Enrollment Expansion Research Articles

Research performance, academic promotion, and gender disparities: Analysis of data on agricultural economists in Chinese higher education

AbstractThis paper provides an overall picture of women's representation and gender parity in the field of Agricultural Economics by constructing and analyzing a database of agricultural economists in China. We find that female scholars “occupy half the sky” in number, but not all the way up to the higher‐ranking academic positions. Women lag behind men in terms of research performance and academic promotion; even more so, gender disparity becomes more prominent when moving up the ranking ladder. A closer examination of agricultural economists of different age cohorts indicates that the gender gap, both in numbers engaged in the profession and academic performance measured by Chinese paper publications and nation‐level projects chaired, is narrowing. However, gaps in the number of high‐quality paper publications and the time span before promotion, alongside the phenomenon of a “leaky pipeline” in academia, are growing significantly over time. The representation of “star scientists” shows similar, yet steeper trends. In the absence of detailed studies, the paper explores possible explanations of the converging gender gap in scale but increasing gender disparity that is termed a “leaky pipeline.” It concludes that the Policy of Enrollment Expansion in Higher Education provides vulnerable young females with more opportunities to access higher education, which increases both the number and proportion of women in the profession.

Summaries of Articles

Summaries of Articles

Women’s Higher Education, Assortative Mating, and Empowerment: Long-Term Evidence from College Enrollment Expansion in South Korea

This study examines the impact of higher education on women’s bargaining power in the household in South Korea. Utilising the nationwide college expansion programs in South Korea in 1979 and 1981 as a natural experiment, this study uses 6181 married women born between 1943 and 1976 and adopts the birth cohort as an instrumental variable to identify women that benefitted from the programs. The results show that more years of schooling increased women’s property ownership and decision-making power at home, which is further explained by three channels. The first channel, related to women’s economic resources, indicates that education increased women’s likelihood of being employed, having a white-collar job, absolute income, and age at marriage. However, it did not increase women’s relative income compared to their husbands’. Second, consistent with the assortative mating theory, higher education encouraged women to marry a partner who has a prestigious job and is closer to their education level and age. Third, the channel of gender role attitudes revealed that more years of schooling led women to realize the need for financial independence from their spouses. These findings show how access to higher education for women improved gender equality in South Korean society.

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Mental Health and Employment Evaluation

The enrollment expansion of colleges and universities and the acceleration of today's social process bring fierce competition to students. Colleges and universities should attach great importance to the mental health and employment anxiety of graduate students. In order to better explore the relationship between them, this paper uses artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate students' psychology. The results show that: (1) When the crossover probability P value is less than 1, the psychology tends to be stable, and the emotion simulation conforms to the law of emotion change. (2) The accuracy of this model is higher than 82%, and the weighted fuzzy reasoning method can effectively analyze psychological symptoms. (3) After iteration, CNN has different recognition degrees for six emotions. (4) Finally, according to the emotional analysis given by the model, the source of students' psychological problems is discussed, and it is found that these students have different degrees of bad academic behavior; while they are anxious about employment, the employment rate is not satisfactory.

Does Human Capital Homogeneously Improve the Corporate Innovation: Evidence from China’s Higher Education Expansion in the Late 1990s

The effect of human capital on corporate innovation varies with the distribution of human capital intensity among industries. To analyze this heterogenous effect, we utilized the variation of college enrollment expansion across different regions in China as an exogenous human capital shock. Using a sample of Chinese industrial enterprises from 1998 to 2008 and the difference-in-difference strategy, we found that industries with intensive human capital significantly increase the number of patent applications after the expansion policy. The effect is pronounced in invention patents and significantly positive in exporting and capital-intensive corporates. As for the channels, corporates in these industries are apt to adopt new technologies and increase R&D expenditures. Moreover, the agglomeration of new graduates accelerates knowledge spillover, thus promoting innovation in knowledge-intensive industries. In sum, this paper verifies the importance of policy intervention on skilled labor supply towards corporate innovation and supports the talent introduction plan of local government in China.

