, as well as power quality issues and the role of the CHP plant during the restoration of power supply during the maintenance of the substation and unplanned loss of high voltage supply, are presented and discussed. Finally, the impact of prospective massive integration of CHP on the energy balance and CO2 emission reduction in the province of Vojvodina in Serbia is investigated and discussed. Since it is the first CHP plant realized in Serbia, it is crucial that experience be shared to all potential stakeholders in the future energy efficiency projects.

Exploring the patent collaboration network of China's wind energy industry: A study based on patent data from CNIPA

As an important part of China's strategic emerging industries, developing wind energy is key to improving the nation's energy structure, protecting the environment, ensuring energy security, and achieving sustainable economic development. This study uses complex network theory and social network analysis to investigate the collaboration network of China's wind energy industry based on the collaborative application data of patents from the China National Intellectual Property Administration. The results demonstrate that the State Grid Corporation of China plays an important role in the collaboration network. With the wind energy industry's development, the network's dominant force has changed from individuals to enterprises, and its collaboration frequency now differs across various technology fields and organizations. Furthermore, the maximal connected subnetwork was found to be important for knowledge dissemination. These results demonstrate a large difference in the network's spatial distribution. Thus, the government should invest more in technological innovation, strengthen the collaboration platform's construction, and formulate policies supporting the collaboration network's construction.

Diversification Rate of Energy Balance and Energy Export Demand Risk Impacts on Economic Growth: The Case of Azerbaijan

The objective of the article was to examine the level of diversification of the energy balance and energy export demand, as well as its impacts on economic growth to ensure energy security in Azerbaijan. Forthe research, the Risk Energy Export Demand Index and its four sub-indexes, i.e.,1) export dependence, were used; 2) risk of monopsonium; (3) the risk of transaction costs; 4) Comparative quantitative assessment of the economic importance of different types of energy in the country's energy exports. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Shannon-Wiener index were used for the assessment of the diversification and concentration rate. The OLS method, the ADF test and cointegration were used to assess the relationship between indicators. It is concluded that the share ofenergy obtained from renewable sources in the country's energy balance is very low (about 3%), and the energy obtained from these sources is mainly used for electricity production. Since an essential part of the country's energy balance is in hydrocarbon reserves, the level of diversification is low.