Design and Management of Comprehensive Art Student Information Database from the Perspective of Internet plus Education

With the rapid development of information technology and network technology, all kinds of data increase exponentially, and the traditional relational databases cannot handle these data well, which is also reflected in the sharp increase in the number of college students. The amount of students' information is increasing exponentially and the simple management method in the past can no longer meet the needs of the new situation. This paper adopts B/S mode and three-tier architecture and relies on network technology and ASP.NET technology to design and implement the student information management system. The system is divided into eight functional modules: comprehensive information inquiry for students, scholarship evaluation, evaluation and award, economic recognition, student loan management, student violation, communication and feedback, and system management. Different operation interfaces are designed according to four users with different permissions: students, class tutors, college administrators, and student affairs offices. This paper describes the system analysis, design, and implementation in detail. The practice results show that the initial use of the student information database management reflects well and achieves the expected goal. The system is easy to maintain and extensible and has good application value. The operation of the system has greatly improved the management efficiency of student affairs and enabled the student affairs administrators to complete various student affairs more efficiently. Campus information construction is becoming an important part of the overall construction of colleges and universities, and it is also a basic and continuous work. Accelerating the establishment of a set of comprehensive, perfect, and efficient student comprehensive management information systems is an urgent need to promote the modernization of college student management. The modernization, informatization, and standardization of college student management are a complex systematic project. Only by relying on modern information technology can we cope with the base pressure brought by the continuous enrollment expansion of college students, promote the flat and intensive utilization of college management information, and improve the efficiency and quality of service.

La Educación Profesional en la Red Estatal de Educación de Rio Grande do Norte: de la Ley n.º 5.692/1971 al Programa Brasil Profesionalizado

The text presents a reflection about the professional education in the State Education Network of Rio Grande do Norte. The objective is to analyze the offer of this kind of education, since Law number 5.692/1971 since the Professionalized Brazil Program (PBP), in order to consider the development of professional education in the mentioned Network. Methodologically, the research is qualitative, supported by bibliographic research (authors who discuss the theme) and documentary research (laws, decrees, resolutions, reports etc.), having dialectics as the main thread of analysis. The offer of professional education was historicized in the light of the Law number 5.692/1971 and the Law number 9.394/1996 in the State Education Network of Rio Grande do Norte, identifying its specificities. Additionally, we discussed the contribution of the PBP as an inducer of the expansion of enrollment in professional education in the Network. The results point out that since the 1970s the state actions in the epistemic field have been timid; the PBP was decisive in the resumption and expansion of professional education in the Network; and that the State Government has been carrying out actions toward the implementation of a state professional education policy.

Lightweight Authentication Billing Enhancement Mechanism Based on the Fourier Fast Transform Algorithm

In recent years, with the development and extensive application of Internet technology and computer technology, and under the role of the continuous expansion and enrollment expansion of colleges and universities, how to effectively solve the Internet problems faced by teachers and students in colleges and universities has gradually become an important problem that the university information management department should solve in time. In order to continuously improve the efficiency of Internet access in universities, the Internet authentication and billing system for universities proposed in this paper take J2EE as the development platform and combines RADIUS protocol and PPPoE protocol to provide users with diversified Internet billing methods and strategies. At the same time, based on the Fourier fast transform algorithm, the development environment for the Internet authentication and billing system for colleges and universities is deployed, and after the Internet authentication and billing system is implemented, from the functional point of view of the system, the main functional modules are designed and implemented, including the authentication management function. module, billing management function module. The experimental results have shown that the throughput of PPPoE access server in the campus network using the Fourier rapid transform algorithm for traffic load balancing delay is small and stable between 200 ms and 300 ms after the optimization, which provides a feasible solution to promote the healthy and harmonious development of the university campus network.

University Educational Administration Management Platform Integrating Distributed Real-time Cloud Computing System

The prosperity of the economy has made the society develop rapidly, and the traditional education management system can no longer meet the needs of the modern society. Under the background of college enrollment expansion, it has brought new challenges to school management and development. In recent years, the evolution and widespread adoption of virtualization, service-oriented architecture, autonomous, and utility computing have converged to give birth to a new paradigm: cloud computing. Cloud computing allows on-demand delivery of software, hardware, and data as a service. Cloud computing has the characteristics of massive processing and storage capacity, high efficiency, virtualization, and low cost. It has changed the traditional way of accessing software and hardware, providing users with convenient services and computing resources, which has achieved remarkable results in the related fields. Meanwhile, cloud computing plays an important role in education and teaching through its wide application in various fields. Based on this, this paper aims to study the application of distributed real-time cloud computing system in educational administration management in colleges and universities. This paper establishes a university educational administration management platform based on the cloud service computing system, and applies the management technology and distributed storage technology of the cloud computing platform. The system constructed in this paper significantly improves the utilization of CPU and memory. The research results of this paper showed that the response speed of the educational administration management system built through cloud computing has been significantly improved, with an average response time of 1.3s and an error of less than 0.4.

Education signaling, effort investments, and the market's expectations: Theory and experiment on China's higher education expansion

China's higher education expansion has led to significant changes in younger generations' educational investments and labor market outcomes, and this trend is expected to continue due to the recent post-graduate education expansion in response to economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates the impact of higher education expansion on labor market participants' choices, beliefs, and learning effects through an extended education signaling model, and uncovers the behavioral patterns in response to this policy change using a laboratory experiment. We find that subjects playing the role of workers generally follow a threshold strategy, and the changes in their effort investments and received wages after the enrollment expansion are consistent with the theoretical prediction. Using a hierarchical clustering method, we estimate different types of empirical strategies adopted by the subjects. In the low-enrollment treatment, the three types of empirical strategies are more distinct, and there is a strong tendency for effort over-investment by low-ability workers and under-investment by high-ability workers. In the high-enrollment treatment, the distinction between the estimated strategy types becomes much smaller. An analysis using elicited beliefs suggests that effort over-investment stems from workers' inconsistent beliefs regarding firms' wage offers — this inconsistency persists even in the last few periods of the game. Our findings provide a belief-based explanation for the discussion on over-education and are of great policy relevance.

Analysis of College Students’ Ability to Improve Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on Constrained Clustering Algorithm

With the expansion of college enrollment, college graduates have continued to expand, and the employment situation has become more and more severe. As a new form of employment, innovation and entrepreneurship are becoming more and more important in college teaching. Entrepreneurial success is crucial. This paper proposes an entropy-based active learning method (ALPCS), which is divided into three stages: selection, exploration, and consolidation. The main contents are as follows: in the selection stage, the fuzzy c -means algorithm is used to obtain the membership of all samples, then calculate their Shannon entropy, and finally, select the sample with large Shannon entropy to generate an information subset (the larger the Shannon entropy, the greater the uncertainty, and the more information it contains). The distance-first strategy actively selects samples from the information subset to construct a cluster skeleton cluster. If it is equal to the real number of clusters, it enters the consolidation phase; otherwise, the active learning method stops. In the consolidation phase, sequentially from the information, the nonskeleton set points with the largest uncertainty are selected in the subset to form queries with the points in the skeleton set until the must-link constraint is formed. In this stage, the principle of minimum symmetric relative entropy first is used to reduce the number of queries. The ALPCS algorithm is compared and evaluated, and the final experimental results show that the ALPCS algorithm has a good performance when the number of queries is large.

Human capital expansion and firms’ export product quality: Evidence from China

In 1999, the Chinese government implemented the university enrollment expansion policy, which resulted in the rapid increase in college graduates in 2003. This study conducts a quasi-natural experiment and uses the difference-in-difference (DID) method to deeply analyze the impact of human capital expansion on firms’ export product quality. Robustness tests revealed that human capital expansion significantly improves the export product quality of Chinese manufacturing firms. Fixed asset investment and innovation of firms must be promoted for human capital expansion to improve firms’ export product quality. A significant amount of heterogeneity exists in how human capital expansion impacts the export product quality across various types of firms.

Prediction of the Development Scale of Vocational Education Using Markov Algorithm and Countermeasures

HVE (Higher Vocal Education) in China is developing rapidly. With the expansion of HVE enrollment, the scale has also expanded rapidly. However, with the great development of HVE, HVE also faces many problems. In this paper, the M_BPNN (Markov neural network-BP) model is constructed for the prediction of the development scale of vocational education. Using BPNN’s powerful nonlinear mapping ability and error correction thought, the data information of the future development scale of vocational education is predicted. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the M_BPNN model is the best, and MSE (mean squared error) and MRE (mean relative error) are 10.184 and 5.017, respectively, which are lower than the other two prediction models. It shows that the prediction effect of the M_BPNN model is better than that of the pure Markov model. The forecast results show that the population of school age in H province will decrease from 3.36 million in 2020 at an average annual rate of nearly 700,000 to the lowest value of 2.06 million in 2022. After that, the population of school age will increase steadily. The result shows that there is a relative shortage of regional students, and the enrollment scale is developing well, but it is still not optimistic. It is necessary to coordinate the cross-regional development.

A sala de aula de entrada como um lugar curricular onde olhar para a Comunicação Não Verbal do discurso docente na Universidade da República, Uruguay

The text presents the theoretical discussion towards the notion of the entrance classroom as a curricular place and the value of non-verbal teacher communication in communicational interactions at the beginning of training. It thus refers to the construction of a singular discursive, didactic-pedagogical and physical-temporal space for the promotion of communicational interactions towards student permanence and persistence at the beginning of university education. This view is of special interest in university models of free access and gratuity in which the expansion of enrollment becomes a situation of profound relevance in the right to education. The documentary analysis carried out consolidates the entrance classroom as a unique curricular and communicational place for each discipline in particular and for the field of Higher Education in general. Entrance teaching can make available and model experiences that affect student persistence in the early days of institutional accommodation. Among those doings, non-verbal communicational interactions make up 93% of communication. Its interactive didactic value promotes classroom climates that facilitate learning according to communication styles. The findings deepen, from the field of the curriculum and from communication theories, the value of non-verbal communication (NVC) in the teaching discourse at the beginning of university education. They propose to understand and deepen their particularities in the communicational pedagogical positions towards the awareness of a differentiated doing in the initiating period as a subjective student process and admission as a curricular place of teaching.

Curriculum Implementers’ Perspectives on Relevance of Secondary Education in Real-Life Settings

The recent expansion of enrollment in secondary education in Tanzania has contributed to an increase in the number of secondary education graduates in the society than before. Regardless of the increase, there has been a poor transition rate to post-secondary education and therefore making the majority return to their communities to join the informal sector to sustain their livelihood. This article presents the findings on the relevance of secondary education curriculum to youth’s livelihood in Tanzania. It addresses the issue of the application of secondary education knowledge to learners’ social-economic context. Qualitative data were collected in 10 densely populated wards in the Mvomero district to secondary education leavers, headteachers, and academic teachers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Content analysis was used to analyze data. The findings revealed secondary education has the potential to improve individuals’ living standards and birth control. However, the study also showed that economic activities are still gender-specific, coupled with male-dominated traditions. In addition, the study revealed knowledge disjunction between the school and real-life settings. Moreover, the centralized curriculum widens the gap between school knowledge and real-life because it does not respond to the diversified geographical environment of Tanzania. Based on the findings the study recommends curriculum development process involve diverse groups of stakeholders to design contents that are reflective of the respective societal needs, integration of theory and practice in teaching and learning, and integration of both general and skill-based education.

Construction of Mathematics Teaching Environment Based on Big Data on the Wisdom Cloud Platform of Higher Vocational Education

As a public basic course in the system of higher vocational colleges, mathematics has received more and more attention from education administrators. However, there are still problems in higher education that mathematics teaching resources are scatter and data are difficult to integrate. Big data (DT) and smart clouds are the burgeon of intelligent technology, which has provided support for teaching informatization and teaching data integration in colleges and universities. This article aims to solve the problems of mathematics teaching in higher vocational education, such as more content and less class hours, difficult, higher vocational education due to the expansion of enrollment, and the decline in mathematics teaching quality, and build a smart cloud platform based on big data mathematics instructing environment system and mathematics wisdom instructing. The reconstruction of the environment is the deep integration of information technology and mathematics instructing, which can promote the deep integration of information technology with teaching, management, and environment. The experiments in this article show that the application of the smart cloud platform to mathematics teaching can greatly increase students' enthusiasm for learning and improve the school's mathematics teaching level, and the improvement rate of students' performance can reach 99.89%. The research in this article is of great significance to the adjustment of mathematics teaching environment in higher professional education.

Association of Medicaid Expansion With Medicaid Enrollment and Health Care Use Among Older Adults With Low Income and Chronic Condition Limitations

Medicaid is an important source of supplemental coverage for older Medicare beneficiaries with low income. Research has shown that Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was associated with increased Medicaid coverage for previously eligible older adults with low income, but there has been little research on whether their health care use increased or whether such changes differed by beneficiaries' health status. To assess whether the ACA Medicaid expansion to working-age adults was associated with increased Medicaid enrollment and health care use among older adults with low income with and without chronic condition limitations. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health Interview Survey from 2010 to 2017 for adults 65 years or older with low income (≤100% of the federal poverty level). Data were analyzed from November 2020 to March 2022. Residence in a state with Medicaid expansion for working-age adults. The main outcomes were Medicaid coverage and health care use, measured by physician office visits and inpatient hospital care. Survey weights were used in calculating descriptive statistics and regression estimates. In multivariate analysis, difference-in-differences models were used to compare changes in outcomes over time between respondents in Medicaid expansion states and respondents in nonexpansion states. Of 21 859 adults included in the study, 7153 had chronic condition limitations (4983 [70.1%] female; mean [SD] age, 76.0 [0.1] years) and 14 706 did not have chronic condition limitations (9609 [66.3%] female; mean [SD] age, 74.85 [0.08] years). Of those with chronic condition limitations, 2707 (36.7%) were enrolled in Medicaid, 2816 (39.4%) had an office visit in the past 2 weeks, and 2152 (30.7%) used inpatient hospital care in the past year. Medicaid expansion was associated with differential increases in the likelihood of having Medicaid (4.92 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.25-9.60 percentage points; P = .04) and having an office visit in the past 2 weeks (5.31 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.10-10.51 percentage points; P = .046) compared with nonexpansion. There were no differential changes between expansion and nonexpansion states in receipt of inpatient hospital care (-0.62 percentage points; 95% CI, -5.39 to 4.14 percentage points; P = .79). Among adults without chronic condition limitations, 3159 (19.8%) were enrolled in Medicaid, and no differential changes between expansion and nonexpansion states in Medicaid enrollment (-0.24 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.06 to 2.57 percentage points; P = .86) or health care use were found. In this cross-sectional study, ACA Medicaid expansion for working-age adults was associated with increased Medicaid enrollment and outpatient health care use among older adults with low income and chronic condition limitations who were dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid.

Expanding educational opportunities or widening learning inequalities? Evidence from national reform of pre-primary education in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Since a nationwide reform of pre-primary education in 2010, Ethiopia has experienced a massive expansion of pre-primary enrolment that increased tenfold in six years. Our paper aims to assess the distribution of early literacy outcomes between children who attended preschool and those who did not and explore how that distribution has changed throughout the reform and by factors such as gender, location, and parental literacy. We find an overall increase in the achievement gaps associated with pre-primary participation between 2010 and 2016. There are also differential patterns in the learning gaps over the reform, with a particular disadvantage for rural students and a relative advantage for students with parents who are not literate. This study suggests that understanding a fuller picture of learning inequality is critical to designing policy to leave no one behind aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Maldivian Perspectives: Principals’ Leadership, Teachers’ Self-efficacy and Obligations to Students

The Maldives has achieved the first-generation objective of providing widespread access to primary education through rapid enrolment expansion. However, various sources show that education eminence in the Maldives modest and fabulous transformation of schools at all levels to address the industrial revolutions are needed. School principals and teachers are the immediate groups capable of refining the education system backed by the government. The high-performance support of teachers as the spearhead of educational activities in the schools is essential. Indeed positive professional self-efficacy is critical for teachers in approaching complex tasks and activities to improve students’ performances. Hence, there is a need to concentrate and bring forward the prominent role of principals’ leadership and teachers’ self-efficacy that led to the most commitment to students in public schools of Maldives. This paper aims to point out the pressing need for educational uplift and propose research issues in this area to enrich the present body of knowledge focusing on the Maldivian context. Practical and theoretical implications within the education sector are discernible in this paper.

Research on Constructing Personalized Talent Training Mode of Advanced Manufacturing Specialty Group Based on Competency under the Background of Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion

At present, the employment counterpart rate of graduates majoring in equipment manufacturing in many higher vocational colleges is not high, and there is a structural dislocation in the supply of relevant professionals. The main reason is that there are defects in the talent training mode, resulting in the mismatch between people and posts. Under the opportunity of Higher Vocational enrollment expansion, a personalized talent training mode is constructed based on the competency theory, and the main elements of post competency are integrated in all links of talent training, so as to realize the accurate connection between talent training and post demand. Take the opportunity of Higher Vocational enrollment expansion to cultivate a large number of reserve forces for advanced manufacturing industry.